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Topic: Direct Democracy (history in US)

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Direct democracy

Democracy (varieties)

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	Direct democracy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Direct democracy was first experimented with in the ancient Athenian democracy of ancient Greece (beginning circa 508 BC (Finley, 1973)), which was governed for two centuries by a general assembly of all male citizens, by randomly selected officials, and ten annually elected representatives charged to command the army of the city (strategos).
		Direct democracy was very much opposed by the framers of the United States Constitution and some signers of the Declaration of Independence.
		Even in states where direct democracy components are scant or nonexistent at the state level, there often exists local options for deciding specific issues, such as whether a county should be "wet" or "dry" in terms of whether alcohol sales are allowed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Direct_democracy (3288 words)

	::Democracy:: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Direct democracy also believes that all people who have the right to, should actively participate in the system so that it is representative of the people and that any law passed does have the support of the majority.
		Direct democracy gives all people the right to participate regardless of religious beliefs, gender, sexual orientation, physical well being etc. Only those who have specifically gone against society are excluded from direct democracy.
		Direct democracy is fine in theory but it does not always match the theory when put into practice.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /democracy.htm (1644 words)

	The New Populism: Direct Democracy and Governance Policies
		Governance policies are not unique in the history of US politics, but are rather part of a series of policies that seek to the change the rules and operation of government.
		Historically, direct democracy provisions were used to circumvent and undercut the power of state legislatures and enlarge the role of citizens in the political process.
		As with the direct election of US senators and other early twentieth century reforms first adopted through the initiative, term limits, tax limitation and supermajorities rules for tax increases are first adopted in states that rely heavily on the initiative.
	www.personal.kent.edu /~ctolber1/newpopulism.html (6055 words)

	DOUGLASS : Martin Wilie Littleton, "Direct Democracy," 1927 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This is enough to indicate the strictly political drift in that direction, and in and of itself would not inspire hope in the proponents or cause alarm in their adversaries.
		It is not some alien agency with which the people must always be at war but it is that secure shelter to which each - the highest and the lowest — must repair to repel an invasion of his right to life, to liberty and to the pursuit of happiness.
		Direct democracy has had altogether too many triumphs in a representative republic.
	douglassarchives.org /litt_b18.htm (1002 words)

	Initiative, Referendum, and Recall: “Direct Democracy” (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Since then the 12 th and 17 th amendments to the US Constitution have respectively expanded the power of the voters to select both their President and their Senators, albeit one's vote for President is still an indirect one due to the Electoral College.
		None of these forms of direct democracy exists in the US federal constitution although popular opinion polls in California show that there is at least some interest in expanding the Initiative process to the federal level.
		The Swiss were an early adopter of direct democracy by adding the referendum process to their Constitution in 1847 and the initiative process in 1891.
	www.extempprep.org /directdemocracy.html (1595 words)

	Direct Democracy League
		In new-nation US history, the conflict is personified in rights advocate Thomas Jefferson and predator elitist Alexander Hamilton.
		Direct democracy beyond the mere election of representatives was rammed down the elitist throats of state constitutions by citizens in twenty-six states.
		The US "natural aristocracy" elites of the 1780s were as accomplished in the use of predator elitism's already-old toolbox as are the American homegrown fascist elites of the 21st Century.
	www.ddleague-usa.net (18072 words)

	[Infoshop News] Fw: Fifth Estate article on Democracy past & present (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Let us consider, then, what democracy means to the US ruling junta, by examining it in the context of "the defense of Greece in 1947." >From Nazi occupation to British occupation As part of their campaigns in eastern Central Europe, Nazi troops invaded and occupied Greece in late spring of 1941.
		Martial law was declared by the US proxies in the Greek government, meaning the incarceration of thousands of people as threats to national security, as well as the immediate execution of dozens of soldiers in the National Army "who showed negligence or faintheartedness" in the opinion of the commanding officer.
		The Bush gang's use of the history of US intervention on behalf of monarcho-fascists in the Greek Civil War as an analogy for regime change in Iraq illustrates their idea of what democracy means.
	flag.blackened.net /pipermail/infoshop-news/2004-April/003677.html (2826 words)

	Institute for Social Ecology: The Hijacking of History
		History appeared to be taking a rare turn in our favor, with the ranks of the global movement expanding and its politics becoming sharpened and defined.
		US allies Pakistan and Saudi Arabia have been enlisted into the “coalition against terrorism”, despite the fact that their government and military apparatuses are the immediate godfathers of Bin Laden and his network, both ideologically and materially.
		Within much of mainstream US culture, and even among broad sectors of the Left at the moment, such considerations are contemptuously dismissed as an insult to the memory of the victims.
	www.social-ecology.org /article.php?story=20031202120029895&mode=print (1966 words)

	Making Connections
		Emergent democracy has the potential to solve many of the problems we face in the exceedingly complex world at both the national and global scale.....
		Representational democracy is emergent democracy - it is one of the political structures that has emerged as human social interaction has scaled way beyond its relatively recent (in evolutionary timescales) origins.
		They also take the Unipart U and put it onto the shop floor where it is immediately available to production workers who need training for the task they're doing right now, who want to learn or share best practices, or who want to discuss issues with colleagues via the web and videoconferencing.
	radio.weblogs.com /0118812/2003/02/25.html (1584 words)

	A.2 What does anarchism stand for? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Direct action is, in other words, the application of liberty, used to resist oppression in the here and now as well as the means of creating a free society.
		History proves what common-sense predicts, namely that anyone with dictatorial powers (by they a head of state, a boss, a husband, whatever) will use their power to enrich and empower themselves at the expense of those subject to their decisions.
		Therefore anarchists stress the need for direct democracy in voluntary associations in order to ensure that the concept of "freedom" is not a sham and a justification for domination, as it is under capitalism.
	www.libcom.org /thought/faq/secA2.html (19365 words)

	Why Did California Adopt the Recall?
		History News Network Because the Past is the Present, and the Future too.
		The prime weapon the progressives championed was what they referred to as "direct democracy," which included the primary election, the direct election of senators, the initiative, the referendum, and the recall.
		Leading the charge was the Los Angeles Times, which repeatedly referred to the direct democracy provisions as "freak legislation." The Times editorialized that the passage of the recall "show[ed the] remarkable caprice of ballot wielders." Interestingly enough, the Times was also a leading opponent of the Southern Pacific.
	hnn.us /articles/1682.html (1493 words)

	Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		They told us how, a long time ago, the world was ruled by kings, rich powerful men, and each little piece of land was ruled by one king or another.
		Let us learn from history, to take what America originally stood for, democracy and freedom, and bring them back to America by going to TRUE, not representative, democracy, and take that idea all over the world and implement it.
		We believe in the Bill of Rights of the US Constitution, including the right to own guns, practice religion freely, voice your opinions openly and without fear of retribution, and that individuals have the right to privacy in their personal lives.
	www.revolution2008.org (1097 words)

	Chapter 16-The transition to an Inclusive Democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Thus, once the institutions of inclusive democracy begin to be installed, and people, for the first time in their lives, start obtaining real power to determine their own fate, then the gradual erosion of the dominant social paradigm and of the present institutional framework will be set in motion.
		Such a paradigm is the Inclusive Democracy paradigm which does respond to the present multiplicity of social relations (gender, ethnicity, race, and so on) with complex concepts of equality in the distribution of all forms of power that acknowledge people’s different needs and experiences.
		This would not be the usual political party, but a form of ‘democracy in action’, which would undertake various forms of intervention at the local level, always as part of a comprehensive program for social transformation aiming at the eventual change of each local authority into an inclusive democracy.
	www.democracynature.org /fotopoulos/brbooks/multi_crisis_id/ch16.htm (4691 words)

	DDL -- Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Danish Society for Direct Democracy is a nonpolitical [nonpartisan] issue group devoted to the empowerment of citizens.
		The aims are (1) to inform and educate about initiative and referendum (I&R) and direct democracy, (2) to promote a public debate about I&R and direct democracy in Britain, and (3) to work for the introduction of elements of direct democracy, such as I&R and recall of elected representatives, into the British system of government.
		The aim of the Direct Democracy Campaign is to improve the democratic process in the United Kingdom through the introduction of a system of binding referendums, whereby either citizens or their elected representatives may launch public votes to bring in new laws and policies, or to alter, or remove existing ones.
	www.ddleague-usa.net /links.htm (5477 words)

	U.S. Federalism Web Site
		While early enthusiasm was directed at the opportunity for direct, plebiscitary democracy, the discussion has evolved over time to focus on a range of civic interactions that can be enhanced through the media.
		Voting rules in a direct democracy would have to be carefully tailored to avoid excessive volatility, perhaps with the restraint that super majority decision rules impose on policy-making.
		Treanor groups federalism with what he calls "scale ideologies" including regionalism and urban democracy, efforts to remedy the essential flaw of democracy (that it is a zero-sum game that guarantees the existence of loser minorities) by adjusting the scale of the community.
	www.uiowa.edu /~policult/politick2000/www.min.net/~kala/fed/edemoc.htm (3813 words)

	Definition of Democracy
		However, history is always written by the winners and freeing the slaves, a noble and righteous outcome of this war, plays much better than preventing the formation of two countries.
		In countries and large organizations, direct democracy is rarely utilized because it would be cumbersome and efficient.
		A democracy and theocracy are incompatible, just as fascism and democracy, monarchy and democracy, dictatorship and democracy are also incompatible.
	www.couplescompany.com /Features/Politics/Structure1.htm (1572 words)

	TRG Polity :: Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This is not some separate "pure democracy", "populism", or "mob rule", as it is characterized in the anti-democracy ideology of predator elitism and by that ideology's parrots.
		True democracy -- as opposed to "representative democracy" -- is rule by the people, done with the DD governance components that are expressions of the sovereign people's fundamental governance rights, as derived from the founding principles of the Declaration Of Independence.
		Statute laws directing the unconstitutional uses of "separation of powers" violations, judicial interference, and binding judicial review are the main elements in the hundred-year-long control of citizen-proposed law throughout the I&R-R statres.
	trg-polity.org (2821 words)

	Direct Democracy Canada, We Govern Canada Together
		Direct Democracy is a form of democracy in which ordinary people make direct decisions, participate in governing, rather than have those decisions made for them by power hungry party leaders.
		It is time for direct democracy in Canada.
		Demand direct democracy from your MP and say no to politics.
	www.wegovern.ca (880 words)

	Democracy, Oh Where Have You Gone? » Shoutwire.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		One major reason why the United States is not a direct democracy and is more representative is that the men who designed the constitution could not trust the people to make correct decisions.
		The "Democracy" of the corporate government called the United States is for the corporation and municipal code as "rule of law".
		Direct democracy is a mob rule, where a 51% majority oppress a 49% minority.
	www.shoutwire.com /default.aspx?p=comments&id=7081 (3427 words)

	The Islamic History between Shora(Consultation)and Despotism
		And both Democracy meetings and Friday sermons were mainly responsible for educating and cultivating the Muslim individuals to enable them to establish their first Civilized State in Medina.
		So it is normal that the direct Democracy of the prophet’s Era was changed to political despotism (in the Ammoyat Caliphate) and to religious despotism (in the Abbasyat Caliphate).
		The history tells us that (Al-Akhtal) the Arabian Christian poet in the Amoyan Era was able to freely enter the Caliphate’s castle with his cross around his nick and he gladly gets out of there because he was Arabian.
	ahmed.g3z.com /researches/history.htm (3074 words)

	Library - Direct Democracy Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Direct Democracy Flyer, an instant overview of the DDF.
		A theory of Direct Democracy by George S. Sagi.
		A prominent proponent of pure (genuine) Direct Democracy, who proposes using Automatic (Banking) Teller Machines for Direct Democracy rather than individual or public personal computers.
	ao.com.au /ddf/library.htm (191 words)

	The Noble Pundit: Does The UN Not Study Its Own History? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A UN envoy in Iraq has agreed in principal with a Shi'ite Ayatollah that Iraq should suffer direct elections, altough he did indicate that conditions must be right.
		The US government would most certainly fail if we were to change from a Republic to a direct democracy.
		The UN General Assembly is consistently reinforcing many of the downfalls of direct democracy - most notably the oppression of the minority by the majority.
	noble.cbnoble.com /archives/001094.html (500 words)

	Direct Democracy: Theory and Practice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In this graduate seminar we will focus on the theory and practice of direct democracy in the American states, as well as the normative dimensions of the processes of initiative, referendum, and recall.
		It is our goal not only to understand and explain how these plebiscitary processes work, but to critically assess whether direct democracy promotes democratic norms as well as good public policy.
		These are not easy questions to answer, as the study of direct democracy is anything but settled.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/dasmith/POS6933.htm (1110 words)

	Direct Democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Direct democracy now with the superimposition of pure democracy onto the representative democratic system.
		Direct Access Democracy uses technology to empower the constituent to be the final authority.
		The core democratic values of the platform are based on the Swiss democracy model.
	www.etches.net (325 words)

	Direct Democracy Movement
		Another thing that is taken for a truism but is actually a myth is that democracies are found only in the West (the Occident).
		The Direct Democracy Movement (DDM) however is inspired by the concept in the Arab political culture which is easily translated as social-collectivism { Jamahirya }.
		This vulgarization of democracy is dissociated from its history to become a presumptuous universality,
	directdemocracy.ws (372 words)

	Misinformation, disinformation, and bias in Joy Hakim's 'A History of US'
		They used a kind of direct democracy which had these distinctive features: Political offices could be held by any citizen, and many office-holders were chosen by lot, rather than election.
		A history book for young students should introduce these differences, albeit in a simple way, rather than confusing and misleading the students by claiming that the ancient Athenians had a republic.
		When the problem of wind direction was eventually solved, the solution entailed a novel technique of navigation: A ship traveled westward until it could catch a contrary wind that would drive it eastward and northward toward Europe.
	www.textbookleague.org /121hakm.htm (3532 words)

	Core Documents of U.S. Democracy
		To provide American citizens direct online access to the basic Federal Government documents that define our democratic society, a core group of current and historical Government publications is being made available for free, permanent, public access via GPO Access.
		Immediate, online access to authenticated versions of these Core Documents of Democracy increases in importance as Americans grow ever more dependent on remote electronic access to basic information resources -- both past and present.
		A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774-1873
	www.gpoaccess.gov /coredocs.html (203 words)

	Direct Democracy links
		The remarkable experience of direct democracy in Porto Alegro - a city encouraging citizens' participation
		» 1st International Conference on Direct Democracy was held in August 1998 in Czechia organized by the Czech Direct Democracy Movement (beginnings, Jiri Polak)
		» Democracy>, a 1992/98 article with, among others, a similar proposition to mine to use tax returns for voting.
	democracy.mkolar.org /DDlinks.html (1392 words)

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