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Topic: Direct Substantive dye

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	Dyes and Pigments - China GreatVista Chemicals
		The dye is usually used as an aqueous solution and may require a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fibre.
		Direct (Substantive) dye - Dyeing is normally carried out in a neutral or slightly alkaline dyebath, at or near the boil, with the addition of either sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulphate (Na2SO4).
		Direct dyes are used on cotton, paper, leather, wool, silk and nylon.
	www.greatvistachemicals.com /dyes_and_pigments (1892 words)

	Dye - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution, and may require a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber.
		Direct or substantive dyeing is normally carried out in a neutral or slightly alkaline dyebath, at or near boiling point, with the addition of either sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulfate (Na Direct dyes are used on cotton, paper, leather, wool, silk and nylon.
		The dyes are finely ground in the presence of a dispersing agent and then sold as a paste, or spray-dried and sold as a powder.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dye (1039 words)

	Learn more about Dye in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The dye is usually used as an aqueous solution and may require a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fibre.
		Water soluble anionic dyes that are applied to fibres such as silk, wool, nylon and modified acrylic fibres from neutral to acid dyebaths.
		Direct dyes are used on cotton, paper, leather, wool, silk and nylon.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /d/dy/dye.html (896 words)

	A dye can generally be described as a coloured substance that...
		The dye is usually used as an aqueous solution and may require a mordant mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fibre.
		Acid dye Acid dye :Water soluble anionic dyes that are applied to fibres such as silk silk, wool wool, nylon nylon and modified acrylic fibre modified acrylic fibres from neutral to acid dyebaths.
		Direct (Substantive) dye Direct (Substantive) dye :Dyeing is normally carried out in a neutral or slightly alkaline dyebath, at or near the boil, with the addition of either sodium chloride (Na NaCl Cl) or sodium sulphate (Na Na2SO SO4).
	www.biodatabase.de /dye (890 words)

	Indian Lehanga choli, Indian sarees and Traditional Salwar kameej from Utsav Sarees
		Textile dyes include acid dyes, used mainly for dyeing wool, silk and nylon and direct or substantive dyes, which have a strong affinity for cellulose fibers.
		In the dyeing of wool which is a complex protein containing about 20 different amino acids, the sulfuric acid added to the dye bath forms ionic linkages with the amino groups of the protein.
		In any dyeing process, whatever the chemical class of dye being used, heat must be supplied to the dye bath; energy is used in transferring dye molecules from the solution to the fiber as well as in swelling the fiber to render it more receptive.
	www.utsavsarees.com /pages/dyeing.htm (1231 words)

	Clariant International - Chemistry and Lifestyle
		The dyeing of wool is based on salt formation between the basic groups of the wool protein and the acid groups of the acid dyes.
		Basic dyes, also known as cationic dyes, are dyes whose amino groups are not free but participate in forming a bond with the fibers.
		Disperse dyes form a group of slightly water-soluble dyes, which are used in very finely milled form together with dispersing agents for dyeing and printing acetate, polyester, polyamide, acrylic, PVC and polyurethane fibers.
	www.clariant.com /corporate/discover.nsf/pages/d06subject1.html (411 words)

	Class Definition for Class 8 - BLEACHING AND DYEING; FLUID TREATMENT AND CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF TEXTILES AND FIBERS
		Direct dyes, also known as substantive dyes, are generally sulfonated azo compounds very similar to acid dyes in constitution, good for dyeing cellulose fibers or protein fibers.
		Mordant dyes are dyes which require a mordant in their application and which upon combination with the mordant deposit insoluble color on the substrate, e.g., dyes with metal chelating groups.
		Oxidation dyes are dyes which produce a color by oxidation on the substrate of compounds such as arylamino, hydrxyaryl, or similar compounds to produce, e.g., aniline fl or diphenyl fl.
	www.uspto.gov /go/classification/uspc008/defs008.htm (4973 words)

	Dye Chemicals::CHEM-ONLINE.org::
		Acid dyes are water-soluble anionic dyes that are applied to fibres such as silk, wool, nylon and modified acrylic fibres using neutral to acid dyebaths.
		Direct or substantive dyeing is normally carried out in a neutral or slightly alkaline dyebath, at or near boiling point, with the addition of either sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulfate (Na2SO4).
		The dyes are finely ground in the presence of a dispersing agent and then sold as a paste, or spray-dried and sold as a powder.
	www.chem-online.org /dyement-pigment.htm (992 words)

	Rule 803 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The direct introduction of motivation is a disturbing factor, since absence of motive to misrepresent has not traditionally been a requirement of the rule; that records might be self-serving has not been a ground for exclusion.
		The foundation of the minority view is that the hearsay objection must be regarded as unimpressive when directed against treatises since a high standard of accuracy is engendered by various factors: the treatise is written primarily and impartially for professionals, subject to scrutiny and exposure for inaccuracy, with the reputation of the writer at stake.
		This is the direction of the decisions, Annot., 18 A.L.R.2d 1287, 1299, which manifest an increasing reluctance to reject in toto the validity of the law’s factfinding processes outside the confines of res judicata and collateral estoppel.
	www.law.harvard.edu /publications/evidenceiii/rules/803.htm (13098 words)

	Direct Dye (Substantive Dye)
		Dyeing is normally carried out in a neutral or slightly alkaline dyebath, at or near the boil, with the addition of either sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulphate (Na2SO4).
		Direct dyes are another class of dyes, one of the two types of dyes that are mixed in 'all purpose' dyes such as Rit.
		Direct dyes are used on cellulose fibers such as cotton, rayon, and linen.
	www.greatvistachemicals.com /dyes_and_pigments/direct_dye.html (537 words)

	Hair Dye And Pregnancy -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Acid dyes are water-soluble anionic dyes that are applied to fibres such as silk, wool, nylon and modified acrylic fibres using neutral to acid dyebaths.
		Dyeing is the process of changing the colour of a yarn or cloth by treatment with a dye.
		Dyes are applied to material by direct application, or by immersing the yarn or cloth in the liquid dye or a solution of the dye.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/65/hair-dye-and-pregnancy.html (1343 words)

	The New Populism: Direct Democracy and Governance Policies
		Characteristics of both periods are strikingly similar, as each era is marked by a rise in the use of direct democracy, the adoption of a significant number of reforms, preference for procedural over substantive policies, and the pervasive distrust of representative government's institutions.
		Historically, direct democracy provisions were used to circumvent and undercut the power of state legislatures and enlarge the role of citizens in the political process.
		As with the direct election of US senators and other early twentieth century reforms first adopted through the initiative, term limits, tax limitation and supermajorities rules for tax increases are first adopted in states that rely heavily on the initiative.
	www.personal.kent.edu /~ctolber1/newpopulism.html (6055 words)

	DIRECT - Online Information article about DIRECT
		An excess of sodium sulphate is to be avoided, otherwise precipitation of the colouring matter and imperfect dyeing result.
		silk are dyed with the direct colours either neutral or with the addition of a little acetic acid to the dyebath.
		It dyes cotton and silk in an alkaline or soap bath an orange colour, which is turned red by acids.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /DIO_DRO/DIRECT.html (1662 words)

	A BRIEF HISTORY OF DYESTUFFS & DYEING
		According to Webster’s dictionary, dyeing is “the process of coloring fibers, yarns or fabrics by using a liquid containing coloring matter for imparting a particular hue to a substance.” There are three basic methods of “imparting a particular hue” to a substance.
		Substantive, or direct dyes, become chemically fixed to the fiber without the aid of any other chemicals or additives, such as indigo or certain lichens.
		The great detail in which the preparation of the fibers and the dyeing materials and the dyeing process itself are recorded has led scholars to believe that it had to have been practiced for thousands of years previously in order to raise the process to such a science and art.
	kws.atlantia.sca.org /dyeing.html (2821 words)

	Dyes Manufacturers,Dyestuff Manufacturer,Colors Additives,Dye Manufacturers,Dyes Colors Manufacturer,Colors Additives ...
		Exporter of bi-functional reactive dyes, vinyl sulfone dyes, high exhaust reactive dyes, hot reactive dyes, cold reactive dyes and fiber reactive dyes are used in the dyeing and printing of cellulosic fibres, such as cotton, linen, viscose and rayons.
		Engaged in exporting dye pigments, pigment dyes, solvent dyes, optical brightening agents, rubber dyeing pigments, plastic dyeing pigments, paint pigments, detergent pigments, printing ink pigments and vat dye pigments for textiles and fabrics.
		Engaged in supplying of acid dyes, basic dyes, direct dyes and a wide range of chemicals such as ethyl vinyl acetates, sodium sulphate, gum rosin, butyl acetate and di ethylene glycol.
	catalogs.indiamart.com /manufacturers/dyes-dyestuff-pigments.html (2886 words)

	Treatment of textile materials to improve the fastness of dyeings made thereon - Patent 4599087
		Particularly preferred are highly substantive direct dyes which show a high degree of exhaust on cotton when dyed by the conventional exhaust process, for example those having a degree of exhaustion on cotton of 70-100%, preferably 80-100% when dyed at the boil at 1/1 standard depth.
		Preferably the direct dyes are in the form of 1:1 or 1:2 metal complexes, particularly copper complexes.
		Dyeing, printing or brightening may be carried out by conventional methods suited to the substrate and the dye or brightener to be used.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4599087.html (4331 words)

	Free Article "What Is Dye" at Fiber Images (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The dye is usually used as an aqueous solution and may require a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber.
		Water soluble anionic dyes that are applied to fibers such as silk, wool, nylon and modified acrylic fibers from neutral to acid dye baths.
		Dyes are applied to material by direct application, or by immersing the yarn or cloth in the liquid dye or a solution of the dye.
	www.fiber-images.com /Free_Things/What_Is/dye.html (2654 words)

	Chemical Bonding Between Dyes and Fibers
		Fiber reactive dyes, such as the dichlorotriazines (Procion MX type dyes), are attached to the fiber by the same strong covalent bonds that hold the atoms within the dye molecule together.
		"all purpose" dyes that is left in cotton that has been dyed with them, are only loosely associated with the fiber molecule through the property called substantivity, which is the tendency of the dye to associate with the dye without strong bonds.
		Vat dyes, such as indigo, are trapped within the fiber by having been converted to a form that is insoluble in water.
	www.pburch.net /dyeing/FAQ/bonding.shtml (1058 words)

	Dye definition for the clothing and fabric industry
		Vat dye Kermes Mordant dye Cochineal Mordant dye
		Water soluble cationic dyes that are mainly applied to acrylic fibres but find some use for wool, and silk.
		The dyes contain a reactive group, either a haloheterocycle or an activated double bond, that, when applied to a fibre in a weakly alkaline dyebath, forms a chemical bond with an hydroxyl group on the cellulosic fibre.
	www.apparelsearch.com /Definitions/Dye/dye_definition.htm (974 words)

	FRE - Notes to Rule 803 (LII 2004 ed.) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Permissible subject matter of the statement is limited under Exception [paragraph] (1) to description or explanation of the event or condition, the assumption being that spontaneity, in the absence of a startling event, may extend no farther.
		The rule avoids the danger of misunderstanding and misapplication by limiting the use of treatises as substantive evidence to situations in which an expert is on the stand and available to explain and assist in the application of the treatise if declared.
		The House felt that rule 102, which directs the courts to construe the Rules of Evidence so as to promote growth and development, would permit sufficient flexibility to admit hearsay evidence in appropriate cases under various factual situations that might arise.
	www.law.cornell.edu /rules/fre/ACRule803.htm (10223 words)

	Direct dyes, Direct Black, Black 22
		In general, they may be applied on cotton by any method and most of the dyes in the range are even suitable for package dyeing of cotton yarn.
		Dyeing is normally done in a neutral or slightly alkaline dyebath, at or near the boil, with the addition of either sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulphate (Na2SO4).
		(The other type in the mixture is an acid dye, which will not stay in any cellulose fiber for long.) The colors of direct dyes are duller than those provided by fiber reactive dyes, and the wash fastness is poor - except anything dyed with them to 'bleed' forever.
	www.jagson.com /direct_dyes.htm (698 words)

	ILLINOIS CRIMINAL LAW DIGEST - MAY 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Thomas Dye, a police informant, testified that he was in jail with defendant and developed a friendship with him.
		Dye testified that he agreed to wear a body wire and record his conversations with the defendant.
		Dye testified that approximately one month later, he again wore a recording device during a conversation in which he asked about the decedent.
	www.state.il.us /defender/digests/dig98may.html (8110 words)

	NYC Water Rate - Ruling September 4, 1997 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The first step of the WET study was to conduct dye studies at each of the 14 WPCPs to determine the areas in the receiving wasters around the treatment plant outfalls from which to collect the effluent samples.
		The dye studies were used to map two areas in the receiving waters near the outfalls or diffusers.
		As a result of the dye studies, effluent samples were collected from the AMZ for the acute phase, and from the CMZ for chronic phase of the WET study.
	www.dec.state.ny.us /website/ohms/decis/nycspdsr.htm (8261 words)

	Acid Dyes Manufacturer,Acid Dyes Exporter,Acid Blue-9,Acid Black AB,Acid Green Dye,Acid Dyes India
		Acid dyes are water soluble anionic dyes that are applied to fibres such as silk, wool, nylon and modified acrylic fibres from neutral to acid dye baths.
		Acid dyes are used both commercially and by the studio dyer to dye protein/animal fibers such as wool, silk, mohair, angora, alpaca and some nylons and synthetics.
		In fact, the dyes are non-caustic, are in many cases non-toxic, and are named for the mild acid (such as vinegar) used in the dyeing process, and for the types of bonds they form to the fiber.
	www.dyescolours.com /acid-dyes.html (453 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Hazardous Waste Management System; Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste; Dyes and/or ...
		Dyes and pigments commonly use similar raw materials, and pigments are often made by insolubilizing dyes.
		Products produced by the organic dyes and/or pigments industries that are included within the scope of this proposed rule are referred to as ``dyes,'' ``pigments'' or ``FDandC colorants.'' The consent decree covers three major chemical classes of organic dyes and pigments: azo/ benzidine, anthraquinone, and triarylmethane.
		The commenter noted that polymeric colorants are not classified as dyes or pigments by various authoritative sources and are not considered dyes or pigments by industry or end-users.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-WASTE/2003/November/Day-25/f28783.htm (14312 words)

	Globe (India) Enterprise : manufacturers & exporters of Dyes, Dye-Intermediates, Spectacles & Medical Disposables
		A simple dye would be a water soluble chromgen containing auxochrome & the application of such a dye to yarn would involve coloring of the yarn.
		Direct Dyes are mainly applied on cellulosic fibres such as cotton, viscose rayon, cupramonium rayon.
		Generally these dyes are easily aplied on cellulosic fibres & can be directly dyed from simple solutions in water, in some cases in the cold.
	bicserve.com /htm/globe1.htm (616 words)

	Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) - FedReg Doc. 05-22091 - Fees for Testing, Evaluation, and Approval of ...
		Concurrent with the direct final rule's publication in the Federal Register, we published a separate, identical proposed rule to speed notice and comment rulemaking in the event we received significant adverse comments which required the withdrawal of the direct final rule.
		The primary purpose of the direct final rule was to address fee calculation and administration to cover the cost of Approval and Certification Center services including ``approvals'' as explained in the direct final rule's preamble 70 FR 46336-46337.
		As noted earlier, the primary purpose of the direct final rule was to address fee calculation and administration to cover the cost of Approval and Certification Center services, including ``approvals'' as explained in the direct final rule's preamble 70 FR 46336-46337.
	www.msha.gov /REGS/FEDREG/FINAL/2005finl/05-22091.asp (848 words)

	History of Dyes from 2600 BC to 20th Century - natural dyes, synthetic
		One of only 2 natural dyes whose discoverer is known, it yields a yellow, brighter than fustic, and is from the inner bark of No. American oak.
		All analine dyes were seized and publicly burned.
		For some bibliography on dye chemistry and history see the special TAN reprint on fiber reactive dyes here.
	www.straw.com /sig/dyehist.html (2250 words)

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