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Topic: Direct election of Senators

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	.: All American Patriots :. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Over half of the states adopted the "Oregon system," but the 1912 Senate investigation of bribery and corruption in the election of Illinois Senator William Lorimer indicated that only a constitutional amendment mandating the direct election of Senators by a state’s citizenry would allay public demands for reform.
		When the House passed proposed amendments for the direct election of Senators in 1910 and 1911, they included a "race rider" meant to bar Federal intervention in cases of racial discrimination among voters.
		A substitute amendment by Senator Joseph L. Bristow of Kansas provided for the direct election of Senators without the "race rider." It was adopted by the Senate on a close vote before the proposed constitutional amendment itself passed the Senate.
	www.allamericanpatriots.com /m-wfsection+print+articleid-350.html (495 words)

	Heartland Policy Study: Term Limits and Lessons from Our Past
		Their deadlock would result in no senator being chosen, and the state was then deprived of representation for a period of time that lasted up to a year or more.
		Election by the state legislature also made it easier for senate candidates to buy elections: The number of votes needed to be bought were few, and the state legislators voted by open ballot.
		To give teeth to those "advisory" elections, the states then required that candidates for the state legislature indicate whether they would automatically vote for the senator the voters had chosen--and their position on this issue was clearly stated on the state legislative ballot.
	www.heartland.org /archives/studies/rotunda-ps.htm (2865 words)

	A Constitutional Convention To Achieve Term Limits
		At this point, the Senate accepted the inevitable and passed a proposed constitutional amendment concerning the direct election of Senators.
		Although these campaigns for a convention did not come nearly as close as the effort for the direct election of Senators, the campaigns were significant factors in convincing Congress to pass the proposed amendments.
		Moreover, the Senators elected as the peoples choices played a major role in persuading the Senate to accept the inevitable and pass a proposed direct election amendment before a convention had to be called.
	www.i2i.org /main/article.php?article_id=612 (5168 words)

	Don't Add Amendments
		Well, frankly, there is quite a lot wrong with the direct election of senators if you recall that the Founders were most interested in preventing the flow of power to a centralized state.
		There was a clamoring in some circles for the direct election of senators as early as the 1820s, but the change did not take place until the “Progressive Era” in 1913.
		Direct elections advanced the interest of the elite because it maximized the value of that ever so important element in mass electoral politics—money.
	www.daveblackonline.com /don't.htm (785 words)

	ELS - ERD - Law By Country - United States Substantive Law - Constitution of the United States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This amendment was proposed by the Eighty-seventh Congress by Senate Joint Resolution No. 29, which was approved by the Senate on Mar. 27, 1962, and by the House of Representatives on Aug. 27, 1962.
		This amendment was proposed by the Eighty-ninth Congress by Senate Joint Resolution No. 1, which was approved by the Senate on Feb. 19, 1965, and by the House of Representatives, in amended form, on Apr. 13, 1965.
		This amendment was proposed by the Ninety-second Congress by Senate Joint Resolution No. 7, which was approved by the Senate on Mar. 10, 1971, and by the House of Representatives on Mar. 23, 1971.
	www.law.emory.edu /FEDERAL/usconst/amend.html (2848 words)

	direct elections - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		The drive for progressive reforms also fed pressure to change the rules for selecting senators.
		There is no uniform interval between national, or general, elections, but by law they...
		Presidential Election : election of 1992: Presidential Debate
	encarta.msn.com /direct+elections.html (139 words)

	The Partial Observer - The Secret of American Prosperity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Dependent upon the government for virtually the entire state of economic affairs, the direct election of Senators was the final nail in the coffin of the Republic that once was.
		When Senators were appointed by state legislatures, those legislative members were jealous of their own power, which meant they would send to Washington Senators who would protect the state’s wealth and rights to self-government.
		But when the Senators could appeal directly to the people, instead of jealous state legislators, they would be able to more effectively transform the nature of the federal government from that of a democratic republic to a republican democracy.
	www.partialobserver.com /article.cfm?id=1015 (1580 words)

	Loyola University of Chicago Law Journal
		Although that election still depended on the State legislature, the famous debates between Lincoln and Douglas were intended to influence the choice by the people of the members of the State legislature that would in turn choose a Senator that year.
		Direct election of senators was first proposed in 1826; and after 1893 a constitutional amendment to establish direct election was proposed in Congress every year.
		These local election laws and their application are subject to review, by the Congress and Courts of the United States, in the light of constitutional standards, whether the standards are of a general character or are primarily concerned with elections.
	www.saf.org /LawReviews/AnastaploSection3.html (19400 words)

	LII: Constitution
		The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote.
		The electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislatures.
		This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.
	www.law.cornell.edu /constitution/constitution.amendmentxvii.html (78 words)

	FindLaw's Writ - Dean: The Seventeenth Amendment Should It Be Repealed?
		The remedy for this inconveniency is, to divide the legislature into different branches; and to render them by different modes of election, and different principles of action, as little connected with each other, as the nature of their common functions and their common dependencies on the society, will admit.
		It was not until 1820 that a resolution was introduced in the House of Representatives to amend the Constitution to provide for direct elections of Senators.
		For progressives - who now must appreciate that direct elections have only enhanced the ability of special interests to influence the process - returning to the diffusion of power inherent in federalism and bicameralism may seem an attractive alternative, or complement, to campaign finance reform.
	writ.news.findlaw.com /dean/20020913.html (1723 words)

	February 17, 1906=TheHill.com= (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The “Treason” series placed the Senate at the center of a major drive by Progressive Era reformers to weaken the influence of large corporations on government policymaking.
		Direct popular election of senators fit perfectly with their campaign to bring government closer to the people.
		The campaign for direct election of senators took on new force in 1906, following conviction of two senators on corruption charges.
	www.hillnews.com /senate_minute/021203.aspx (333 words)

	Considering a Convention to Propose Constitutional Amendments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The issue on that occasion was whether Senators should be elected directly by the people of the States, or should instead be picked by the State Legislatures.
		However, the Senate (which, of course, included many members chosen in back-room deals) refused to propose the amendment.
		At that crucial point, on May 16, 1912, the Senate accepted the inevitable and agreed to propose a constitutional amendment concerning the direct election of Senators.
	members.aol.com /Cotermlim/Norton8Aug96.html (753 words)

	Alan Keyes's Daffy Idea to Repeal the 17th Amendment
		The senator himself was not involved with the illegal acts, but the specter of “Lorimerism” convinced many citizens that legislatures were not the proper vehicles for selecting United States senators.
		In 1912 Lorimer was expelled from the Senate.
		By then the direct election of senators had become a constitutional amendment and was on its way to ratification.
	hnn.us /articles/6822.html (709 words)

	Direct Election of U.S. Senators \| 19 February 1914
		On 19 February 1914 legislation was introduced in the House of Delegates calling for the direct election of United States senators by the voters of Virginia.
		Direct election of senators was intensely discussed during the writing of the U.S. Constitution, as proponents of both sides voiced their convictions.
		Though some called for direct election by the people, the majority of convention delegates concluded that having one house chosen by the people and one by the legislature would provide an effective balance of power.
	www.vahistorical.org /onthisday/21914.htm (271 words)

	The U
		These include an 1808 proposal by a Connecticut Senator that the nation choose its president through an annual random drawing from a list of retiring senators to a 1923 proposal for an amendment to guarantee equal rights for women.
		Under the second route, two thirds of the states may vote to call a constitutional convention, whose proposed amendments must be ratified by three-fourths of the state legislatures.
		he first ten amendments were added in 1791 and later amendments introduced such far-reaching changes as ending slavery, creating national guarantees of due process and individual rights, granting women the vote, and providing for direct popular election of senators.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gl/usconst15.htm (602 words)

	[No title]
		Their effect on history is felt today, as many of their ideas such as direct election of senators, progressive income tax, and direct democracy have been transformed from a wishful endeavor into reality.
		Policies such as progressive income taxes, direct election of senators, and direct democracy in their day would be like a socialist platform of today, and met stiff opposition among traditional politicians.
		The Populists did lose the presidential election of 1892 with their candidate James B. Weaver; however they did win many seats in state governments and a few in Congress nationwide by merging with Democrats and running as both parties.
	wwwcsif.cs.ucdavis.edu /~puim/docs/hist124_term_paper.doc (1911 words)

	PH@school: The Living Constitution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Besides having an ideological appeal as a democratic reform, the idea had a practical appeal as a way to solve a glitch in the old election system: Sometimes the upper and lower houses of a State legislature would disagree on who should be elected senator, leading to deadlock.
		By 1913, several States had adopted Oregon's model, and a constitutional amendment was introduced to adopt direct, popular election of senators at the national level.
		The Seventeenth Amendment, providing that "the Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each State, elected by the people thereof," was ratified on April 12, 1913.
	www.phschool.com /atschool/constitution/constitution2b.html (283 words)

	Populist Party
		Populists hoped that womans suffrage and direct election of senators would enable them to elect some of their members to political office.
		It also demanded the free coinage of silver, an end to private script, a graduated income tax, direct election of senators, additional government and railroad-owned land being made available to homesteaders, and the implementation of secret ballots.
		By the election of 1896, the Democratic Party had absorbed many of the Populist ideals, causing the People's Party to cease to exist as a national organization.
	www.ohiohistorycentral.org /entry.php?rec=967 (524 words)

	Las Vegas SUN: QUESTION 7: ELECTION ISSUES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Question 7 brings the Nevada Constitution up to date on two election issues: voting rights for the mentally ill and the direct election of U.S. senators.
		In 1913 the U.S. Constitution was amended to provide for direct election of senators, but the Nevada Constitution was never changed.
		In 1908 the state Republican and Democratic conventions mutually agreed to pledge their legislative candidates to support the person receiving the highest number of votes, regardless of party.
	www.lasvegassun.com /sunbin/stories/text/2004/oct/14/517666641.html (448 words)

	Burnt Orange Report - Bad Zell
		Atrios expresses bewilderment over Zell Miller's support for repealing the 17th (Direct Election of Senators) Amendment.
		He said Wednesday that rescinding the 17th Amendment, which declared that senators should be elected, would increase the power of state governments and reduce the influence of Washington special interests.
		If you're a national-level Democrat, or Republican, that means you got to toe the same line when you vote for state representative and state senator (rather than having this degenerate luxury of being able to vote "the man" instead of the party at all levels of government).
	www.burntorangereport.com /archives/001462.html (616 words)

	Abolish direct election of U.S. Senators....... :: My Spin Zone :: When you cross a donkey and an elephant its bound to ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		According to a report from myway.com news service Republican Senatorial candidate Alan Keyes would vote for a bill that would return the election of Senators over to State Legislators.
		The Republican Senate candidate in Illinois, asked about past comments on the election process, said the constitutional amendment that provided for popular election of senators upset the balance between the people and the states.
		"The balance is utterly destroyed when the senators are directly elected because the state government as such no longer plays any role in the deliberations at the federal level," Keyes said at a taping of WBBM Newsradio's "At Issue" program.
	www.myspinzone.net /displayarticle570.html (482 words)

	The 17th Amendment: Should it be Repealed? - TLP
		The problem began when, in the name of "democracy," we tinkered with the fundamental structure of the Constitution by adopting the Seventeenth Amendment.
		But there is widespread agreement that the change was to the detriment of the states, and that it played a large part in dramatically changing the role of the national government.
		He also points out that revisionist history indicates the Progressive Movement was not driven as much by efforts to aid the less fortunate as once was thought (and as it claimed) - so that direct democracy as an empowerment of the poor might not have been one of its true goals.
	www.lawfulpath.com /ref/17th-repealed.shtml (1857 words)

	Direct Election of Senators (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		TO PRINT USE CTRL 'P' House Resolution proposing the direct election of U.S. senators, February 14, 1826
		This 1826 proposal by Representative Henry Randolph Storrs of New York to have the people of each state directly elect their senators was the first of nearly 300 resolutions that would be introduced in Congress before 1912.
		Beginning in 1893, the House adopted such an amendment five times, and each time the measure failed to gain the floor in the Senate.
	archives.gov /exhibits/treasures_of_congress/Images/page_17/56a.html (90 words)

	Outside The Beltway \| OTB - Comment on Too Much Democracy? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The whole “end direct election of Senators” is hardly a massive movement from what I’ve seen.
		On the flip side, fewer Senators would be able to stay in Washington for 3, 4, 5 or more terms like they so often do now.
		The purpose of the Senate was always that it would be a slower, more deliberative body with the nation’s long-term interests - not members’ re-election - at heart as a counterbalance to to rowdier, more-connected-to-the-People House.
	www.outsidethebeltway.com /wordpress/wp-comments-popup.php?p=5959&c=1 (703 words)

	The Hoosier Gadfly » Blog Archive » I disagree with Randy Barnett’s analysis of Miers’ nomination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		One major difference between then and now is the 17th Amendment, which required direct election of Senators.
		Subsequently, with direct election, Senators became functionally indistinguishable from Representatives and much more closely aligned with the national political party to which they belong.
		You put these two features of the current system together and it means that the Senate is more a creature of the national parties and the Senators in the President’s party more closely aligned with him/her than Hamilton would have ever anticipated.
	paulhager.org /wordpress/index.php?p=66 (1014 words)

	.: 1913: 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators - American Historical Documents :. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
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	www.allamericanpatriots.com /m-wfsection+article+articleid-350.html (1317 words)

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