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	Direct historical approach - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The direct historical approach was an archaeological and anthropological technique invented by the American scholar William Duncan Strong during the 1920s and 1930s.
		By studying a site with known historical occupations and then excavating it to establish prehistoric activity, he reasoned that by using analogy and homology based on the historical data, he could theorise about the past society that had used the site long before the historical records were made.
		The approach works well where continuity can be demonstrated but is less useful in regions where significant differences between prehistoric and historic societies are known.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Direct_historical_approach (153 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		directing -> Approaches to Directing The beginning of modern directing is commonly associated with the Meiningen Players, a German acting troupe organized in 1874 by George II, duke of Saxe-Meiningen.
		directing directing, the art of leading dramatic performances on the stage or in films.
		direct action direct action, theory and methods used by certain labor groups to fight employers, capitalist institutions, and the state by direct economic action, without using intermediate organizations.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=Direct+historical+approach (555 words)

	Chapter II
		The traditional philological perspective, with its culture historical framework, was largely a moribund and anachronistic discipline tied to the study of classical literature, the monuments of classical civilization, and extended systematically to the study and interpretation of trans-Euro-Afro-Asian artifacts by archaeologists and prehistorians.
		The general culture historical approach, both as it was transplanted and transformed in America, and as it remained and developed in Europe, had other related concerns with linguistics, philosophy and the rise of a modern science of psychology that affected its subsequent transformations.
		The culture historical method as this was developed and dialectically articulated by the Americanist archaeologists in the contexts of their American sites and surveys and in the forums of their museums and journals, never really found its way beyond the limitations of its own built-in relativism upon which it had been founded.
	www.lewismicropublishing.com /Publications/DiggingThePast/ChapterII.htm (7195 words)

	Paul Laurendeau \| Département d'études françaises \| York University
		Historical events as such lead to the conclusion that there is a very real problem with the "scientificity" of this discipline.
		Historical issues are crucial here also: what we call knowledge is both "true" from the point of view of the historically localized praxis that produces and needs it, and "false" from the point of view of the system of knowledge resulting from a more highly developed, subsequent historical period.
		We have the "first degree" approach (where the text tends to be taken for itself or for what it speaks about) and the "second degree" approach (where it tends to be taken as the reflection of something else or something more than itself or what its speaks about).
	www.yorku.ca /paull/articles/1990a.html (5931 words)

	Table of Contents and Excerpt, Rice, Maya Political Science
		From the 1960s through the mid-1980s, the proper use of analogy was debated in Americanist archaeology (e.g., Ascher 1961; Gould and Watson 1982; Wylie 1985) and the role of analogical reasoning—what one archaeologist dubbed "the tyranny of the ethnographic record" (Wobst 1978)—was subject to methodological and philosophical scrutiny.
		To illustrate, in general, it is more appropriate to draw analogies between the culture and behavior of the prehistoric Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest and the modern Pueblos than between the prehistoric Pueblos and, say, the ancient Etruscans, because of the considerable differences in cultural, temporal, and geographic circumstances of the latter.
		Historical archaeology is a multi- and interdisciplinary endeavor in which written and material records are evaluated, one against the other, to illuminate events and circumstances of the past.
	www.utexas.edu /utpress/excerpts/exricmay.html (6532 words)

	- - Interpreting Judah Halevi's Kuzari, Page 3 -
		Halevi develops his historical proof of Judaism as a response to the intellectualism characterizing the philosophers' view.
		Approaching God from the perspective of history provides one with the most certain rational foundation upon which to base one's faith.
		The latter approach is to be found in all the discussions bearing upon the revelation of the Torah.
	hsf.bgu.ac.il /cjt/files/electures/kuzari3.htm (2849 words)

	[No title]
		Historical sources cited indicate that the Sogdians practiced ritual mourning of ancestors during the end of a specific month of the year ("Khushum"); this ritual complex included lamentations, offerings and facial mutilation (scratching or cutting).
		According to historical tradition he is regarded as the ancestor of the Sogdian people and the original builder of the Ark citadel at Bukhara.
		Historically the cemeteries functioned as powerful landmarks of community and spiritual identity for local residents, and contained the remains of continuous generations of deceased.
	depts.washington.edu /reecas/events/conf2002/papers02/Niekum.doc (6218 words)

	Stahl_21_2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Archaeologists have long valued historical connections as a means of establishing the relevance of ethnography for interpreting archaeological sites.
		While the direct historical approach has most often been used to support continuities between archaeological and ethnographic contexts, recent historical anthropological literature stresses the tremendous changes that occurred as a result of European contact, and suggests an expanded role for the direct historical approach as a means of studying change.
		This paper presents preliminary results of investigations at a 19th-century West African village site abandoned early in the colonial period, and explores patterns of change and continuity in the lives of rural villagers during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
	www.bu.edu /jfa/Abstracts/S/Stahl_21_2.html (129 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The first approach will be to ask a standard list of questions to all interviewees for the project.
		The second approach will be to collect more in-depth oral histories from a smaller population of interviewees.
		Historical photographs are an unusually rich medium for researchers of vernacular culture.
	www.arts.ualberta.ca /~ukrfolk/Local_Cultureweb/Methodology.htm (283 words)

	ISCAR I DK - Cultural Historical Approach to education, literacy and organisations (community, institution, state)
		Approaching the Vygotskian concept of cultural developmental ages from the analysis of the cultural systems of activity
		This is the key idea suggested by Vygotsky and developed later by Elkonin: if we support the cultural historical theses on the social (cultural) origin of higher psychological functions, developmental assesment of children's capacities should be both cultural and personal or, in the words of Elkonin, should include the evaluation of "the system child-in-society".
		Historically the primary theoretical approaches have focused on individual characteristics and processes, with the expectation that this was the best way to understand development.
	www.iscar.org /dk/iscardk/PhD2.htm (2762 words)

	University of Chicago: Department of Anthropology: Courses and Workshops
		Beginning with the premise that the ethnographic/ethnohistoric present is a contingent outcome of historical process, we examine the development of novel and integral economic, political, and social networks that have defined colonial society in the region over the last 500 years.
		Finally, we will consider the implications of historical stability and transformation in relation to the development of borderlands historiography, archaeological and ethnographic systematics, and the direct historical approach in Americanist archaeology.
		Current archaeological, historical, and paleo-environmental research in the North American Southwest and beyond will be introduced both through direct field experience and through evening seminars and lectures.
	anthropology.uchicago.edu /courses/faculty/lycett.shtml (1217 words)

	College of Arts and Sciences: Department of Anthropology Graduate Programs
		Discuss what you see to be the strengths and limitations of this processual approach in accounting for cultural phenomena.
		Historically, for example, a slave could become a person in some contexts yet was seen as little more than a head of livestock in others.
		Explain how his work does in these fields and provide an example of the way in which the study of ritual can be a window into processes of cultural understanding.
	www.ecu.edu /anth/comps97.htm (941 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Christianity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Still, a direct divine intervention was necessary to bring this about, just as, in any rational account of the theory of evolution, recourse must be had to supernatural power to bridge the gulf between being and non-being, life and non-life, reason and non-reason.
		Philo, therefore, was not compelled to seek in the Platonic Nous, which is merely the directive cause of creation, or the Stoic Logos, as the rational soul of the universe, the foundation of his doctrine.
		On the historic fact of the Resurrection the whole of Christianity is based.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03712a.htm (8642 words)

	Prehistoric Pottery in the Park
		Using this approach, if a globular pottery vessel was observed being used for cooking by a historical group, then it is likely that similar vessels found at prehistoric archaeology sites were also used for cooking.
		This approach assumes that behaviors recorded in historic groups have local origins and were practiced in a similar sort of way in the past.
		One of the biggest problems for the Direct Historical Approach in the Eastern Woodlands is all of the population movement and death by disease and warfare that occurred at contact.
	www.nps.gov /hocu/ppt/text_pottery.htm (3244 words)

	Ars Technica: RISC vs. CISC: the Post-RISC Era - Page 1 - (10/1999) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		After charting the historical development of the RISC and CISC design strategies, and situating those philosophies in their proper historical/technological context, I’ll discuss the idea of a post-RISC processor, and show how such processors don't fit neatly into the RISC and CISC categories.
		Perhaps the most common approach to comparing RISC and CISC is to list the features of each and place them side-by-side for comparison, discussing how each feature aids or hinders performance.
		In order to understand the historical and technological context out of which RISC and CISC developed, it is first necessary to understand the state of the art in VLSI, storage/memory, and compilers in the late 70’s and early 80’s.
	www.arstechnica.com /cpu/4q99/risc-cisc/rvc-1.html (1404 words)

	Reports Submitted to FAMSI - Lorraine A. Williams-Beck
		Weaving direct historic and/or economic theoretical perspectives together with archaeological evidence yield a distinct fabric from which to assess political and community organization among fifteenth- and sixteenth-century indigenous populations settled within the Yucatán Peninsula and adjacent periphery.
		The initial section emphasizes theoretical underpinnings of the model, combining a direct historical approach with social, political, and economic evidence for developing new avenues of interpreting social, political, and community organization in complex societies.
		Juan Manuel Chávez Gómez reviews historic documents for the northwestern section of the Cehache region, known as the "montaña" in Scholes and Roys treatise of Acalán Tixchel, to discuss political organization for a seventeenth century version of independent aggregated communities under a local lord’s direct, and at times indirect, control.
	www.famsi.org /reports/98058 (1139 words)

	NPS Archeology Program: Kennewick Man
		In general, these used the Direct Historical Approach, and relied on Ray's (1939) account of Plateau settlement and subsistence patterns, and material culture as their base.
		Further, most, but not all, of these archaeologists assumed continuity and also assumed that the direct historical approach was the appropriate methodology.
		The approach taken here is to look for continuities and discontinuities between archaeological manifestations, rather than between an archaeological manifestation and cultures documented through historical documents, oral traditions, and ethnographic observations.
	www.cr.nps.gov /aad/kennewick/ames5.htm (1876 words)

	Oregon Bach Festival \| Bach Bits - The Significance of Bach by Helmuth Rilling
		I am particularly critical of many of the conclusions that the representatives of "historical" performance practice reach with regard to articulation-that is, the question of how short or long each individual note is to be played or sung.
		First, the proponents of the "historical" approach direct their attention too much to microstructure.
		Of course, Bach's interest included the organization of details and the differentiation of small forms, but it was certainly directed at least as much to the architecture of large-scale movements.
	bachfest.uoregon.edu /bachground/bachbits/sig17.shtml (511 words)

	Society for Historical Archaeology - Research Tools (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Historic remains of Spanish iron lance heads or knives, fragments of stirrups, and harness from post-middle of 18th century in head of Yellow Jacket Canyon (p.
		Directed to the construction (includes illustrations of loop-hole construction) and shape of the feature, and an accounting for the damage done by British demolition, includes the 1760 British demolition plan.
		Historical background of Hudson's Bay Company post; history and description of physical structure; combined history of fur trade and Fort Vancouver with resume of excavations by Louis R. Caywood during 1948, 1950, and 1952.
	www.sha.org /Research/cot2-el.htm (10648 words)

	SIUC CAI Research- Mesoamerican
		The research is designed as a comparative investigation of historically known sites in Maya lineage territories of Yalain, Kan Ek' (who with their allies the Yalain were known to the Spaniards as the Itza) and Kowoj, groups thought to have dominated the political geography of the central Petén in the latter decades of the17th century.
		The project has taken a direct historical approach to its understanding of this political geography, beginning with investigation of archivally documented occupation at specific towns and excavating structures at these locations to understand the development of Postclassic and Historic period settlements.
		At Zacpetén, the historically known site of Sakpeten, the presence of architectural "temple assemblages" suggests strong cultural and historical connections between this Petén site and the Yucatecan site of Mayapán, excavated by the Carnegie Institution of Washington in the 1950s.
	www.siu.edu /~cai/resmeso.htm (558 words)

	The Discourse-historical Approach
		Such a pragmatic approach to theory would not purport to provide a catalogue of contextless propositions and generalizations, but rather relate questions of theory formation and conceptualization closely to the specific problems that are to be investigated.
		In investigating historical, organizational and political topics and texts, the discourse-historical approach attempts to integrate much available knowledge about the historical sources and the background of the social and political fields in which discursive "events" are embedded.
		Further, it analyzes the historical dimension of discursive actions by exploring the ways in which particular genres of discourse are subject to diachronic change (Wodak et al., 1990; Wodak et al., 1994; Wodak 1996).
	www.univie.ac.at /discourse-politics-identity/alt/unemploy/bristol5.htm (3546 words)

	The Little Ice Age in Korea: An Approach to Historical Climatology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		This study is based on climatic conditions as noted in historical records such as Munhonbigo(문헌비고), Choson Wangjo Sillok(조선왕조실록), and old weather records of Seoul from 1770 to 19l0.
		Historical records in Korea show little direct evidence of Little lce A summers and cold winters.
		Indirect evidence for cool weather, such as frequency and amount of rainfall, fog, frost, wind, hail, and snow were analyzed and used to make a cool index for the Little Ice Age.
	www.geoedu.snu.ac.kr /database/geoedu_nonjip/document/Ge1401.htm (483 words)

	Society for Historical Archaeology - Research Tools (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Historical study; notes from diary and records on first expedition to travel overland northward from San Diego to San Francisco; party was led by Don Gaspar de Portola.
		Theories based upon historical data and inference are matched against meticulous description of tower; significant to archaeology as tool for employment of deduction and theory.
		Historical archaeology in Pacific Northwest; status in 1974; critique of public attitude, suggested direction; interpretation of historical archaeology to public.
	www.sha.org /Research/cot2-mr.htm (11168 words)

	[No title]
		A Historical Approach to Linguistic and Pictorial= Metaphor This paper is based on results of an interdisciplinary study investigating= the interrelation between materialized imaginations of the concept GRAMMAR= and their linguistic counterparts.
		It takes into account the historical dimension of the media that have= served, already for centuries, to render abstract concepts graspable:= figurative language, visual images, and the printed page.
		By embedding this imagination of grammar in its= pragmatic and historical context and reconstructing its textual basis, the= specific conditions of its materialization became evident.
	www.cs.bham.ac.uk /~jab/AISB-99/Abstracts/mittelberg (813 words)

	NAP Skim View of:
		For this reason every effort should be and is being made to interpret archaeological data from these early historical reports.
		This uniquely detailed record offered an exceptional opportunity to study the environment and subsistence practices of the cave's inhabitants over a very long period of time, and in developing that opportunity Jennings documented a convincing millennial perspective on human ecology in the desert west.
		His 1966 "Glen Canyon: A Summary" pulled together years of rescue archaeology under his direction in the canyon lands of southeastern Utah to give a first synthetic account of Anasazi agricultural life along its northern frontier.
	www.nap.edu /nap-cgi/skimit.cgi?isbn=0309066441&chap=142-161 (781 words)

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