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	Layered Interaction Analysis of Direct Manipulation
		The idea of direct mappings is similar to the mathematical notion of isomorphisms; there is a one-to-one function between the two levels and the relationships between the units of information are the same on the two levels and are preserved by the function.
		Direct manipulation may be defined as a direct mapping between the semantic level of the dialogue and the syntactic level.
		Hutchins, E.L., Hollan, J.D., and Norman, D.A. Direct manipulation interfaces.
	www.useit.com /papers/direct_manipulation.html (6086 words)

	Direct manipulation interface - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Direct manipulation is closely associated with WIMP and GUI as these almost always incorporate direct manipulation to at least some degree.
		However, direct manipulation should not be confused with these other terms, as it does not imply the use of windows or even graphical output.
		There are standard direct manipulation widgets as well as many unique widgets that are developed either as a better solution to an old problem or as a solution for a new and/or unique problem.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Direct_manipulation_interface (786 words)

	[No title]
		As noted, a direct manipulation interface could be described with a single, large state diagram, but, since the user sees the structure of the user interface as a collection of many semi-independent objects, that is not a particularly perspicuous description.
		The interface from the syntactic level to the lexical level is via calls from the syntax diagram to the tokens; the interface from the syntactic level to the semantic level is through calls from the diagram to semantic action and condition procedures.
		Direct manipulation interfaces were found to have a coroutine-like structure and, despite their surface appearance, a peculiar, highly moded dialogue.
	www.eecs.tufts.edu /~jacob/papers/tog.txt (10997 words)

	Graphical user interface - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A graphical user interface (or GUI, sometimes pronounced "gooey") is a method of interacting with a computer through a metaphor of direct manipulation of graphical images and widgets in addition to text.
		Designing suitable interfaces for handheld devices, such as PDA applications and their smartphone cousins, has been a major challenge for user interface designers, and some of the more successful diverge considerably from desktop computer designs.
		In academic and research circles a GUI is often referred to as a Direct manipulation interface.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Graphical_User_Interface (1256 words)

	An Introduction to 3ds max 4’s Scripted Manipulators
		Besides direct manipulation, I will also show you how you can build gizmos that move a lot of other user interface control into the viewport so that you can customize and streamline various workflows with a more heads-up interface.
		Manipulators have their own geometry that is of a distinguished type.
		Transient Manipulators are created automatically for each selected node for which their filter condition is satisfied but are not part of the scene.
	www.scriptspot.com /tutorials/web_upload/manipulatorsTalk.htm (2574 words)

	Graphical user interface article - Graphical user interface interacting with computer direct manipulation widgets GUIs ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A graphical user interface (or GUI, pronounced "gooey") is a method of interacting with a computer through a metaphor of direct manipulation of graphical images and widgets in addition to text.
		The GUI is generally contrasted with the command line interface (CLI), an earlier, text-only interface that required the user to type in commands or text strings to cause the computer to take some action.
		Between these two types but more similar to GUIs are text user interfaces (TUIs) that display the same types of widgets as a GUI but in a character-cell text mode rather than in a pixel-based graphics mode.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Graphical_user_interface (928 words)

	Direct Manipulation
		Direct manipulation is a style of Human Machine Interaction (HMI) design which features a natural representation of task objects and actions promoting the notion of people performing a task themselves (directly) not through an intermediary like a computer.
		Direct manipulation is a topic in the interdisciplinary field of HCI.
		Direct manipulation harnesses these strengths resulting in systems whose operation is easy to learn and use and difficult to forget.
	www.hitl.washington.edu /scivw/EVE/I.D.2.c.DirectManipulation.html (880 words)

	Project Journal
		There was actually much consensus in the debate between Schneiderman (Direct Manipulation) and Pattie Maes (Interface Agents), because at the end both sides agreed that the direct manipulation and interface agents do not have to be mutually exclusive.
		Direct Manipulation has to do with allowing the user have ultimate control over all details of software procedures.
		Maes argues that direct manipulation and software agents are not mutually exclusive largely because software agents are personalized to users' preferences and are not strictly autonomous agents.
	www.cra.org /Activities/craw/dmp/awards/2002/tran/week_6.htm (892 words)

	Input Modalities
		Direct manipulation interactions possess many desirable qualities: communication is generally fast and concise; input techniques are easy to learn and remember; the user has a good idea about what can be accomplished, as the visual presentation of the available actions is generally easily accessible.
		Natural language interfaces excel in describing entities that are not currently displayed on the monitor, in specifying temporal relations between entities or actions, and in identifying members of sets.
		These strengths are exactly the weaknesses of direct manipulation interfaces, and concurrently, the weaknesses of natural language interfaces (ambiguity, conceptual coverage, etc.) can be overcome by the strengths of direct manipulation [[6]].
	www.ai.sri.com /~cheyer/papers/mmap/node3.html (489 words)

	Experiences -- A Pattern Language for User Interface Design
		...when you and the user agree that an interactive (direct manipulation) interface is the most appropriate for the system (Interaction Style), it is still necessary to provide the user, who has knowledge in his task domain, a path to attain his goals even if he is not computer literate.
		The point and click aspect of a direct manipulation interface presents the user with objects and actions he is familiar with.
		An interface with a series of pushbuttons, which are labeled F1 through F8, is an example of a very literal translation of a hardware solution, but is not as helpful or friendly as it could be.
	www.maplefish.com /todd/papers/Experiences.html (5117 words)

	Designing Applications for the Power Macintosh
		By emphasizing direct manipulation, we reduced even algebraic simplification, a task that might seem to require a command-line interface, to the paradigm of MacDraw.
		We were pleased to discover that with direct manipulation, we could simplify the interface without giving up powerful functionality.
		Since direct manipulation doesn't require users to learn any new commands or concepts, the manipulations immediately become part of a user's arsenal of tools.
	www.pacifict.com /Develop.html (2892 words)

	"Conversational" Dialogues in Direct-Manipulation Interfaces
		Indeed, the point of adhering to these principles is that the directness of DM interfaces might be enabled for these fairly subtle functions of conversation.
		In current DM interfaces, this would typically involve, for each paragraph of the article, selecting the first sentence of the paragraph, copying it, and pasting the sentence into a new text field.
		Note that building the “first sentence of a paragraph” relation into the interface is not a general solution to this sort of problem, as the author might want to use some other relation later on.
	www.cs.utep.edu /novick/papers/dm.ijcai01.htm (2071 words)

	CSE 271: Class Notes 6
		That point (1) for direct manipulation is an analogy or metaphor is very relevant for us, because it says that direct manipulation involves a semiotic morphism.
		The "tatami" project in my lab ran into some of these problems with a direct manipulation interface that we built for proofs; it turned out that displaying the proof tree was useless for large proofs, because of the size and homogeneity of the display.
		Shneiderman's campaign on behalf of direct manipulation has been so successful that today, one is perhaps more likely to see it misapplied than to see it not applied when it should have been.
	www-cse.ucsd.edu /users/goguen/courses/271sp03/6.html (1197 words)

	Extending Direct Manipulation in a Text Editor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This isn’t possible in a typical WIMP interface because (a) such interfaces aren’t collaborative and (b) the set of ways of referring to things is fixed by the design of the interface.
		Using the direct manipulation modality to perform ordered selection on objects in the text window, the author can combine these concepts to define new relations, such as second sentence of a paragraph, or last character of a word.
		In the interface, this color is a dark pink; in the paper’s fl-and-white figures, this highlighting prints as a medium gray.
	www.cs.utep.edu /novick/papers/edm.sigdoc02.htm (3958 words)

	User Interface: GUI History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Direct Manipulation of graphical objects: The now direct manipulation interface, where visible objects on the screen are directly manipulated with a pointing device, was first demonstrated by Ivan Sutherland in Sketchpad, which was his 1963 MIT PhD thesis.
		Many of the interaction techniques popular in direct manipulation interfaces, such as how objects and text are selected, opened, and manipulated, were researched at Xerox PARC in the 1970's.
		The concept of direct manipulation interfaces for everyone was envisioned by Alan Kay of Xerox PARC in a 1977 article about the "Dynabook".
	cne.gmu.edu /itcore/userinterface/GUIHistory2.html (536 words)

	Autonomous Interface Agents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Autonomous interface agents lead to a somewhat different design style, brought on by the possibility that the agent may need to interact with the interface while the user is also interacting with the interface.
		Direct manipulation graphical interfaces display visual representations of physical or conceptual objects, and allow the user to issue commands that change the state of the objects.
		An interface agent could be considered to be a "robot" whose sensors and effectors are the input and output capabilities of the interface, and for that reason are sometimes also referred to as "softbots" [7].
	lieber.www.media.mit.edu /people/lieber/Lieberary/Letizia/AIA/AIA.html (5806 words)

	interface (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The site is designed using a direct manipulation interface where the actions are mainly of a point and click nature.
		Concerning the description of worthy news, the different styles of interaction used are direct manipulation (point and click), menu selection, and the use of search engines, which would be considered a type of form-fill-in style of interaction.
		Direct manipulation will be used in the sense that the user will point and click on different links to accomplish the intended task at hand.
	userpages.umbc.edu /~athomp9/interface.html (1118 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		GIS user interface design is still a cumbersome exercise in which detailed programming skills are required and most often the tools provided are only remotely suitable for designing user interfaces for dealing with geographic data.
		With the advent of GIS user interface design tools such as Arc/View 2, system designers will have for the first time the opportunity to build customized GIS user interfaces rapidly and at a high level, without the need to invest into learning low-level graphics programming, much like most user interface management systems (UIMS) require.
		For this purpose, we will design a small set of scenarios for which we will (1) develop a mock-up to study the soundness of the interface, (2) map the interface onto existing Arc/View II tools, and (3) if the necessary tools are available, develop a prototype in Arc/View II.
	www.spatial.maine.edu /~max/ESRI.html (207 words)

	[No title]
		There are no specific metrics; directness is a guiding principle that designers have to interpret in terms of the application domain, the users and their tasks.
		The guiding principle behind direct manipulation (DM) is as follows: the user should be able to engage in an interface dialogue which mimics those actions which would be required to perform a task if it required the manipulation of physical entities.
		In this thoery, directness is characterized in terms of two opposing gulfs which indicate the existing gap between the goals of the user and the system image.
	www.cc.gatech.edu /classes/cs6751_97_winter/Topics/dialog-dirmanip (1883 words)

	Encyclopedia: Direct manipulation interface (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		People who viewed "Direct manipulation interface" also viewed:
		Windows) allowed users to reposition a window by dragging it with the mouse, but would not continually redraw the complete window at intermediate positions during the drag.
		Windows may refer to: the architectural feature (for seeing out of buildings); see window a concept in computer graphical user interfaces; see window (computing) the computer operating system, Microsoft Windows the 1981 movie, Windows This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Direct-manipulation-interface (536 words)

	Confessions of a Human Interface Junkie: Rick Roe's Weblog
		Apple's Human Interface Guidelines have long embraced the principle of direct manipulation: when the user handles the icons/text/etc on the screen, she should feel she's "really" handling the objects they represent.
		Interfaces which implement these principles are the most transparent — this is one of the reasons why users of the original Finder often didn't realize they were working with an abstraction.
		Sometimes bad human interface decisions are made for the sake of ease of implementation.
	rick.icons.cx /index.php?date=20030505 (942 words)

	User:AlainV - Meta
		In August 1996 I was violently struck by an article in the Communications of the ACM: The Anti-Mac Interface, by Don Gentner and Jakob Nielsen.
		I considered the direct manipulation interface (as embodied at first by the Xerox Alto prototype and later commercialized as the Lisa and the Mac by Apple) to be a newborn baby, in need of growing up and changing.
		This spurred me to undertake a period of intense study on the topic of the direct manipulation interface in general and document representation on the (virtual) desktop in particular.
	meta.wikimedia.org /wiki/User:AlainV (451 words)

	2.1 - Introduction to DesignWorkshop
		This is possible because the total interface including noun-verb selection syntax, direct graphic manipulation of objects, and a minimalist iconic command set allows the designer to produce graphic results with a small set of fairly general functions.
		This power of the Macintosh drawing interface is opposite in approach to traditional CAD software, which tends to use a large set of very specialized commands to produce drawings in a painstaking and linear process.
		To allow 3D direct manipulation, interaction is based on a three-dimensional crosshair, easily controlled by the standard mouse.
	www.artifice.com /support/user_guide/documents/overview/introduction.html (2046 words)

	Artifice DesignWorkshop Lite
		The interface is at once intuitive and powerful.
		The unique DesignWorkshop modeling environment is based on a live 3D crosshair, so you can model in real perspective space, using easy click-and-drag direct-manipulation editing to create, resize, and reshape walls, roofs, openings, etc. With DesignWorkshop, you actually design and build live in three dimensions.
		Whatever level of DesignWorkshop is right for you, you can order it online today direct from Artifice, or call us at 800-203-8324.
	www.artifice.com /dw_lite.html (1035 words)

	ipedia.com: Direct manipulation interface Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Direct manipulation is a human-computer interaction style that was defined by Ben Shneiderman and which involves continuous representation of objects of interest, and rapid, reversible, incremental ac...
		Direct manipulation is closely associated with WIMP and GUI interfaces, as these almost always incorporate direct manipulation to at least some degree.
		David M. Frohlich,"The history and future of direct manipulation," Behaviour & Information Technology 12, 6 (1993), 315-329.
	www.ipedia.com /direct_manipulation_interface.html (446 words)

	Self paper: "The use-mention perspective"
		In our work on ARK and on the interface for the language Self, we have concentrated on trying to portray a consistent, tangible reality: a user who subconsciously buys into this illusion does not have to bear the cognitive load associated with the conscious awareness of the interface.
		Programming for direct manipulation interfaces is commonly carried out in a textual language, in which use and mention are distinct.
		However, a direct manipulation interface is a physical-world analog, and we argue that use and mention are not distinguished by the physical world.
	research.sun.com /self/papers/use-mention.html (377 words)

	steele (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		First, a timeline is not a direct manipulation interface so it is not clear initially how to begin editing or what must be done to get a result.
		The Video Workbench interface is loosely based on the metaphor of shuffling film clips about on a 2D workbench surface equipped with specialized tools for working with the clips, as shown in Figure 1.
		This interface is truly a direct manipulation approach because media elements are manipulated directly rather than proxies to the media elements, as in the Video Workbench.
	bmrc.berkeley.edu /research/publications/1999/153/steele.html (6417 words)

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