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Topic: Direct therapeutic exposure

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	Treatment Preferences of Vietnam Veterans with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A strategy not previously used, however, is the direct assessment of veterans' preferences for and judgments of the efficacy of each treatment component.
		Direct inquiry of the patients may elucidate aspects of recovery that standard methods of assessment minimize or overlook.
		PTSD symptomatology, combat exposure, and childhood abuse, assessed at admission, and race, were used to divide the sample into subgroups for subsequent analyses.
	www.va.gov /OAA/pocketcard/txprfvnv.asp (4316 words)

	Example Degree Essays - Psychology Essays - Trauma of Psychosis
		Exposure based treatments for individuals with PTSD are based on the theory that individuals not only fear the original trauma but also the memory that they hold of it (Rothbaum and Foa, 1992; as cited in Michenbaum, 1997).
		Exposure therapy has been found to be effective amoung individuals with PTSD as a result of some traumatic experiences such as rape, combat or living in a war zone for example.
		It is basically a variant of the exposure based intervention and combines the clients envisioning their traumatic experience and experiencing all the sensations and emotions that go along with it while visually tracking the therapists finger “from extreme left to extreme right” (Michenbaum, 1997:304).
	www.degree-essays.com /essays/psychologyessays/trauma1.html (2498 words)

	French Presentation:2004 Conference Association for Transpersonal Psychology
		therapeutic technique which enables frequently transformative evolution in perception and cognition to occur when used to address both obvious and covert sequellae of trauma.
		TIR is an uncovering technique and has elements in common with other approaches that employ repetitive exposure and desensitisation when mediating trauma, such as: sequential analysis, direct therapeutic exposure, flooding and implosion.
		Unique among the numerous brief therapeutic approaches to trauma developed during the past 20 years -- EMDR, TFT, EFT, BSSF, V/KD, TAT, and others -- TIR involves client-titrated exposure and both permits and generally eventuates in spontanious meaning-making on the part of the client, to spontaneously client-generated insight and personal growth.
	www.atpweb.org /present2004/presfrench.html (345 words)

	Direct therapeutic exposure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Direct Therapeutic Exposure (DTE) is a technique pioneered by Patrick A. Boudewyns.
		First known publication in book form is Flooding and Implosive Therapy: Direct Therapeutic Exposure in Clinical Practice by Patrick A. Boudewyns, Robert H. Shipley.
		Boudewyns, P.A. & Hyer, L. "Physiological Response to Combat Memories and Preliminary Treatment Outcome in Vietnam Veteran PTSD patients treated with Direct Therapeutic Exposure." Behavior Therapy, 21, 63-87.
	pedia.newsfilter.co.uk /wikipedia/d/di/direct_therapeutic_exposure.html (120 words)

	Cognitive Behavior Therapy in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
		Exposure therapy is a class of interventions that includes: systematic desensitization (imaginal or in vivo), flooding (imaginal or in vivo), implosive therapy, self-control desensitization, participant modeling, and other related techniques.
		In vivo and imaginal exposure therapies for PTSD typically involve some form of graduated exposure to trauma-relevant cues, a procedure which may or may not be accompanied by attempts to maintain a fear-antagonistic state such as relaxation.
		This exposure could include returning to the place where the traumatic event occurred and attempting to come into contact with some of the salient contextual cues (e.g., time of day), as well as contact with other stimuli that have affective associations to the event (e.g., sounds or odors).
	www.apa.org /divisions/div12/rev_est/cbt_ptsd.html (1119 words)

	Abstract of Is prolonged exposure to traumatic memories necessary in PTSD? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Prolonged exposure to traumatic memories is considered by many as a necessary element in the treatment of posttramatic stress disorder (PTSD).
		This claim is supported by the effectiveness of direct therapeutic exposure (DTE), as is evident from controlled outcome studies.
		Furthermore, the effectiveness of DTE is complicated by both psychiatric complications and limited patient compliance as a result of difficulties with exposure homework assignments.
	home.planet.nl /~korre003/Engels/98ptsse.html (132 words)

	Direct therapeutic exposure - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Direct Therapeutic Exposure (DTE) is a technique pioneered by Patrick A. Boudewyns, where stressors are vividly and safely confronted to help combat veterans, and patients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, or phobias.
		Other techniques for treating PTSD include family therapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, creative arts therapy, outward bound programs, and cognitive behavior therapy.
		Boudewyns, P.A. and Hyer, L. "Physiological Response to Combat Memories and Preliminary Treatment Outcome in Vietnam Veteran PTSD patients treated with Direct Therapeutic Exposure." Behavior Therapy, 21, 63-87.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Direct_therapeutic_exposure (176 words)

	VKD
		Clinical experience suggests that direct exposure techniques (such as flooding and live exposure) can result in unmodulated activation of more latent schematic content (e.g., state-dependent abreactions or elicitation of earlier modes of functioning) during re-exposure with individuals who are vulnerable, leading to re-traumatization (e.g., see Briere, 1997).
		Therapeutic interventions, including V/KD, should be used with caution with some traumatized client populations.
		Litz, B.T., Blake, D.D., Gerardi, R.D., and Keane, T.M. Decision-making guidelines for the use of direct therapeutic exposure in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder.
	www.fsu.edu /~trauma/v6i2a3.html (6738 words)

	-Behavioral/cognitive treatment of post-traumatic symptomatology and associated features
		Similarly, direct therapeutic exposure (DTE; repeated imaginal rehearsal of traumatic events) has emerged as the PTSD treatment with the strongest empirical support (Foa and Meadows, 1997; Keane, 1997).
		Flooding or prolonged exposure: (1) the client is asked to imaginally relive the traumatic event, with all of the associated stimulus, response and meaning elements.
		The ending of the therapeutic relationship may serve as a cue for interpersonally related conditioned emotional responses, such as fears of abandonment and rejection.
	sow5938-10.fa01.fsu.edu /Lec10.html (2837 words)

	History of PTSD
		Although there is a renewed interest in subjective aspects of traumatic exposure, it must be emphasized that exposure to events such as rape, torture, genocide, and severe war zone stress, are experienced as traumatic events by nearly everyone.
		During this traumatic exposure, the survivor's subjective response was marked by intense fear, helplessness or horror.
		It is important that therapeutic goals be realistic because in some cases, PTSD is a chronic and severely debilitating psychiatric disorder that is refractory to current available treatments.
	ctroop11thcav.tripod.com /ptsdhis.htm (1738 words)

	3.8.3. Treatment of Traumatic Stress (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		For many severely affected patients with chronic PTSD a number of treatment options are available (often offered in combination) such as psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (direct therapeutic exposure and cognitive reprocessing) and pharmacotherapy.
		Therapeutic goals should be realistic because, in some cases, PTSD is a chronic and severely debilitating psychiatric disorder that is refractory to current available treatments.
		Attention must also be paid to the mental health needs of the caregivers themselves, who are faced with heavy demands during emergencies as well as in continuous work with trauma victims, and who themselves may be exposed to a substantial risk of stress-related disorders.
	www.victimology.nl /onlpub/hb/node180.html (354 words)

	Sauna by Airwall, Sauna Kit, Infrared Sauna, Radiant Heat Sauna, Portable Saunas, Build a Sauna, Factory Direct (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		German researchers report beneficial effects from an hour-long whole-body infrared exposure in two groups of hypertension patient that they studied in 1989, including a 24 hour-long increase in peripheral blood flow and a decrease in high blood pressure.
		This result is possibly produced by the combined effect of heat on both primary and secondary afferent from spindle cells and from its effects on Golgi tendon organs.
		Finnish researchers, talking about the regular use of conventional saunas state that there are abundant evidences to suggest that blood vessels of regular sauna-goers remain elastic and pliable longer due to the regular dilation and contraction of blood vessels induced by sauna use.
	www.saunasfactorydirect.com /infrared.shtml (5127 words)

	PTSD
		It must be emphasized that exposure to events such as rape, torture, genocide, and severe war zone stress, are experienced as traumatic events by nearly everyone.
		Diagnostic criteria for PTSD include a history of exposure to a "traumatic event" and symptoms from each of three symptom clusters: unwelcome memories, avoidant/numbing symptoms and hyperarousal symptoms.
		It is important that therapeutic goals be realistic because in some cases, PTSD is a chronic and severely debilitating psychiatric disorder resistant to current available treatments.
	www.hopefs.org /Behavior/ptsd.html (3814 words)

	Heart Info - Heart FAQ
		This is heavily reflected in our ability to treat heart failure, with the most known treatments directed to systolic dysfunction and the least known treatments for diastolic dysfunction.
		As we learn more about blood pressure and its mechanism of control, it becomes more compelling than ever to try to counteract the various abnormalities for maximal protection against the ravages of elevated pressure, such as stroke, heart attack, heart and kidney failure, and the development of vascular disease generically.
		In someone who is not accustomed to it, exposure to nicotine, whether through the lungs (smoking), mouth (snuff, nicotine gum, and chewing tobacco), or skin (nicotine patches), has three main effects on the heart:
	www.heartinfo.org /ms/nav/faq/main.html (5986 words)

	What is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
		There is no definitive treatment, and no cure, but some treatments appear to be quite promising, especially cognitive-behavioral therapy, group therapy, and exposure therapy, in which the patient repeatedly relives the frightening experience under controlled conditions to help him or her work throughout the trauma.
		Diagnostic criteria for PTSD include a history of exposure to a "traumatic event" and symptoms from each of three symptom clusters: intrusive recollections, avoidant/numbing symptoms and hyper arousal symptoms.
		The many therapeutic approaches offered to PTSD patients are presented in Williams and Sommer's (1994) comprehensive book on treatment.
	www.gospelassemblyfree.com /facts/ptss.htm (8743 words)

	HingePin Integrative Learning Materials - Info Forum - Environmental Nutrition - Buck Levin
		Exposure to radiation leaked out of microwave ovens during use has been a first area of health controversy.
		Microwave radiation is non-ionizing, which means that it does not create ions (electrically-charged atoms and molecules) by knocking electrons out of their orbits in atoms and molecules subjected to radiation.
		The non-ionizing status of microwave radiation does not make it safe, but it does make it less likely to cause direct cellular damage through free radical formation, genetic alteration and other means.
	www.hingepin.com /infoforum.html (2244 words)

	Psychological Foundations of Traumatic Incident Reduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is directive in that the therapist who is called a "facilitator" guides the client who is called a "viewer" repetitively through an imaginal replay of a specific trauma.
		While conducting the imaginal exposure and in reviewing imagined and behavioral exposure homework assignments, we are on the lookout for clients' cognitive and emotional reprocessing of the trauma that may relate to the issues of meaning of the event, shattered assumptions, irrational beliefs, and so on.
		The standard techniques of free association or direct discussion of the problem may fail to illuminate the conceptualization, whereas the fantasy expression brings it into sharp focus.
	www.tir.org /metapsy/psychfnd.htm (1962 words)

	Trauma
		Bisbey (1995) studied 57 participants diagnosed with PTSD, who were randomly assigned to one of three separate conditions: Direct Therapeutic Exposure (DTE), which is an exposure treatment that has clients revisit the trauma without strict facilitator directives, TIR, and a control group.
		V/KD allows clients to experience exposure through guided visualization and kinesthetic disconnection from the client's simple (Type I) trauma in “fast-forward” and “rewind.” The disconnection and rapid replaying of the trauma may assist clients in better tolerating distress from the exposure, than might occur without the disconnection and rapid replaying.
		Should empirical research support the hypothesis that exposure, reciprocal inhibition, and arousal modulation are necessary, if not sufficient, components in effective reduction of posttraumatic symptoms, clinicians may want to consider devising treatment approaches that incorporate all three components.
	www.fsu.edu /~trauma/v6i4/v6i4a2.htm (5793 words)

	Psych Central - Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
		Another study with spider-phobic children showed EMDR to be less helpful than an "in vivo exposure" treatment in which the children gradually and safely saw and touched a variety of real or artificial spiders.
		However, several studies suggest that "direct therapeutic exposure" by vividly and safely confronting stressors without eye movements is equally as effective as EMDR.
		The best treatment plan is based upon a thorough professional assessment, and may include individual therapies such as EMDR or therapeutic exposure, but also a range of other appropriate services such as group and family therapy, addiction care, medication, stress and anger management, vocational therapy, and healthcare.
	psychcentral.com /library/pt_emdr.htm (983 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Grayson, J.B., Foa, E.B., and Steketee, G. Exposure in vivo of obsessive-compulsives under distraction and attention-focusing conditions: Replication and extension.
		Jaycox, L.H., Foa, E.B., and Morral, A.R. Influence of emotional engagement and habituation on exposure therapy for PTSD.
		Rodriguez, B.I. and Craske, M.G. The effects of distraction during exposure to phobic stimuli.
	www.swin.edu.au /bioscieleceng/neuropsych/ptsd/ptsdreferences.html (3935 words)

	Treatment Outcome Research on Post-traumatic Stress Disorder // National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The PTSD patients (primarily crime victims and vehicle accident survivors) were randomly assigned to a treatment and, while improvements were seen in all but the control condition, no differences were found among the treatments.
		It is possible that procedures that contain a more graduated therapeutic exposure, such as systematic desensitization, may be preferable.
		Decision guidelines for the use of exposure based therapy have been enumerated by Litz, Blake, Gerardi, and Keane(28).
	www.ncptsd.org /publications/cq/v3/n2/blake.html (1693 words)

	Current Trends in PTSD Research // National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Finally, Roger Pitman, Bessel van der Kolk and associates have shown that higher pain thresholds among PTSD patients following exposure to a trauma-related stimulus seems to be due to increased activity of endogenous opioids, the body's naturally occurring painkillers.
		Pat Boudewyns' and Terry Keane's groups have independently demonstrated the efficacy of behavioral approaches using direct therapeutic exposure.
		Clearly more research is needed to help clinicians select the most appropriate therapeutic strategies for their patients.
	www.ncptsd.org /treatment/cq/v2/n1/friedman.html (1613 words)

	LearnThis.Info Encyclopedia articles beginning with 'Di' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of personal data
		Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection
		Dispute over the name of the Sea of Japan
	encyclopedia.learnthis.info /d/di (88 words)

	Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Combat exposure and posttraumatic stress symptomatology among US soldiers deployed to the Gulf War.
		Negative parenting behavior, combat exposure, and PTSD symptom severity: test of a person-event interaction model.
		Failure to detect fabricated posttraumatic stress disorder with the use of the MMPI in a clinical population.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /gwv_bib/stress_disorder.html (4789 words)

	POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Physiological evidence of exaggerated startle response in a subgroup of Vietnam veterans with combat-related PTSD.
		Buydens-Branchey L, Noumair D, Branchey M. Duration and intensity of combat exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans.
		Exposure to atrocities and severity of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam combat veterans.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /nhrc_bib/psd.html (4894 words)

	Patrick A. Boudewyns, Robert H. Shipley : Flooding and Implosive Therapy: Direct Therapeutic Exposure in Clinical ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Patrick A. Boudewyns, Robert H. Shipley : Flooding and Implosive Therapy: Direct Therapeutic Exposure in Clinical Practice
		Patrick A. Boudewyns : Flooding and Implosive Therapy: Direct Therapeutic Exposure in Clinical Practice
		Flooding and Implosive Therapy: Direct Therapeutic Exposure in Clinical Practice
	books.mysic.ca /Author/Patrick_A_Boudewyns (55 words)

	An Outline for the Identification and Treatment of PTSD
		In treating PTSD victims, dissociated traumatic memories are connected with a positive restructuring of involved memories, a cognitive reorientation.
		Although medication use shows a modest, clinically meaningful effect on PTSD, in their literature review on the effectiveness of PTSD treatments, Solomon, Gerrity, and Muff (1992) found more robust effects for behavioral techniques involving direct therapeutic exposure in reducing PTSD intrusive symptoms.
		There is a caveat, however, in that complications were reported from the use of these techniques in patients with collateral psychiatric disorders.
	www.athealth.com /Practitioner/particles/Guest_Cooperstein3.html (2292 words)

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