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Topic: Direction (geometry, geography)

    Note: these results are not from the primary (high quality) database.

Lunar Republic : Craters A Abu Arrayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni (973-1048), Persian astronomer, mathematician and geographer, born in Uzbekistan; made important contributions to geodesy and geography, including techniques to measure the Earth and distances on it using triangulation. Abu Ali Al-Hasan Ibn al-Haitham, or ~ (965-1040), Iraqi mathematician and astronomer; developed analytical geometry by establishing linkage between algebra and geometry. He studied the mechanics of motion of a body and was the first to maintain that a body moves perpetually unless an external force stops it or changes its direction of motion (the "first law of motion"). www.lunarrepublic.com /gazetteer/crater_a.shtml

Education Policy Analysis Archives: Vol. 3 No. 19 Clayton "French Colonial Education" French was the language of education in the complementary cycle, and the curriculum included "writing, arithmetic, and reading in French,...some notions of local history and geography[,] and experimental geometry" (Forest, 1980, p. That the French were dissatisfied with the direction their education system had taken, and in particular with the lack of broad Cambodian participation, is evident in their significant reforms of the next few decades. French schools did indeed fail to enroll significant numbers of Cambodians until late in the colonial period, and they were indeed closely linked with the colonial enterprise. epaa.asu.edu /epaa/v3n19.html   (6708 words)

The Qibla Of Early Mosques: Jerusalem Or Makkah? There are several traditions in the Islamic heritage showing that the determination of the Qiblah was accomodated with some flexibility except for Makkah owing to the little knowledge in the fields of geography and geometry in the early centuries of Islam. In the Hanafi, Maliki and Hanbali schools of Islamic Jurisprudence, the criterion of facing the direction of prayer (i.e., Qiblah) is merely that some portion of the person's face to be directed towards the Ka`bah. The Qiblah of some of the early and medieval mosques were intended to be "parallel" to one of the walls of Ka`bah, this "parallelism" being achieved by facing the mosque towards the same astronomical horizon phenomena as one would be facing when standing in front of appropriate wall of the Ka`bah. www.islamic-awareness.org /History/Islam/Dome_Of_The_Rock/qibla.html   (6708 words)

KSAalumni Abu Nasr's pupil al- Biruni (973-1050), who produced a vast amount of high-quality work, was one of the masters in applying these theorems to astronomy and to such problems in mathematical geography as the determination of latitudes and longitudes, the distances between cities, and the direction from one city to another. In addition, in the late 10th century Abu al-Wafa` and the prince Abu Nasr Mansur stated and proved theorems of plane and spherical geometry that could be applied by astronomers and geographers, including the laws of sines and tangents. Medieval Muslims revolutionized the science and practice of medicine, as physicians began to question the medical traditions inherited from both East and West and distinguish one disease from another. www.amualumni.8m.com /MScience.htm   (6708 words)

The Qibla Of Early Mosques: Jerusalem Or Makkah? There are several traditions in the Islamic heritage showing that the determination of the Qiblah was accomodated with some flexibility except for Makkah owing to the little knowledge in the fields of geography and geometry in the early centuries of Islam. In the Hanafi, Maliki and Hanbali schools of Islamic Jurisprudence, the criterion of facing the direction of prayer (i.e., Qiblah) is merely that some portion of the person's face to be directed towards the Ka`bah. The notion that early mosques were oriented toward northern Arabia/Jerusalem insidiously suggests the possibilities that the earliest Muslims did not pray toward Makkah and that the Islamic traditon of a Qiblah facing Ka`bah was a later development, hidden from history by some sort of a conspiracy. www.islamic-awareness.org /History/Islam/Dome_Of_The_Rock/qibla.html   (6751 words)

French colonial schools French was the language of education in the complementary cycle, and the curriculum included "writing, arithmetic, and reading in French,...some notions of local history and geography[,] and experimental geometry" (Forest, 1980, p. For the most part, instituteurs were placed as teachers in full-course schools under the direction and supervision of French administrators and teachers, and instituteurs auxiliares assumed positions as teachers in elementary schools and khum schools; khum schools were also staffed by moniteurs, graduates of the elementary cycle of education (Delvert, 1956; Forest, 1980; Morizon, 1931). Education in French colonial Cambodia was developed at a considerably slower pace than in neighboring French colonial Vietnam, and several scholars argue on this basis that the French purposefully withheld education from Cambodians in order first to consolidate and then to maintain power in the protectorate. www.dns-movement.org /sis/french_colonial_schools.htm   (6751 words)

Ricci curvature - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography Ricci curvature is also used in Ricci flow, where a metric is deformed in the direction of the Ricci curvature. In differential geometry, the Ricci curvature tensor is (0,2)-valent tensor, obtained as a trace of the full curvature tensor. Ricci curvature can be also explained in terms of the sectional curvature in the following way: for a unit vector v, Ric(v,v) is sum of the sectional curvatures of all the planes spanned by the vector v and a vector from an orthonormal frame containing v (there are n−1 such planes). www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Ricci_curvature   (713 words)

KSAalumni Abu Nasr's pupil al- Biruni (973-1050), who produced a vast amount of high-quality work, was one of the masters in applying these theorems to astronomy and to such problems in mathematical geography as the determination of latitudes and longitudes, the distances between cities, and the direction from one city to another. In addition, in the late 10th century Abu al-Wafa` and the prince Abu Nasr Mansur stated and proved theorems of plane and spherical geometry that could be applied by astronomers and geographers, including the laws of sines and tangents. Abu al-Wafa` wrote Kitab fima yahtaj ilayh al-kuttab wa al-ummal min 'ilm al-hisab ("Book on What Is Necessary from the Science of Arithmetic for Scribes and Businessmen") and Kitab fima yahtaj ilayh al-sani 'min al-a'mal al-Handasiyha ("Book on What Is Necessary from Geometric Construction for the Artisan"). www.amualumni.8m.com /MScience.htm   (4069 words)

Education Policy Analysis Archives: Vol. 3 No. 19 Clayton "French Colonial Education" French was the language of education in the complementary cycle, and the curriculum included "writing, arithmetic, and reading in French,...some notions of local history and geography[,] and experimental geometry" (Forest, 1980, p. For the most part, instituteurs were placed as teachers in full-course schools under the direction and supervision of French administrators and teachers, and instituteurs auxiliares assumed positions as teachers in elementary schools and khum schools; khum schools were also staffed by moniteurs, graduates of the elementary cycle of education (Delvert, 1956; Forest, 1980; Morizon, 1931). French education, then, "permitted the schooling of an increasing number of children and, at the same time, selected the better students for advanced education in order to equip the country with a large number of modern and competent civil servants" (Né pote, 1979, p. epaa.asu.edu /epaa/v3n19.html   (6708 words)

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