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Topic: Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection

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	Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection
		The Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection was a European Union (EU) directive issued in 1993.
		The chosen term was that of Germany, which had the longest copyright term of any EU state, lasting 70 years after the death of the author.
		Because this extended term (longer than that requried by the Berne Convention) was made available to foreign copyright owners on the basis of reciprocity, the directive was one of the main arguments in favour of the (now highly controversial) U.S. Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/di/Directive_on_harmonising_the_term_of_copyright_protection.html (124 words)

	COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT : Encyclopedia Entry
		Copyright infringement is the unauthorized use of copyrighted material in a manner that violates one of the original copyright owner's exclusive rights, such as the right to reproduce or perform the copyrighted work, or to make derivative works that build upon it.
		The slang term bootleg (derived from the use of the shank of a boot for the purposes of smuggling) is often used to describe illicitly copied material.
		Copyright notices—often just a simple statement on the work itself of the year protection was acquired and by whom—are not always a good indication of whether a work is protected because most countries do not require such formalities, and so lack of notice does not mean lack of protection.
	bibleocean.com /OmniDefinition/Copyright_infringement (1901 words)

	EU Copyright Directive - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The European Union (EU) directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society, commonly known as the EU Copyright Directive or short EUCD, is the EU's implementation of the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty.
		Many important details are not specified in the Directive, and as a result, EU member states have significant freedom in certain aspects of directive implementation.
		2001 Amendment of §3(2) of the 1993 EU Copyright Directive
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/EU_Copyright_Directive (285 words)

	Copyright Term Extension Act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The act also affected copyright terms for copyrighted works published prior to January 1, 1978, increasing their term of protection by 20 years as well.
		Prior to the 1976 copyright act, many copyrighted literary works, movies, and fictional characters were soon to pass into the public domain due to their 56 year maximum copyright terms.
		The authors of the report believed that extending copyright protection would help the United States by providing more protection for their works in foreign countries and by giving more incentive to digitalize and preserve works since there was an exclusive right in them.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sonny_Bono_Copyright_Term_Extension_Act (1325 words)

	Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The chosen term was that of Germany, which had the longest copyright term of any EU state, lasting 70 years after the death of the author.
		Unlike some other copyright term extension acts, this act retroactively restored copyright to works that had fallen into the public domain in their source countries (see grandfathering).
		Because this extended term (longer than that required by the Berne Convention) was made available within the EU to non-EU copyright owners on the basis of reciprocity, the directive was one of the main arguments in favour of the (now highly controversial) US Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Directive_on_harmonising_the_term_of_copyright_protection (205 words)

	Copyright - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Copyright law only protects the particular form or manner in which ideas or information have been manifested, and is not designed or intended to protect the actual concepts, facts, styles or techniques which may be embodied in or represented by the ideas or information.
		Copyright concepts are perceived to be under challenge in the modern technological era, from the increasing use of peer to peer filesharing, to the downward trend in profits for major record labels and the movie industry.
		Once the term of a copyright has expired, the formerly copyrighted work enters the public domain and may be freely used or exploited by anyone, as courts in the United States and the United Kingdom have rejected the doctrine of a common law copyright.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Copyright (4649 words)

	Copyright - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A copyright is a form of intellectual property that grants its holder the sole legal right to copy their works of original expression, such as a literary work, movie, musical work or sound recording, painting, computer program, or industrial design, for a defined period of time.
		After the term is up, the copyrighted work enters the public domain and is available for anyone to freely use as courts in the United States and the United Kingdom have rejected the doctrine of a common law copyright.
		Critiques of copyright as a whole fall broadly into two camps, asserting that the very concept of copyright has never been of net benefit to society, and has always served simply to enrich a few at the expense of creativity, or asserting that the current copyright system doesn't work in the new Information society.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Copyright (3167 words)

	Copyright (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A copyright is a form of intellectual property that grants its holder the sole legal right to copy their works of original expression, such as a literary work, movie, musical work or sound recording, painting, computer program, or industrial design, for a defined period of time.
		After the term is up, the copyrighted work enters the public domain and is available for anyone to freely use as courts in the United States and the United Kingdom have rejected the doctrine of a common law copyright.
		Critiques of copyright as a whole fall broadly into two camps, asserting that the very concept of copyright has never been of net benefit to society, and has always served simply to enrich a few at the expense of creativity, or asserting that the current copyright system doesn't work in the new Information society.
	www.gogoglo.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/c/co/copyright.html (3141 words)

	Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection at AllExperts
		The Directive on harmonizing the term of copyright protection was a European Union (EU) copyright directive issued
		The formal title is Directive 93/98/EEC of 29 October 1993 harmonizing the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights.
		Because this extended term (longer than that required by the Berne Convention) was made available within the EU to non-EU copyright owners on the basis of reciprocity, the directive was one of the main arguments in favour of the (now highly controversial) US Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act.
	en.allexperts.com /e/d/di/directive_on_harmonising_the_term_of_copyright_protection.htm (346 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Directive harmonizing the term of copyright protection
		Council Directive 93/98/EEC of 29 October 1993 harmonizing the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights is a European Union directive in the field of copyright law, made under the internal market provisions of the Treaty of Rome.
		The directive notes that the original goal of the Berne Convention was to protect works for two generations after the death of the author, and that fifty years was no longer sufficient for this purpose (para.
		The new copyright terms applied retroactively to works which were already in existence when it came into force, as was held by the European Court of Justice in the Butterfly case, even if they had previously entered the public domain.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Directive_on_harmonising_the_term_of_copyright_protection (1045 words)

	Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act - FreeEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Copyright owners successfully lobbied Congress for an extension of copyright, to provide for the same term of protection as exists in Europe.
		Mary Bono, speaking on the floor of the U.S. House of Representatives, noted that "Sonny wanted the term of copyright protection to last forever", but that since she was "informed by staff that such a change would violate the Constitution", Congress might consider Jack Valenti's proposal of a copyright term of "forever less one day".
		They also claim that Congress has the power to pass whatever copyright term it wants because the language "To promote the progress of science and useful arts" in the United States Constitution is not a substantive limitation on the powers of Congress, leaving only the restriction that copyrights may only be for a "limited time".
	openproxy.ath.cx /so/Sonny_Bono_Copyright_Term_Extension_Act.html (703 words)

	NTU Info Centre: Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		After the act, copyrights lasted the life of the author, plus seventy years in the case of individual works, or 75 to 95 years in the case of works of corporate authorship and works first published before January 1, 1978.
		Under the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works states are required to provide copyright protection for a term of the life of the author plus fifty years.
		Copyright owners successfully lobbied the U.S. Congress for an extension of copyright, to provide for the same term of protection as exists in Europe.
	www.nowtryus.com /article:Sonny_Bono_Copyright_Term_Extension_Act (1128 words)

	Copyright Term Extension Act Information
		Before the act (under the Copyright Act of 1976), copyright would last for the life of the author plus 50 years, or 75 years for a work of corporate authorship; the act extended these terms to life of the author plus 70 years and 95 years respectively.
		Under the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, the signatory states are required to provide copyright protection for a minimum term of the life of the author plus fifty years, but they are permitted to provide for a longer term of protection.
		Prior to the 1976 copyright act, many copyrighted literary works, movies and fictional characters were soon to pass into the public domain due to their 56 year maximum copyright terms.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Copyright_Term_Extension_Act (1617 words)

	Copyright law of the European Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The European Union has made various European Union directives on copyright law which member states are obliged to implement.
		The EUCD directive of May 22, 2001 has been controversial for similar reasons to the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of the United States.
		An additional Directive, the IP-Enforcement Directive, is alleged by some to make the situation even worse for consumers: welcomed by the music and film industries, it is contended to threaten online liberties as well as consumer interests.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union (150 words)

	Copyright Information - University of Huddersfield (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Convention provides for a minimum term of copyright protection for the life of the author plus fifty years, but contracting parties were free to provide longer terms of copyright protection if they so wished (as the European Union did with the 1993 Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection).
		Such protection is independent of the existence of protection in the country of origin of the work; this is the principle of ‘independence of protection’.
		The Convention also protects moral rights, giving the author of a work the right to claim authorship of the work and the right to object to any mutilation or deformation or other modification or derogatory action to the work which would be prejudicial to the author’s honour or reputation.
	www.huddersfield.ac.uk /cls/copyright/legislation/berne.htm (366 words)

	Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		The act also affected copyright terms for copyrighted works published prior to January 1, 1978, increasing their term of protection by 20 years as well.
		However, the convention permitted parties to provide for a longer term of protection, and between 1993 and 1996, the European Union provided protection for a term of the author's life plus seventy years (see Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection).
		Copyright owners successfully lobbied the U.S. Congress for an extension of copyright, to provide for the same term of protection as exists in Europe.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=27598 (1024 words)

	Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works : Berne Convention (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Thus, for instance, a work published in London by a British national would be protected by copyright in the United Kingdom, but freely reproducible by France; likewise, a work published in Paris by a French national would be protected by copyright in France, but freely reproducible in the United Kingdom.
		The Berne Convention provided for a minimum term of copyright protection of the life of the author plus fifty years, but parties were free to provide longer terms of copyright protection, as the European Union did with the 1993 Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection.
		Thus the Universal Copyright Convention was adopted in 1952, to cater to its objections.
	www.termsdefined.net /be/berne-convention.html (496 words)

	Los Angeles Lawyer - Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act
		After the act, an author's copyright would last until seventy years after his death, while copyrights for works of corporate authorship would last 75 to 95 years.
		Under the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works states are required to provide copyright protection for a term of the life of the author plus fifty years.
		Thus there is little economic incentive in extending the terms of copyrights except for the few owners of franchises that are wildly successful anyway, such as Disney.
	www.danataschner.com /Sonny_Bono_Copyright_Term_Extension_Act.html (1078 words)

	Skyscraper - 3rd Eye - Access Denied - CTEA (Copyright Term Extension Act) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		When work is protected by copyright law, anyone desiring to distribute or build upon that work must get the permission of the copyright holder.
		However, the convention permitted parties to provide for a longer term of protection, and in 1996, the European Union provided protection for a term of the author's life plus seventy years (see Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection).
		Fifty years after a copyrighted work was published, a copyright owner would have to pay a tiny tax.
	www.pocketbook.org /sky/3rdeye/access_denied/access_def_CTEA.htm (1345 words)

	Copyright - BusinessWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Copyright, in most cases, also does not prohibit the owner of a physical copy of a work from modifying, defacing, or destroying the work, so long as this does not involve duplication.
		In the United States, copyrights are automatic as soon as the expression is secured in a fixed medium (for example, a drawing, sheet music, a videotape or a letter).
		Copyright does not appear to have been developed as a concept until the invention of the printing press.
	www.businesswiki.org /base/index.php?title=Copyright (3661 words)

	E.U. Copyright Directive
		These technical means, in their technical functions, should incorporate privacy safeguards in accordance with Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and the free movement of such data(10).
		Member States shall provide adequate legal protection against the circumvention of any effective technological measures, which the person concerned carries out in the knowledge, or with reasonable grounds to know, that he or she is pursuing that objective.
		Technological measures shall be deemed "effective" where the use of a protected work or other subject-matter is controlled by the rightholders through application of an access control or protection process, such as encryption, scrambling or other transformation of the work or other subject-matter or a copy control mechanism, which achieves the protection objective.
	www.lexinformatica.org /copyright/eu_copyright_dir.html (6394 words)

	Copyright_infringement - The definative answer from Alt & Ego (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Copyright infringement (or copyright violation) is the unauthorized use of material which is covered by copyright law, in a manner that violates one of the original copyright owner's exclusive rights, such as the right to reproduce or perform the copyrighted work, or to make derivative works that build upon it.
		Though many jurisdictions impose penalties for certain blatant acts of copyright infringement and may try to stop certain infringing imports at the border, copyright infringement is still mainly prosecuted through private lawsuits by the copyright holder or their exclusive licensees.
		Copyright notices—often just a simple statement on the work itself of the year protection was acquired and by whom—are not always a good indication of whether a work is covered by copyright because most countries do not require such formalities, and so lack of notice does not mean it is not copyrighted.
	www.altandego.com /wiki.asp?k=Copyright_infringement (2530 words)

	FIPR - The EU Copyright Directive
		This Directive should be implemented within a timescale similar to that for the implementation of the Directive on electronic commerce, since that Directive provides a harmonised framework of principles and provisions relevant inter alia to important parts of this Directive.
		(60) The protection provided under this Directive should be without prejudice to national or Community legal provisions in other areas, such as industrial property, data protection, conditional access, access to public documents, and the rule of media exploitation chronology, which may affect the protection of copyright or related rights.
		(9) Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases (OJ L 77, 27.3.1996, p.
	www.fipr.org /copyright/eucd.html (6307 words)

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