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Topic: Directorate of Covert Resistance

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	RRojas Databank: The Róbinson Rojas Archive.-Covert Action in Chile 1963-1973 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		As one case of U.S. covert action, the judgements of past actions are framed not for their own sake; rather they are intended to serve as bases for formulating recommendations for the future.
		United States covert efforts to affect the course of Chilean politics reached a peak in 1970: the CIA was directed to undertake an effort to promote a military coup in Chile to prevent the accession to power of Salvador Allende.
		Covert action efforts were conducted during this period to influence the political development of various sectors of Chilean society.
	www.rrojasdatabank.org /covert.htm (15136 words)

	Covert Action: the Delicate Balance
		Covert action in the new era will largely be of a different nature than the covert action of the Cold War and should not be subject to the same public prejudices held against its use.
		Because covert action usually requires both the decisions of elected officials and the consequences of those decisions, to be kept from the people, there seems to be a contradiction between the democratic system and the requirements of covert action.
		Although covert action will still be used in the traditional manner in the post-Cold War era, such as attempts to unseat Saddam Hussein after the conclusion of Desert Storm, the prioritization of transnational threats requires an examination of the appropriate role for covert action in the new framework.
	www.fas.org /irp/eprint/snyder/covertaction.htm (8039 words)

	IX. Clandestine Service
		Bureaucratic layers between the DCI and the Director of the CS are impediments to decisiveness and effective communication, particularly to the degree that they involve the review of administrators who are not expert in understanding the opportunities and pitfalls of clandestine operations.
		Covert action and foreign political functions are activities very different from intelligence collection, and it makes little sense to have the IC management superstructure in the chain of command for the DCI's management of these policy related activities.
		Covert action also frequently involves the exploitation of covert or clandestine cooperative intelligence relationships with foreign countries to further US positions in a type of quiet diplomacy.
	www.loyola.edu /dept/politics/intel/ic21_files/ic21009.html (15604 words)

	Defining the resistance in Iraq
		Though the Bush administration consistently characterizes the nature of the enemy in Iraq as "terrorist," and identifies the leading culprits as "foreign fighters," the notion of Al Qaeda or Al Ansar al Islam using Baghdad (or any urban area in Iraq) as an independent base of operations is far-fetched.
		To properly assess the nature of the anti-American resistance in Iraq today, one must remember that the majority of pro-regime forces, especially those military units most loyal to Hussein, as well as the entirety of the Iraqi intelligence and security forces, never surrendered.
		The failure to realistically assess the anti-American resistance in Iraq means that "solutions" the US and CPA develop have minimal chance of success because they're derived from an inaccurate identification of the problem.
	www.informationclearinghouse.info /article5182.htm (1115 words)

	DGSE - General Directorate for External Security - Direction Generale de la
		General Directorate for External Security, subordinate to the Ministry of the Defense, is responsible for military intelligence as well as for strategic information, electronic intelligence, and it is also responsible for the counterespionage outside the borders of the national territory.
		Charles De Gaulle undertook covert operations in Quebec using nationalist and separatist movements in Quebec, under the rubric of "Assistance et Cooperation Technique" or "Operation Ascot." Jacques Foccart dispatched SDECE agents to Quebec to develope and foment the growth of separatist movements.
		Traditionally oriented to the military intelligence, this Directorate was relatively weak concerning political, economic and technological intelligence until the begining of the 1980s.
	www.globalsecurity.org /intell/world/france/dgse.htm (1345 words)

	TNI The Pinochet Precedent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The covert action budget for Chile was cut back sharply after the coup and all the anti-Allende projects except for one, a major propaganda project, were terminated.
		The goal of covert action immediately following the coup was to assist the Junta in gaining a more positive image, both at home and abroad, and to maintain access to the command levels of the Chilean government.
		Director Helms remarked at the meeting that Allende's Marxist pronouncements should be taken at face value while Karamessines added that a hands-off policy in Chile at this time would be read as the US throwing in the sponge.
	www.tni.org /pin-docs/covert.htm (19263 words)

	The Police (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The DRM's founding decree of 16 June 1992 tasks the Directorate with "planning, coordinating, and leading investigations and the use of military intelligence." But over time the Directorates's responsibilities have gradually evolved from purely military intelligence to intelligence of military interest to the political and strategic intelligence that is the primary resonsibility of the DGSE.
		The Directorate's activities include analyzing satellite and other electromagnetic imagery, and it is largely dependent on the collection resources of the Armed Forces.
		The DRM director reports directly to the Defense Ministry, rather than through the Armed Forces chiefs of staff to which the Directorate is attached.
	home.earthlink.net /~nazghul/c99877.html (2533 words)

	IRAQ SECURITY AND INTELLIGENCE
		Directorate 21, the residency located in Baghdad, is in charge of security issues in the capital as well as issuing residence permits to foreigners in Iraq.
		Directorate 23, the Southern District based in Basra, conducts operations in the south of Iraq, while Directorate 24, the Northern District, does the same in northern Iraq and Iraqi Kurdistan.
		Directorate 25, the Western District, is located in Ramadi and maintains a network of informants in Syria and Jordan.
	meria.idc.ac.il /journal/2002/issue3/jv6n3a1.html (5026 words)

	Terrorism - Intelligence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Within the Defense Ministry is the General Directorate for External Security, responsible for both military and strategic intelligence.
		In addition to directorates concerned with electronic and technical intelligence, MIT includes a Directorate of Psychological Intelligence.
		The Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff (GRU) is the Russian military's intelligence branch.
	www.cdi.org /terrorism/foreign-intelligence.cfm (736 words)

	Nicaraguan Contras and Cocaine
		A year later, in August 1987, the CIA's Central American Task Force Chief became the first U.S. official to revise that assessment to suggest instead that the links between Contras on the Southern Front in Costa Rica to narcotics trafficking was in fact far broader than that acknowledged by the State Department in 1986.
		Covert war, insurgency and drug trafficking frequently go hand-in-hand without regard to ideology or sponsorship.
		Ambassador Robert Duemling, Director of the Nicaraguan Humanitarian Assistance Organization (NHAO), who was responsible for the operation of the program, was unable to recall how these companies were selected, when questioned by Senator Kerry in April, 1988.
	www.pinknoiz.com /covert/contracoke.html (11633 words)

	Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction
		In addition to this coordination role, the Human Intelligence Directorate would serve as the focal point for Community-wide human intelligence issues, including helping to develop a national human intelligence strategy, broadening the scope of human intelligence activities, integrating (where appropriate) collection and reporting systems, and establishing Community-wide standards for training and tradecraft.
		Currently the directorate has no authority to initiate, terminate, or re-direct any collection or investigative operation in any of the FBI's 56 regional field offices that are scattered throughout the nation or within any of the four operational divisions (Counterintelligence, Counterterrorism, Cyber, and Criminal) at FBI Headquarters.
		At the outset, we note that we found current covert action programs in the counterproliferation and counterterrorism areas to be energetic, innovative, and well-executed within the limits of their authority and funding.
	www.wmd.gov /report/report.html (17788 words)

	History Held Hostage
		To his credit, CIA director George Tenet did order analysts to search operational archives dating all the way back to 1962, when the major U.S. covert operations began in Chile.
		These documents were carefully redacted--references to assets, sources, and sensitive methods of operations deleted with a fl magic marker--by a team of CIA officials mandated to balance the need to protect U.S. national security with the directive of the White House and the public’s right to access this history.
		The second report, “Covert Action in Chile: 1963-1973,” is based on the very documents that the CIA now seeks to withhold.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/news/20000817/index.html (1435 words)

	AEI - Short Publications
		Though the media have focused on senior-level resignations under the new director, Goss's hiring priorities are a better indicator of whether meaningful change is arriving at Langley.
		According to active-duty CIA officers, there is a general realization that the number of nonofficial operatives needs to go up: It's difficult even to imagine scenarios in which the CIA's fake diplomats--the people under official cover--can meet, let alone "develop" possible agents who might be useful against the Islamic extremist target.
		Yet there will be enormous resistance inside the clandestine service to giving priority to the NOC corps in counterterrorism.
	www.aei.org /publications/pubID.21904,filter.all/pub_detail.asp (886 words)

	Pakistan’s Terrorism Dilemma
		The government denies direct involvement in supporting the militants, emphasizes the indigenous character of the Kashmiri resistance and holds private citizens and groups responsible for any support mobilized in Pakistan for the Kashmiris.
		Tolerance and covert support of extremist groups has allowed them to spread their tentacles throughout Pakistani society and to mobilize large sums of money for their operations.
		Their strength in recent years has been the direct result of covert state patronage and the military’s decision to assign them a role in its regional strategy.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/symposia/pacific2003/haqqani.htm (3459 words)

	Selected Foreign Intelligence Services - Terrorism Project - Center for Defense Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Covert operations are executed by an entity known as Division Action.
		The Directorate of Military Intelligence, created after the Gulf War, has no covert operations unit.
		The successor to the KGB's First Chief Directorate (foreign intelligence) was briefly known as the Central Intelligence Service before becoming the more descriptive Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR).
	www.cdi.org /terrorism/allied-intelligence.html (706 words)

	How Iraq conceals and obtains its Weapons of Mass Destruction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Da’irat Al-Mukhabarat al-‘Amma, The General Intelligence Directorate is roughly divided into two departments, responsible for internal and international operations respectively, and consequently deals with covert operations relating to WMD materials inside Iraq, as well as clandestine procurement of weapons material abroad.
		Directorate 19 is tasked with covert procurement of necessary WMD materials and components from foreign countries.(73) In this process, Directorate 19 used Iraqi diplomatic missions and established front companies.
		Directorate 4 of this agency, known as the Secret Service, is responsible for domestic operations involving the WMD program, such as interpreting signals intelligence from the Al-Hadi unit.
	meria.idc.ac.il /journal/2003/issue1/jv7n1a5.html (5063 words)

	SinaiMUCK Mutant Chronicles Brotherhood Careers
		The Brotherhood is divided into four Directorates, and each Directorate has a different purpose and hence different types of careers that may be found within it.
		Due to the complicated hierarchy of the Brotherhood, leaders may come from any of the Directorates, but this is the Directorate primarily concerned with directing the day-to-day operations.
		Visionaries are members of a sisterhood within the First Directorate that specialize in the Art of Premonition, as well as the arts of combat.
	greywolf.critter.net /sinaimc/brotherhood/bhoodcareer.htm (3326 words)

	Special Operation Forces, http://www.geocities.com/zarbatteam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Those involving insurgency, counter insurgency, resistance, counter terrorism, guerilla warfare and conducting raids, sabotage and intelligence operations.
		Are unorthodox, comparatively low-cost, potentially high pay-off, often covert or clandestine methods that support warfare across the entire spectrum of conflict.
		Typical SR missions include target acquisition, contact with resistance forces, reporting on enemy movements, surveillance of sensitive facilities, and meteorological or hydrographic reconnaissance to support conventional operations (incl.
	www.geocities.com /zarbatteam (2232 words)

	The Government Psychiatric Torture Site
		and covert actions, it was, however, prohibited from engaging in domestic police or internal security functions.
		After the death of one such individual (Frank Olson, an army scientist who was given LSD in 1953 and committed suicide a week later), an internal CIA investigation warned about the dangers of such experimentation.
		Ten years later, a 1963 IG report recommended termination of unwitting testing; however, Deputy Director for Plans Richard Helms (who later became Director of Central Intelligence) continued to advocate covert testing on the ground that "positive operational capability to use drugs is diminishing, owing to a lack of realistic testing.
	www.mk-resistance.com /mk_ultra.html (2068 words)

	Afghanistan: Lessons from the Last War
		The earliest item is a CIA report on ethnic divisions within Afghanistan and the impact of Soviet policy in leading disparate groups to oppose the Soviet client state.
		This is a startling conclusion because that condition almost never obtains in guerrilla warfare, witness the experiences of Vietnam, Cyprus, Greece and Algeria in the post-World War II period alone.
		A major CIA study in February 1987 examines all aspects of the Russian involvement in Afghanistan and details various costs of the effort, concluding that costs had been growing steadily and were likely to continue to rise, but that they would probably not influence Soviet decisions on their larger purposes.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB57/us.html (1119 words)

	Springtime for Spooks? by Jim Lobe
		Moreover, the new CIA director, former Representative Porter Goss, is reportedly moving quickly to build up the clandestine service, apparently in hopes of returning it to its 1960s glory days, when he worked in its Latin America operations.
		"The directorate of operation [DO] people are very pleased with his arrival," said Melvin Goodman, a retired career CIA analyst who retains close ties to the agency.
		"I think that the timing for a new emphasis on covert operations is favorable to the administration at this point because it has ramped up the covert capabilities within the CIA and the [SOF]," said John Prados, a prolific author on U.S. intelligence and foreign policymaking.
	www.lewrockwell.com /ips/lobe152.html (908 words)

	Sandbaggers -- Battle Order 3
		D/WP’s functions were officially planning for resistance operations in the event of a future war, presumably against the Soviet Union, liaison with SAS who would provide the field operators/liaison officers in the event of such operations (a role the wartime SAS had played vis a vis French and Italian partisans).
		However, SIS did not have a central covert action section for another fourteen years when Information Operations (I/Ops) was set up after the Gulf War to handle psychological operations, ‘disruptive actions’ and the clandestine penetration of computer systems.
		PM’s are not however controlled by Covert Action Division but by the CIA’s Special Operations Staff (now Special Operations Division), another case where Mackintosh appears to have used the CIA as his template for his version of SIS.
	www.opsroom.org /pages/intelligence/bo-3.html (1924 words)

	Defining the resistance in Iraq - it's not foreign and it's well prepared \| csmonitor.com
		Defining the resistance in Iraq - it's not foreign and it's well prepared
		Defining the resistance in Iraq - it's not foreign and it's well prepared
		• The anti-US resistance in Iraq today is Iraqi in nature, and more broadly based and deeply rooted than acknowledged.
	www.csmonitor.com /2003/1110/p09s02-coop.htm (1156 words)

	The New Yorker : fact : content
		There is great resistance to the idea of foreign occupation of any sort.” He added, “You have to deal with this area politically, not militarily.
		Clarke emphasized that the C.I.A. director, George Tenet, President Bush, and, before him, President Clinton were all deeply committed to stopping bin Laden; nonetheless, Clarke said, their best efforts had been doomed by bureaucratic clashes, caution, and incessant problems with Pakistan.
		The Directorate of Operations would like people to think it’s a great James Bond operation, but for years it essentially assigned officers undercover as diplomats to attend cocktail parties.
	www.newyorker.com /fact/content/?030804fa_fact (6042 words)

	Why Washington Wants Afghanistan
		It was the United States which took covert action to 'encourage' Russian intervention, with the goal of turning the conservative rural Afghan tribesmen into a force to drain the Soviet Union.
		"The Afghan resistance was backed by the intelligence services of the United States and Saudi Arabia with nearly $6 billion worth of weapons.
		suggesting the complicity of Washington's covert forces, to create international hysteria sufficient to drag NATO into the strategic occupation of Afghanistan and an intensified assault on the former Soviet Union.
	globalresistance.com /analysis/afghan.htm (3141 words)

	DGSE - General Directorate for External Security - Direction Generale de la Securite Exterieure - French Intelligence ...
		In June 1981, Pierre Marion, a civilian who was the former Director of the Paris Airport, was named to the head of the SDECE.
		Based on his experience as an enterprise manager, Pierre Marion consolidated the structure and the cohesion of the service by the creation of a General Directorate that controls Directorates of Searches, Counterespionage, Personnel and the mythical Division Action.
		On July 24, 2002, M. Pierre Brochand was appointed Director of the DGSE.
	www.fas.org /irp/world/france/defense/dgse/index.html (718 words)

	ANC Submission to the TRC - Executive Summary
		This period saw the genesis of a trend towards increasingly sophisticated covert operations, continuing into the 1990s, which included illegal methods to suppress and disrupt the resistance movement.
		State terrorism and covert operations by the apartheid government and security forces did not end with the unbanning of the ANC and other organisations in 1990, and the formal commencement of negotiations.
		It was thus difficult to resist the temptation to spread such structures and armed actions in an opportunistic fashion.
	www.anc.org.za /ancdocs/misc/trcsum.html (5996 words)

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