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Topic: Directory French Government 1795

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	SparkNotes: the French Revolution (1789–1799): The Directory: 1795–1799
		On August 22, 1795, the convention was finally able to ratify a new constitution, the Constitution of 1795, which ushered in a period of governmental restructuring.
		The dilemma facing the new Directory was a daunting one: essentially, it had to rid the scene of Jacobin influence while at the same time prevent royalists from taking advantage of the disarray and reclaiming the throne.
		The Directory encouraged this French war effort across Europe, though less as a democratic crusade against tyranny than as a means of resolving the unemployment crisis in France.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/frenchrev/section6.rhtml (1676 words)

	French Directory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Executive Directory (in French Directoire exécutif), commonly known as the Directory (or Directoire) held executive power in France from November 2, 1795 until November 10, 1799: from the end of the Convention to the beginning of the Consulate.
		The government entrusted its defense to Barras; but its true man of action was his agent and henchman, the young General Napoleon Bonaparte, who had the use of a few thousand regular troops and of a powerful artillery.
		The puppet republics established by the French in Italy collapsed, and Suvorov defeated the French army on the Trebbia as it retreated from Naples.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/French_Directory (3563 words)

	Vichy France - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		French civil servants in Bordeaux or Nantes were under the authority of French ministers in Vichy.
		The Vichy government's claim to be the de jure French government was challenged by the Free French Forces of Charles de Gaulle, based first in London and later in Algiers, and French governments ever since have held that the Vichy regime was an illegal government run by traitors.
		The official point of view of the French government is that the Vichy regime was an illegal government distinct from the French Republic, established by traitors under foreign influence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vichy_France (3862 words)

	French Revolution. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		France was still governed by privileged groups—the nobility and the clergy—while the productive classes were taxed heavily to pay for foreign wars, court extravagance, and a rising national debt.
		French participation in the American Revolution had increased the huge debt, and Necker’s successor, Charles Alexandre de Calonne, called an Assembly of Notables (1787), hoping to avert bankruptcy by inducing the privileged classes to share in the financial burden.
		The rule of the Directory was marked by corruption, financial difficulties, political purges, and a fateful dependence on the army to maintain control.
	www.bartleby.com /65/fr/FrenchRe.html (2055 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for French Directory
		Directory DIRECTORY [Directory] group of five men who held the executive power in France according to the constitution of the year III (1795) of the French Revolution.
		French Revolutionary Wars FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS [French Revolutionary Wars] wars occurring in the era of the French Revolution and the beginning of the Napoleonic era, the decade of 1792-1802.
		Founded in 1795 by the Directory, it replaced five learned societies that had been suppressed in 1793 by the Convention.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=French+Directory (618 words)

	directory - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about directory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The term is also used to refer to the area on a disk where files are stored; the main area, the root directory, is at the top-most level, and may contain several separate sub-directories.
		Established by the constitution of 1795, it failed to deal with the political and social tensions in the country and became increasingly unpopular after military defeats.
		The directory which fell into her hands was a year or more old, however, and upon reaching the number indicated, Edna discovered that the house was occupied by a respectable family of mulattoes who had chambres garnies to let.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Directory (323 words)

	Chronology of the French Revolution: 1795-1799
		In this instance the French, eluding the British fleet, almost landed their ships in Ireland, but were prevented by weather.
		A provision Directory is proclaimed in the former Dutch republic and the old order is finally removed two years after the French conquest.
		During the 1788 elections, legislature had to be renewed by one third to meet constitution requirements, and the 198 deputies purged in 1787 had to be replaced; this yielded a total of 347 positions.
	www.otal.umd.edu /~msites/frchron95-99.html (1336 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: French Revolution
		The influence of freemasonry in the French Revolution proclaimed by Louis Blanc and by freemasonry itself is proved by the researches of M. Cochin.
		No section of French territory should recognize the authority of a bishop living abroad, or of his delegates, and this, adds the Constitution, "without prejudice to the unity of faith and the communion which shall be maintained with the head of the Universal Church".
		Abroad the prestige of the French armies was upheld by were upheld by Bonaparte in Egypt, but they were hated on the Continent, and in 1799 were compelled to evacuate most of Italy.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13009a.htm (7774 words)

	Europe in Retropsect: The French Revolution - Phases of the Revolution
		Indeed, when the French historian Georges Lefebvre stated in 1939 that the "ideas of the French Revolution toured the globe," he meant that in ideology and example the actions of 1789 altered the political outlook and inspired new secular hope among the peoples of the world.
		What the eighteenth-century French political theorist Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) called "civic virtue," the right and responsibility of the citizen to participate in the affairs of the state, was most obviously recognized in the vote.
		Again, during the revolutionary decade, the notions of a "nation in arms," of the "motherland in danger," were popularized, with the citizen army and the concept of the draft reinforcing the authority of the state and preparing the way for modern warfare.
	www.britannia.com /history/euro/1/2_1.html (1499 words)

	Government Portal @ Governed.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Legitimacy is the attribute of a government that prompts the governed to acquiesce willingly to its authority.
		Under traditional forms of government that ruled most of the world until a few centuries ago, such as monarchy and oligarchy, these powers were concentrated in the hands of one person or a small group of people.
		Governments thus exist for the purpose of serving the needs and wishes of the people, and their relationship with the people is clearly stipulated in a "social contract" (a constitution and a set of laws) which both the government and the people must abide by.
	www.governed.info (3293 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Irish (In Countries Other Than Ireland)
		Their bishops and priests were classed as felons, a price set on their heads, and an incredible number of both clergy and people who adhered loyally to the religion of their forefathers were either put to the sword or hanged, drawn, and quartered.
		Of the fourteen provinces now (1906) constituting the territorial divisions of the Church in the continental united States, nine are governed by archbishop of Irish blood, and forty-eight of the bishops of the seventy-eight dioceses comprised in these provinces are of the Irish race.
		In this encounter the French troops, of which the Béarn Regiment formed a part, attacked Abercrombie's army of sixteen thousand, repelled seven successive charges, and killed or wounded four thousand of the enemy, with a loss to themselves of of only thirty officers and three hundred and forty men.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08132b.htm (15857 words)

	Revolutionary Cycle - Using French Governments
		Governments go through the political spectrum, bouncing back and forth beginning with liberals who begin the revolution and create a constitution, then to rule of the moderates.
		The constitution created a new government and dissolved the National Assembly while allowing the monarch to remain in a symbolic role.
		Directory- (Reactionary Rule) 5 man rule (one of these men was Napoleon) really an aristocracy prices increased, weak bankrupt.
	killeenroos.com /3/FRENCHGO.htm (573 words)

	The French Revolution
		The constitution of 1795 established a new government called the Directory.
		In 1795 he was given control of the French army in Italy after suppressing an uprising against the National Convention.
		He removed the Directory, abolished the Constitution and established a consulate consisting of him and the two directors.
	www.geocities.com /thefrenchrevolution/directory.html (343 words)

	Web Directory Portal @ ForAtoZ.com (For A to Z) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Directories have become quite popular, because people who engage in search engine optimization like to increase the number of links pointing to their site, and submitting to directories is one method for obtaining more links.
		Human-edited directories are often targeted as part of a strategy for being indexed in the major search engines.
		Hoppa - A web directory which is classified both on location and subject and ordered by popular demand, resulting in a three dimensional hierarchy that can be navigated in all directions.
	foratoz.com (1607 words)

	French Revolution
		The French Revolution began in 1789 with the meeting of the States General in May. On July 14 of that same year, the Bastille was stormed: in October, Louis XVI and the Royal Family were removed from Versailles to Paris.
		The Convention was replaced in October of 1795 with the Directory, which was replaced in turn, in 1799, by the Consulate.
		The French Revolution was not only a crucial event considered in the context of Western history, but was also, perhaps the single most crucial influence on British intellectual, philosophical, and political life in the nineteenth century.
	www.victorianweb.org /history/hist7.html (309 words)

	French Revolution chronology
		The rulers of Austria and Prussia agree to halt the French Revolution.
		The king, realizing that his French Garde is sympathetic to the Revolution (they had cried: "Vive la Nation!" when passing in review), decides to seek refuge at the Assembly.
		Robespierre delivers an important report on the principles of revolutionary government, which he describes as a necessary and provisional form of war against the enemies of liberty, to be distinguished from constitutional government, which conserves and protects liberty once firmly and peacefully established.
	www.unlv.edu /faculty/gbrown/hist462/resources/chrono.htm (5200 words)

	H-Net Review: William S. Cormack on William Pitt and the French Revolution: 1785-1795
		Pitt's government aimed to cripple French power, but was reluctant to impose a Bourbon restoration: this was apparent in the British occupation of Toulon from August to December 1793.
		His underestimation of French strength in 1793-94 convinced him that complete victory was possible and in 1795 it led him to believe that the Directory would negotiate a peace settlement; in both cases the ministry wanted to keep its options open.
		Pitt moved the suspension of Habeas Corpus in May 1794 because the cabinet was convinced that the threat of French invasion was real and that British radicals planned an armed uprising to support the landing and to discredit the government.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=27728910116968 (1569 words)

	French Revolution - Robespierre, and the Legacy of the Reign of Terror
		But the French Revolution ironically was a failed revolution: Liberté, Egalité, and Fraternité quickly descended to the towering figure of Robespierre and his Reign of Terror as the revolution spun out control and began to murder itself.
		If the French revolution was the end of monarchy and aristocratic privilege and the emergence of the common man and democratic rights, it was also the beginnings of modern totalitarian government and large-scale executions of "enemies of the People" by impersonal government entities (Robespierre's "Committee of Public Safety").
		Unfortunately, in too many places the governments which replaced ancien regimes was as bad or worse than those which preceeded them (from Napoleon on up to Lenin and the fascists).
	www.rjgeib.com /thoughts/french/french.html (1308 words)

	France During the French Revolution and Under Napoleon Bonaparte (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		France enacts the Ordinance of 1791, establishing new infantry tactics for use by French armies.
		The cannon are enveloped in hollow tree trunks, and are dragged across the ice and snow by French soldiers, since there are not enough mules for the task and the peasants refused to undertake the arduous work.
		French general Moreau, in an 18-hour battle in Germany, captures 5,000 Austrians, twenty pieces of cannon, and considerable magazines.
	www.txdirect.net /users/rrichard/napoleo1.htm (4645 words)

	The French Revolution Timeline: The Directory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The new republic was headed by the "Directory," a group of five men.
		This new government did not do very well and soon fell apart.
		The Directory's loss of power, in 1799, marked the end of the French Revolution.
	members.tripod.com /~Yusaku/NewConstitution.html (75 words)

	French Studies
		Select "French" from the display and type the infinitive of the verb in the searchbox for access to conjugations in all tenses and moods.
		A very useful site that provides the full text of the charter of Francophonie, tables of nations and regions where French is an official language, the history of the the summit meetings of nations and regions of French speakers, maps of francophone states, and more.
		Useful English language subject directories for French and francophone studies are: Bubl Link and Infomine.
	library.albany.edu /subject/french.html (7675 words)

	French Revolution: The Directory and the Coming of Napoleon
		French Revolution: The Directory and the Coming of Napoleon
		Conflict among the five directors led to the coup of 18
		In 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte, the hero of the Italian campaign, returned from his Egyptian expedition and, with the support of the army and several government members, overthrew the Directory on 18
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/history/A0858288.html (128 words)

	French Revolutionary Chronology - Directory and Consulate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Directory: (Oct. 1795 (brumaire IV) - Nov. 1799 (brumaire VIII))
		vernment by a five-man executive (the Directory) and a bicameral legislative.
		Power struggles within the Directory continue for next several years, debating legacy of Revn and Terror.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /~ucrarfk/1210/chron/rch6.htm (139 words)

	Embassy Directory in Canada
		The information in this directory is provided by the Embassies and High Commissions.
		There is no charge for this service and ARRAY Development provides convenient email links for every embassy that tells us their email address.
		If you find it inconvenient not to have email access, tell the embassy staff when you are dealing with them.
	www.arraydev.com /commerce/embassy/english/directory.htm (134 words)

	French Revolution (1789–1799)
		War of the First Coalition—Austria, Prussia, Britain, Netherlands, and Spain fight to restore French nobility (1792–1797).
		Third French Constitution sets up Directory government (1795).
		Napoleon abolishes the Directory, establishes the Consulate, becomes the First Consul of France (1799).
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0001236.html (141 words)

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