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Topic: Disapproval voting

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	Disapproval voting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Disapproval voting is any voting system that allows many voters to express formal disapproval simultaneously, in a system where they all share some power.
		This is an example of disapproval voting on an informal level, where voters found a way to approve of the candidate, while disapproving of party and platform - and of his key opponent, George W. Bush.
		It is also often said that votes for a "protest candidate" or a "compromise candidate" can be viewed as disapproval votes, since the undesirable characteristics of the incumbent or alternative, respectively, can be said to be the voters' main concern.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Disapproval_voting (1358 words)

	Tactical voting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		For instance, the random ballot voting method, which randomly selects the ballot of a single voter and uses this to determine the outcome, is strategy-free, but may result in different choices being selected if applied multiple times to the same set of ballots.
		Since then tactical voting has become a real consideration in British politics as is reflected in by-elections and by the growth in sites such as tacticalvoting.com who encourage tactical voting as a way of defusing the two party system and empowering the individual voter.
		Tactical voting is fine in theory and as an intellectual discussion in the drawing room or living rooms around the country, but when you actually get to polling day and you have to vote against your principles, then it is much harder to do.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tactical_voting (1540 words)

	Approval voting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Approval voting is a voting system used for elections, in which each voter can vote for as many or as few candidates as the voter chooses.
		Historically, something resembling Approval voting for candidates was used in the Republic of Venice during the 13th century and for elections in 19th century England.
		In this vote, the candidates for the capital are Memphis, Nashville, Chattanooga, and Knoxville.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Approval_voting (1551 words)

	Encyclopedia: Disapproval voting
		The term preferential voting (or preference voting) has several different meanings: A ranked ballot or preferential voting system is a type of voting system in which each voter casts their vote by ranking candidates in order of preference.
		The premise on which the non-confidence voting is based is that it is better to have no rules than have any bad rules, at least until a new attempt to impose the rule.
		Non-confidence voting is a call for non-action, that is, it can be applied only when there is no necessity for an outcome of the voting process (meaning, things can be just as they were before the vote – without the rule).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Disapproval-voting (2176 words)

	Approval voting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Approval voting is a limited form of range voting, where the range that voters are allowed to express is extremely constrained: accept or not.
		Historically, Approval voting for candidates was used in the Republic of Venice during the 13th century and for elections in 19th century England.
		Approval voting passes a form of the monotonicity criterion, in that voting for a candidate never lowers that candidate's chance of winning.
	www.bonneylake.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Approval_voting (1419 words)

	Wikinfo \| Vote
		A vote, or a ballot, is the individual's acts of voting, by which he or she express support or preference for a certain motion (e.g.
		One common issue, especially in first past the post systems, is that of the protest vote: one might "waste one's vote" on a minor party to send a signal of strong preference for a candidate or party that cannot win, or of intolerance for the "more mainstream" options.
		It is very important that the results, especially of a political vote, be see as fair, as resistance to its results leads at best to confusion, at worst to violence and even civil war, in the case of political rivals.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Voter (833 words)

	Disapproval voting -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Disapproval voting is any (A legal system for making democratic choices) voting system that allows many voters to express formal disapproval simultaneously, in a system where they all share some power.
		This is an example of disapproval voting on an informal level, where voters found a way to approve of the candidate, while disapproving of party and platform - and of his key opponent, (43rd President of the United States; son of George Herbert Walker Bush (born in 1946)) George W. Bush.
		Another issue is that expressions of disapproval in many societies, especially in (The largest continent with 60% of the earth's population; it is joined to Europe on the west to form Eurasia; it is the site of some of the world's earliest civilizations) Asia, are taken as anti-social.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/d/di/disapproval_voting.htm (1325 words)

	Learn more about Voting system in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Voting systems are methods (algorithms) for groups of people to select one or more options from many, taking into account the individual preferences of the group members.
		Voting is often seen as the defining feature of democracy, and is best known for its use in elections — but it can also be used to award prizes, to select between different plans of action, or as a means for computer programs to evaluate which solution is best for a complex problem.
		Voting systems can be abstracted as mathematical functions that select between choices based on the utility of each option for each voter.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /v/vo/voting_system.html (801 words)

	Disapproval voting
		A referendum or a representative recall may be said to be minimal forms of disapproval voting.
		Given the prevalence of formal disapproval in government, including the criminal law and diplomatic relations, some fail to see voting as a positive and voluntary choice of a desirable outcome.
		Another issue is that expressions of formal disapproval in many societies, especially in Asia, are taken as anti-social.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/disapproval_voting (1176 words)

	voting. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Eventually in political voting, the ballot came into use, a sophisticated form of which is the voting machine.
		In the past, however, voting was often a privilege limited by stringent property qualifications and restricted to the upper classes, and it is only in recent times that universal suffrage has become a fact.
		While in democracies voting is, generally, a voluntary right, in totalitarian systems it is virtually a compulsory duty, and nonvoting may be considered an act of disapproval of government policies.
	www.bartleby.com /65/vo/voting.html (445 words)

	Center for Voting and Democracy
		Bearing in mind that no system is perfect and that all systems have their advantages and disadvantages, we believe that instant runoff voting is superior to approval voting for public elections for several reasons.
		Approval voting is unlikely to work in practice as it is supposed to work in theory.
		As far as we know, approval voting is not used in any public elections in the United States or elsewhere, although in the former Soviet Union a form of "disapproval voting" was used: voters crossed out all candidates they disapproved of.
	www.fairvote.org /irv/approval.htm (522 words)

	Tactical voting - Electowiki
		The random ballot voting method, which selects the ballot of a random voter and uses this to determine the outcome, is strategy-free, but may result in different choices being selected if applied multiple times to the same set of ballots.
		Since then tactical voting has become a real consideration in British politics as is reflected in by-elections and by the growth in sites such as www.tacticalvoting.com who encourage tactical voting as a way of defusing the two party system and empowering the individual voter.
		This may be related to the fact that approval voting does not permit preferences ('likes' or 'dislikes') to be stated at all, permitting only a statement of tolerances, that is, "which candidate could you stand to see win", as opposed to "which candidate would you like to see win".
	wiki.electorama.com /wiki/Tactical_voting (1278 words)

	Approval voting : Approval (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Approval voting is a voting system used for single or multiple-seat elections, in which each voter can vote for as many or as few candidates as the voter chooses.
		For these reasons preference voting is preferred by many who believe that political systems are about choices, not tolerances - they describe that method as instant runoff voting despite the fact that preference and approval voting are both 'instant runoff' systems.
		Despite this recent argument, most advocates of electoral reform have focused on instant-runoff voting, but Citizens for Approval Voting[?] was organized in December 2002 to promote the use of approval voting in all public single-winner elections.
	www.city-search.org /ap/approval.html (970 words)

	[WikiEN-l] Voting (was PP and ban)
		We need to avoid the tyranny of simple-minded voting schemes as much as possible here in order to maintain good will and all that happy crap.
		Eloquence is planning on creating a graduated approval/disapproval voting vote to replace the current one.
		Hopefully we can reach a consensus before it comes to that though (IMO voting should be one of the last things we use to resolve conflicts - consensus should always be sought first).
	mail.wikipedia.org /pipermail/wikien-l/2003-June/004882.html (245 words)

	Referendum - FreeEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Referendum is the referring of a political question to a direct vote of the electorate.
		a 'no' vote challenges the status quo and forces action but a 'yes' vote has the same result as not voting or remaining neutral, the referendum is a special case of disapproval voting.
		a 'yes' vote challenges the status quo and forces action but a 'no' vote has the same result as not voting or remaining neutral, the referendum is a special case of approval voting.
	openproxy.ath.cx /re/Referendum.html (392 words)

	[No title]
		The extrapolation is a straightforward one: approval votes are added to the actual AV totals for each candidate based on the propensity of the sample respondents who voted for one particular candidate on the PV ballot to vote for each of the other candidates on the AV ballot.
		On the contrary, multiple votes are spread about as one would expect according to the null hypothesis that votes are distributed in proportion to the candidates totals.
		Approval voting is a voting system in which voters can vote for as many candidates as they like in multicandidate elections.
	bcn.boulder.co.us /government/approvalvote/scieng.html (6077 words)

	Approval Voting: A Better Way to Select a Winner - What Matters
		Another is the Hare system of single transferable vote (sometimes called "instant runoff"), in which candidates receiving the fewest first-choice votes are progressively eliminated and their votes transferred to second choices -- and lower choices if necessary -- until one candidate emerges with a majority.
		The latter principle makes the tie-in of a vote not to the voter but rather to the candidates, which is arguably more egalitarian than artificially restricting voters to casting only one vote in multicandidate races.
		A rational voter will vote for a second choice if his or her first choice appears to be a long shot--as indicated, for example, by polls -- but the voter's calculus and its effects on outcomes is not yet well understood for either AV or other voting procedures.
	alum.mit.edu /ne/whatmatters/200211 (1846 words)

	Voting system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Disapproval of a specific candidate in office is representative recall.
		It isn'teworthy that both are means of publicly limiting and directing the powers of public officials or parties, but this aspect of disapproval voting isn't well studied.
		In the study of consensus decision making, the "blocking" of measures or nominations is a significant concern, and this literature may be of interest to anyone seriously studying disapproval of one or all of the choices.
	www.city-search.org /vo/voting-system.html (538 words)

	[Attache Archive] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This way of voting is known as a “Borda count,” so named for Jean-Charles de Borda, an 18th-century French physicist (and contemporary of Condorcet) who, when he wasn’t solving problems in astronomy and fluid mechanics, applied his talents to designing a “fair” voting system.
		The first-place votes of those who voted for that candidate are awarded to those voters’ second-place choices, a process that continues until a candidate gains a majority.
		And, after the votes are counted, the winning candidate must have at least enough popular support to do the job for which he or she was elected.
	www.attachemag.com /archives/07-04/features/story2.htm (1734 words)

	voting on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The impact of the institutional and regulatory environment on shareholder voting.
		A context-sensitive voting protocol paradigm for multimember courts.
		IMPROVING VOTING TECHNOLOGY:DOUGLAS W. The impact of the institutional and regulatory environment on shareholder voting.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/v1/voting.asp (966 words)

	Game show (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In a reality show the competition usually lasts several days or even weeks and a competitor's progress through the game is based on some form of popularity contest, usually a kind of disapproval voting by their fellow competitors or members of the public.
		The Weakest Link, Greed) exploit a disapproval voting system similar to the reality game show, and play up the realistic confrontation between contestants, but are in fact just conventional game shows, where no bodily torture or emotionally stressful situation is created, other than the failure to answer some question or impress hosts.
		Dog Eat Dog was even publicised as a reality show despite being basically a revamp of The Krypton Factor with a variant of disapproval voting added.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/g/ga/game_show.html (838 words)

	[WikiEN-l] Voting (was PP and ban)
		Daniel- > Eloquence is planning on creating a graduated > approval/disapproval voting vote to replace the > current one.
		Hopefully we can reach a consensus before > it comes to that though (IMO voting should be one of > the last things we use to resolve conflicts - > consensus should always be sought first).
		For that, a rather primitive voting system like FPP should be fully sufficient.
	mail.wikipedia.org /pipermail/wikien-l/2003-June/004883.html (135 words)

	Professional and Occupational Licensing Boards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The vote resulted in two members voting to approve the request, two members voting in disapproval of the request and three members abstaining from the vote.
		The vote resulted in three members voting in favor of the request, three members voting in disapproval of the request, and one member abstaining from the vote.
		She further stated she disapproved of the request as a result of the transcript indicating to her only 80 hours of training as a nail technician.
	www.llr.state.sc.us /POL/cosmetology/index.asp?file=cosmin28.htm (5698 words)

	Greenwood Publishing Group I1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The author then fills a void in present literature by comparing voting procedures in terms of four issues: sophisticated versus sincere voting; sophisticated voters and simultaneous versus sequential voting; voter efficacy in plurality and approval voting; and the use of normative standards to compare outcomes.
		It addresses theoretical and experimental aspects of sophisticated voting; the problem of efficacy and "correct decision"; and it concludes with an investigation of fair proportional representation.
		It is also the first to subject various voting models to competitive testing and provide a set of normative criteria for systems evaluation.
	info.greenwood.com /books/0275934/0275934306.html (425 words)

	Sierra: Do you know what your mutual fund is up to?
		Proxy votes are the ballots individual and institutional investors cast each year on everything from board membership to climate change.
		With the exception of a handful of socially responsible investment funds, until now most mutual-fund groups have been unwilling to disclose their voting records, hiding their practice of siding almost exclusively with the management of the companies they invest in.
		With most companies, not voting or failing to mark items on the proxy ballot is a vote cast on the side of management.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1525/is_3_88/ai_101569829 (499 words)

	GOP Keys to Analyzing Election Night
		In 1994, Republicans received 53% of the vote according to VNS exit polling data in their historic 52 seat gain.
		If they exceed their turnout performance of 1994 and just maintain the vote margin from our earlier poll it will be a good night for Republicans and some unexpected surprises will develop in rural districts.
		Conservatives voted Republican on the generic ballot 81%-19% and I believe they are just as motivated to vote against Clinton now as they were then.
	www.amview.com /essays/cbs11-98.html (1090 words)

	Redpath & Associates - In the News
		We cast votes daily outside the context of elections.
		In essence, we cast votes of approval or disapproval.
		One of the ironies of forcing the secular model of voting with our checkbook on the church is that expressing disapproval, voting, by withholding financial support forces the church to cut back.
	www.acreativeworld.com /church/dontvote.html (386 words)

	Preacher calls for spiteful turnout
		An influential church leader in Detroit urged his congregation Sunday to send Gov. John Engler a message of disapproval by voting for Sen. John McCain in Michigan's presidential primary.
		McCain, however, said he would rather lose than pick up the votes of those who go to the polls on Tuesday just to spite Engler, a supporter of front-runner Texas Gov. George W. Bush.
		"If someone is voting for me because of any personal vendetta and for any other reason than they think I'm going to be the best president of the U.S. they can find -- I do not want their votes," said McCain aboard his campaign bus as it headed to a Livonia rally.
	www.freep.com /news/politics/preach21_20000221.htm (495 words)

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