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	Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Rousseau's essay, "Discourse on the Arts and Sciences" (1750), which won the prize offered by the Academy of Dijon, argued that the advancement of art and science had not been beneficial to humankind.
		His subsequent Discourse on Inequality, tracked the progress and degeneration of mankind from a primitive state of nature to modern society.
		At the end of the Discourse on Inequality, Rousseau explains how the desire to have value in the eyes of others, which originated in the golden age, comes to undermine personal integrity and authenticity in a society marked by interdependence, hierarchy, and inequality.
	www.gogoglo.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/j/je/jean_jacques_rousseau.html (2001 words)

	Rousseau: Discourse on Inequality 2
		Thus natural inequality unfolds itself insensibly with that of combination, and the difference between men, developed by their different circumstances, becomes more sensible and permanent in its effects, and begins to have an influence, in the same proportion, over the lot of individuals.
		But inequality easily makes its way among cowardly and ambitious minds, which are ever ready to run the risks of fortune,: and almost indifferent whether they command or obey, as it is favourable or adverse.
		It follows from this survey that, as there is hardly any inequality in the state of nature, all the inequality which now prevails owes its strength and growth to the development of our faculties and the advance of the human mind, and becomes at last permanent and legitimate by the establishment of property and laws.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/ENLIGHT/DISC2.HTM (5660 words)

	Discourse on Inequality - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He asks, "For how shall we know the source of inequality between men, if we do not begin by knowing mankind?" Rousseau then sets out to theorize about the history of mankind, beginning with his condition in a state of nature and working stage by stage through man's development towards civil society.
		Rousseau is not concerned with this type of inequality and wishes to investigate moral inequality.
		He argues this inequality is endemic to a civil society and relates and causes differences in power and wealth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality (495 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778): A Discourse Upon The Origin And The Foundation Of The ...
		Having proved that the inequality, which may subsist between man and man in a state of nature, is almost imperceivable, and that it has very little influence, I must now proceed to show its origin, and trace its progress, in the successive developments of the human mind.
		It is thus that natural inequality insensibly unfolds itself with that arising from a variety of combinations, and that the difference among men, developed, by the difference of their circumstances, becomes more sensible, more permanent in its effects, and begins to influence in the same proportion the condition of private persons.
		The inequality between the people and the chiefs increase so fast as to be soon felt by the private members, and appears among them in a thousand shapes according to their passions, their talents, and the circumstances of affairs.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1782rousseau-inequal.html (8889 words)

	IDS 261 - Western Civilization & Culture I
		The full title of Rousseau's essay is Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality Among Men.
		To speculate on the origin of inequality, Locke would have gone to the state of nature and pointed to the way that one legitimately acquired property, i.e.
		Finally, Locke would have said that inequality in wealth was indeed authorized by natural law because he had derived the right to property and the right to unequal amounts of property in the state of nature.
	www.eureka.edu /emp/jrodrig/webpage/261E5.htm (541 words)

	A Guide To Rousseau, Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality Among Men, and On The Social Contract, in ...
		Note there are two essays by Rousseau in the Morgan reader The "Discourse on Inequality" is, as the title suggests, an indictment of ethical failings in politics.
		It is inevitable that the defenders of private land eventually become the defenders of inequality (753).
		But he immediately follows that with the claim that moral discourse is a part of politics, and the GW depends on it.
	www.plu.edu /~olufsdw/rous.htm (1243 words)

	Introductory Note. Rousseau, Jean Jacques. 1909-14. On the Inequality among Mankind. The Harvard Classics
		The discourse here printed on the causes of inequality among men was written in a similar competition.
		“Le Contrat Social” (1762) elaborated the doctrine of the discourse on inequality.
		Both historically and philosophically it is unsound; but it was the chief literary source of the enthusiasm for liberty, fraternity, and equality, which inspired the leaders of the French Revolution, and its effects passed far beyond France.
	www.bartleby.com /34/3/1001.html (387 words)

	CSI : Center for the Study of Inequality
		The Center for the Study of Inequality (CSI) fosters basic and applied research on social and economic inequalities, as well as the processes by which such inequalities change and persist.
		This course is a primary requirement for completion of the Inequality Concentration, and will serve as the replacement course for SOC 222 for the academic year 2006-2007.
		Inequality, Diversity, and Justice (PHIL 193, CRP 293, GOVT 293, and SOC 293)
	inequality.cornell.edu (427 words)

	Mr. Gunnar's English Classes
		Such was doubtless the first source of the inequality of mankind, which it is much easier to point out thus in general terms, than to assign with precision to its actual causes.
		The investigations we may enter into, in treating this subject, must not be considered as historical truths, but only as mere conditional and hypothetical reasonings, rather calculated to explain the nature of things, than to ascertain their actual origin; just like the hypotheses which our physicists daily form respecting the formation of the world.
		Having proved that the inequality of mankind is hardly felt, and that its influence is next to nothing in a state of nature, I must next show its origin and trace its progress in the successive developments of the human mind.
	myschoolonline.com /page/0,1871,10186-142069-11-12326,00.html (11978 words)

	Jean-Jacques Rousseau
		His first fiery Discourse (1750) was written as a submission to a competition at the Academy of Dijon.
		Later on, after his second Discourse on Inequality (1755), he broke with the Philosophes over his theory of civilizaton-as-corruption and left Paris for Montmercy in 1757 (see his polemical attack on them in the letter to d'Alembert).
		Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men, 1754.
	cepa.newschool.edu /het/profiles/rousseau.htm (528 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: Rousseau: Discourse on Inequality
		Thus, as the most powerful or the most miserable considered their might or misery as a kind of right to the possessions of others, equivalent, in their opinion, to that of property, the destruction of equality was attended by the most terrible disorders.
		From the extreme inequality of conditions and fortunes, from the diversity of passions and knowledge, from pernicious arts and vain sciences, would arise a multitude of prejudices equally contrary to reason, happiness and virtue.
		I have endeavoured to trace the origin and progress of inequality, and the institution and abuse of political societies, as far as these are capable of being deduced from the nature of man merely by the light of reason, and independently of those sacred dogmas which give the sanction of divine right to sovereign authority.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/Rousseau-inequality2.html (5354 words)

	groupwebpage1
		In a Discourse on Inequality, Rousseau conveys the idea that mankind were and would still be better off as savages.
		As far as inequalities go, Rousseau states that inequality isn’t present in the state of nature, but modern society creates inequality with the formation of social classes and laws.
		The process of training, by which the intellect, instead of being formed or sacrificed to some particular or accidental purpose, some specific trade or profession, or study or science, is disciplined for its own sake, for the perception of its own proper object, and for its own highest culture.
	www.westminster.edu /staff/brennie/group1/groupwebpage.htm (1857 words)

	Rousseau: Discourse on Inequality (e-text) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The most useful and the least advanced of all human areas of knowledge seems to me to be the knowledge of man (2), and I venture to say that the only inscription on the temple at Delphi contained a precept more important and more difficult than all the fat books of the moralists.
		This latter inequality consists of different privileges which some men enjoy to the detriment of others, like being more rich, more honoured, or more powerful than they are, or even that they can make the others obey them.
		Having proved that inequality is hardly perceptible in the state of nature and that its influence there is almost nothing, it remains for me to show its origin and its progress in the successive developments of the human mind.
	www.mala.bc.ca /~johnstoi/rousseau/seconddiscourse.htm (13179 words)

	SGSA : : Prelims : : Inequality : : August 2001
		In contemporary sociological discourse about inequality one often hears the claim that neither race, nor class, nor gender is "more fundamental" as a form of inequality.
		If you believe that no form of inequality is more fundamental than any other, explain how this idea has developed and how it represents an advance over earlier thinking.
		Be sure to discuss the specific mechanisms by which racial inequality is sustained over time and in spite of the changes in laws and attitudes.
	sasw.chass.ncsu.edu /sgsa/prelim/ineq_aug01.html (711 words)

	lect17
		He who sings or dances best; the handsomest, strongest, the most dexterous, the most eloquent, comes to be the most respected: this was the first step towards inequality, and at the same time towards vice.
		If the world had received no other advantages from religion, this would be enough to impose on men the duty of adopting and cultivating it, abuses and all, since it has been the means of saving more blood than fanaticism has ever split.
		In reality, the source of all these differences is that the savage lives within himself, while the social man lives constantly outside himself, and only knows how to live in the opinion of others, so that he seems to receive the consciousness of his own existence merely from the judgment of others concerning him.
	www.trinity.edu /lespey/biol1307/lectures/lect17/lect17.html (2782 words)

	Rousseau, "Discourse on the Origin of Inequality Among Men" (1755) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The first man who, after enclosing a plot of land, saw fit to say: "This is mine," and found people who were simple enough to believe him, was the true founder of civil society.
		This is how natural inequality surreptitiously deploys itself along with inequality of combination, so that the differences between men, developed by differences of circumstance, become more evident and more permanent in their effects, and thus begin to wield their influence in the same proportion over the destiny of individuals.
		Rich, he needs their services; poor, he needs their help, and even moderate means does not render a man able to dispense with this help.
	www.historyguide.org /intellect/inequality.html (2160 words)

	Discourse on Inequality
		It is useless to ask what is the source of natural inequality, because that question is answered by the simple definition of the word.
		The subject of the present discourse, therefore, is more precisely this.
		A theory of human evolution that prefigured Darwin and made a seminal contribtion to political and social thought, this discourse is the most influential of Rousseau's writings.
	www.ou.edu /cas/psc/bookrousseau2.htm (466 words)

	UPNE - Discourse on the Origins of Inequality (Second Discourse), Polemics, and Political Economy: Jean-Jacques Rousseau
		Discourse on the Origins of Inequality (Second Discourse), Polemics, and Political Economy
		The Second Discourse examines man in the true "state of nature," prior to the formation of the first human societies.
		Includes the Second Discourse (complete with the author's extensive notes), contemporary critiques by Voltaire, Diderot, Bonnet, and LeRoy, Rousseau's replies (some never before translated), and Political Economy, which first outlined principles that were to become famous in the Social Contract.
	www.upne.com /0-87451-603-X.html (104 words)

	EPAA Vol. 8 No. 4 Warschauer: Technology and School Reform Dilemmas
		A discourse of reform claims that schools must be transformed to take full advantage of computers, while a competing discourse of inequality warns that technology-enhanced reform is taking place only in wealthy schools, dooming poor and minority students to the wrong side of a digital divide.
		The discourse of reform draws on research from both education (e.g., Cuban, 1986; Sandholtz, Ringstaff, and Dwyer, 1997; Warschauer, 1998, 1999) and industry (e.g., Kling and Zmuidzinas, 1994; Zuboff, 1988) demonstrating that the infusion of new technologies produces little results if underlying relations do not change.
		While the discourse of reform is hopeful, the discourse of inequality is troubling.
	epaa.asu.edu /epaa/v8n4.html (9116 words)

	A Discourse on Inequality - Word Power
		In 'A Discourse on Inequality Rousseau' sets out to demonstrate how the growth of civilization corrupts man's natural happiness and freedom by creating artificial inequalities of wealth, power and social privilege.
		Contending that primitive man was equal to his fellows, Rousseau believed that as societies become more sophisticated, the strongest and most intelligent members of the community gain an unnatural advantage over their weaker brethren, and that constitutions set up to rectify these imbalances through peace and justice in fact do nothing but perpetuate them.
		Rousseau's political and social arguments in the Discourse were a hugely influential denunciation of the social conditions of his time and one of the most revolutionary documents of the eighteenth-century.
	www.word-power.co.uk /catalogue/0140444394 (689 words)

	Rousseau: On the Origin of Inequality: Second Part
		Thus, there must have been a time, when the eyes of the people were so fascinated, that their rules had only to say to the least of men, "Be great, you and all your posterity," to make him immediately appear great in the eyes of every one as well as in his own.
		From great inequality of fortunes and conditions, from the vast variety of passions and of talents, of useless and pernicious arts, of vain sciences, would arise a multitude of prejudices equally contrary to reason, happiness and virtue.
		The rank of citizens ought, therefore, to be regulated, not according to their personal merit — for this would put it in the power of the magistrate to apply the law almost arbitrarily — but according to the actual services done to the State, which are capable of being more exactly estimated.
	www.constitution.org /jjr/ineq_04.htm (6840 words)

	Jean-Jacques Rousseau
		In the Discourse on Inequality, Rousseau had tried to explain the human invention of government as a kind of contract between the governed and the authorities that governed them.
		The only reason human beings were willing to give up individual freedom and be ruled by others was that they saw that their rights, happiness, and property would be better protected under a formal government rather than an anarchic, every-person-for-themselves type of society.
		Your translation of Discourse on Inequality is taken from Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract and Discourses, translated by G. Cole (London: J.M. Dent, 1913), pages 207-238.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/ENLIGHT/ROUSSEAU.HTM (1032 words)

	Alibris: Discourse
		Contained here are two of the most important philosophy works ever written, Descartes' "Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason and Seeking for Truth in the Sciences" and "Meditations on First Philosophy." Descartes, who is considered to be one of the founding fathers of modern philosophy, lays forth the basics of his philosophy...
		Wennerstrom considers the role of prosody in a variety of discourse genres and offers an over-all framework within which future analysis might continue.
		In "Discourse on Method, "he formulated a scientific approach comprising four principles: to accept only what reason recognizes as "clear...
	www.alibris.com /search/books/subject/Discourse (1175 words)

	Rousseau: Discourse on Inequality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The most important feature of the structure of Rousseau's argument in the Second Discourse (On Inequality) is the most obvious, something so common to us that we might easily overlook its importance, but in his day an argumentative tool with a keen revolutionary edge.
		That's why the Second Discourse (On Inequality), for all the shoddy attention to historical facts and the very dubious use of evidence, is so important.
		In fact, in the Second Discourse he is drawing upon a strong trend in eighteenth-century thinking which saw in historical narratives a key way of advocating revolutionary adjustments in how we think about the natural world, human society, and social justice.
	www.mala.bc.ca /~johnstoi/introser/rousseau2.htm (6403 words)

	Rousseau, Jean Jacques. 1909–14. On the Inequality among Mankind. Vol. 34, Part 3. The Harvard Classics
		Even the soberest judged it requisite to sacrifice one part of their liberty to ensure the other, as a man, dangerously wounded in any of his limbs, readily parts with it to save the rest of his body.
		A Discourse upon the Origin and the Foundation of the Inequality among Mankind
		The movers of the French Revolution would embrace the ideas elaborated in this work written for a philosophical competition.
	www.bartleby.com /34/3 (126 words)

	[No title]
		The political and moral investigations, therefore, to which the important question before us leads, are in every respect useful; while the hypothetical history of governments affords a lesson equally instructive to mankind.
		A DISSERTATION ON THE ORIGIN AND FOUNDATION OF THE INEQUALITY OF MANKIND IT is of man that I have to speak; and the question I am investigating shows me that it is to men that I must address myself: for questions of this sort are not asked by those who are afraid to honour truth.
		I shall then confidently uphold the cause of humanity before the wise men who invite me to do so, and shall not be dissatisfied if I acquit myself in a manner worthy of my subject and of my judges.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /06S/polisci111b-1/Rousseau_Inequality.doc (13585 words)

	apsa99
		Similarly, in the Discourse on Inequality he points to the difficulties of cooperative group activity among human beings in the state of nature.
		In the following I am going to argue that throughout his political writings Rousseau is effectively engaged in the attempt to provide the social and political means for stabilizing what would be the cooperative outcome in a PD game matrix (Figure 1).
		Thus, the kind of education that Rousseau offers for this stage of human development is somewhat unexpected given his emphasis on the primacy of nature throughout the Discourse on Inequality.
	faculty.njcu.edu /fmoran/apsa99.htm (4244 words)

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