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Topic: Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men

Related Topics

On the Inequality among Mankind

The Social Contract, Or Principles of Political Right

Emile, or Education

Grotius

Baruch Spinoza

	Jean-Jacques Rousseau - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In "Discourse on the Arts and Sciences" Rousseau argued that the arts and sciences had not been beneficial to humankind because they were not human needs, but rather a result of pride and vanity.
		This original contract was deeply flawed as the wealthiest and most powerful members of society tricked the general population, and thus instituted inequality as a fundamental feature of human society.
		Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men (Discours sur l'origine et les fondements de l'inégalité parmi les hommes), 1754
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau (3379 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778): A Discourse Upon The Origin And The Foundation Of The ...
		Mandeville was very sensible that men, in spite of all their morality, would never have been better than monsters, if nature had not given them pity to assist reason: but he did not perceive that from this quality alone flow all the social virtues, which he would dispute mankind the possession of.
		Among the various appetites, which made him at dofferent times experience different modes of existence, there was one that excited him to perpetuate his species; and this blind propensity, quite void of anything like pure love or affection, produced nothing but an act that was merely animal.
		It is thus that natural inequality insensibly unfolds itself with that arising from a variety of combinations, and that the difference among men, developed, by the difference of their circumstances, becomes more sensible, more permanent in its effects, and begins to influence in the same proportion the condition of private persons.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1782rousseau-inequal.html (8889 words)

	Social contract - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The emergence of the social contract from the state of nature is often explained in terms of just-so stories whose goal is to show the logical basis of rights rather than attempting historical accuracy.
		Rousseau's 1754 Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men is more a fictional account of what has passed than a realistic description of what happened.
		However, it is also true that the ambiguity persists, and that Hobbes' polemic conception of the state of nature (opposed to Rousseau's irenical conception of it) approach it from the realist description of civil war.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Social_contract (2660 words)

	Racism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, this "discourse of race struggle", as interpreted by Foucault, must be distinguished from 19th century biological racism, also known as scientific racism.
		Moreover, this discourse is opposed to the sovereign's discourse: it is used by the bourgeoisie, the people and the aristocracy as a mean of struggle against the monarchy.
		This discourse, which first appeared in Great Britain, was then carried on in France by people such as Boulainvilliers, Nicolas Fréret, and then, during the French Revolution, Sieyès, and afterward Augustin Thierry and Cournot.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Racism (4648 words)

	Rousseau: Discourse on Inequality (e-text) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		My father, I affirm with joy, was not distinguished among his fellow citizens; he was only what they all are, and given the kind of man he was, there is no country where his society would not have been sought out and cultivated among the most respectable people, even for their own benefit.
		Among the passions which agitate man’s heart, there is one which is ardent and impetuous, which makes one sex necessary to the other, a terrible passion which endures all dangers, overturns all obstacles, and in its fury seems likely to destroy the human race which it is destined to preserve.
		Having proved that inequality is hardly perceptible in the state of nature and that its influence there is almost nothing, it remains for me to show its origin and its progress in the successive developments of the human mind.
	www.mala.bc.ca /~johnstoi/rousseau/seconddiscourse.htm (13179 words)

	Rousseau, A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality ToC: The Online Library of Liberty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In his novels and discourses he claimed that civilization had weakened the natural liberty of mankind and that a truly free society would be the expression of the "general will" of all members of that society.
		In the Discourse on the Arts and Science and the Discourse on the Origin of Inequality Rousseau argues that the growth of civilization corrupted the natural goodness of man and increased the inequality between men.
		Having proved that the inequality of mankind is hardly felt, and that its influence is next to nothing in a state of nature, I must next show its origin and trace its progress in the successive developments of the human mind.
	oll.libertyfund.org /Home3/HTML.php?recordID=0350 (11521 words)

	Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Rousseau's essay, "Discourse on the Arts and Sciences" (1750), which won the prize offered by the Academy of Dijon, argued that the advancement of art and science had not been beneficial to humankind.
		This original contract was deeply flawed as the wealthiest and most powerful members of society tricked the general population, and so cemented inequality as a permanent feature of human society.
		Building on his earlier work, such as the Discourse on Inequality Rousseau claimed that the state of nature eventually degenerates into a brutish condition without law or morality, at which point the human race must adopt institutions of law or perish.
	jean-jacques-rousseau.kiwiki.homeip.net (2046 words)

	Rousseau: On the Origin of Inequality: Preface
		Such was doubtless the first source of the inequality of mankind, which it is much easier to point out thus in general terms, than to assign with precision to its actual causes.
		Modern writers begin by inquiring what rules it would be expedient for men to agree on for their common interest, and then give the name of natural law to a collection of these rules, without any other proof than the good that would result from their being universally practised.
		Now, without a serious study of man, his natural faculties and their successive development, we shall never be able to make these necessary distinctions, or to separate, in the actual constitution of things, that which is the effect of the divine will, from the innovations attempted by human art.
	www.constitution.org /jjr/ineq_02.htm (1191 words)

	Patrick Yaner's Reading List (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Jean-Jacques Rousseau - Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men - 1755
		Rousseau discusses the origin of civil society, tracing it back to a hypothetical "state of nature", in which a human's life is not much different from that of, say, a badger.
		Originally the author's doctoral dissertation, one gets the impression that the book itself was intended to be a much longer and more comprehensive dialogue, since as written it only covers a small part of the history of mathematics.
	www-static.cc.gatech.edu /people/home/yaner/books.html (11324 words)

	Jean-Jacques Rousseau
		His first fiery Discourse (1750) was written as a submission to a competition at the Academy of Dijon.
		Later on, after his second Discourse on Inequality (1755), he broke with the Philosophes over his theory of civilizaton-as-corruption and left Paris for Montmercy in 1757 (see his polemical attack on them in the letter to d'Alembert).
		Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men, 1754.
	cepa.newschool.edu /het/profiles/rousseau.htm (528 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: Jean Jacques Rousseau: A Dissertation On the Origin and Foundation of the Inequality of ...
		It is difficult to conjecture how men first came to know and use iron; for it is impossible to suppose they would of themselves think of digging the ore out of the mine, and preparing it for smelting, before they knew what would be the result.
		With regard to agriculture, the principles of it were known long before they were put in practice; and it is indeed hardly possible that men, constantly employed in drawing their subsistence from pants and trees, should not readily acquire a knowledge of the means made use of by nature for the propagation of vegetables.
		Thus natural inequality unfolds itself insensibly with that of combination, and the difference between men, developed by their different circumstances, becomes more sensible and permanent in its effects, and begins to have an influence, in the same proportion, over the lot of individuals.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/rousseau-inequality1-2.html (6776 words)

	Jean Jacques Rousseau, Inequality Among Men
		But savage man, living dispersed among other animals, and finding himself betimes in a situation to measure his strength with theirs, soon comes to compare himself with them; and, perceiving that he surpasses them more in adroitness than they surpass him in strength, learns to be no longer afraid of them.
		Hence it is that dissolute men run into excesses which bring on fevers and death; because the mind depraves the senses, and the will continues to speak when nature is silent.
		The passions, again, originate in our wants, and their progress depends on that of our knowledge; for we cannot desire or fear anything, except from the idea we have of it, or from the simple impulse of nature.
	bama.ua.edu /~casey006/226/rousseau.html (3166 words)

	Property
		Essentially, it is very common among property systems to have the community own property where kinship is reckoned both through patrilineal and matrilineal systems, but property is owned by the family if only one method of reckoning is used.
		-- Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men (1754)
		By an universal law, indeed, whatever, whether fixed or movable, belongs to all men equally and in common is the property for the moment of him who occupies it; but when he relinquishes the occupation, the property goes with it.
	www.camcity.co.uk /directory-articles/Property (2048 words)

	Moral Reason and Literate Analysis Applied to Cultural Meltdown
		The aristocratic among them would have noticed, rather, that the horse and saber were yielding to gunpowder, that a code of honor undergirded by dueling was yielding to labyrinths of tawdry political influence, that grand old names were perishing, that ancient estates were toppling.
		When the family became broken and the importance of a husband as the sole, or at least primary, source of income was undermined, then the stake of a woman in her husband was weakened and the honor of a man for his family was diminished.
		But when men have no family to raise or wife to keep face for, or when they are otherwise in doubt of their possession of or authority over their family, it is difficult for them to find the use of honor.
	www.literatevalues.org /prae-3.4.htm (17656 words)

	What's New
		Discourses on Livy, Niccolò Machiavelli (1517) — Argues for the ideal form of government being a republic based on popular consent, defended by militia.
		A Discourse on Political Economy, Jean Jacques Rousseau (1755) — Discussion on the economic principles affecting the politics of a society.
		A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, Jean Jacques Rousseau (1754) —; Discussion on political inequality, its origins and implications.
	www.constitution.org /whatsnew.htm (4762 words)

	Jean-Jacques Rousseau - Wikiquote
		It is this celestial voice which dictates to each citizen the precepts of public reason, and teaches him to act according to the rules of his own judgment and not to behave inconsistently with himself.
		Men and nations can only be reformed in their youth; they become incorrigible as they grow old.
		War then, is a relation— not between man and man: but between state and state; and individuals are enemies only accidentally: not as men, nor even as citizens: but as soldiers; not as members of their country, but as its defenders.
	en.wikiquote.org /wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau (4491 words)

	Lectures & Seminars - JAPANESE STUDIES NETWORK FORUM (JS-NET) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Among the most striking artifacts of seventeenth-century Japanese religious culture is a group of paintings of the Ten Worlds of Enlightened and Non-Enlightened Existence known as Kumano Mind Contemplation Ten Worlds Mandala (Kumano kanjin jikkai mandara).
		Utilizing people's memory, the study of tangible memorials such as the shrines of Kojin, and intangible artifacts such as place names, self-narratives and tales, etc., it is possible to contribute to reconstruct the local community that seemed to have been lost in the rush to develop and merger of towns and villages in the island.
		In this lecture, on the basis of a close study of what actually happened to the employment situation of Japanese young people during the period known as the "lost decade," the chaos of the 1990s just after the collapse of the bubble economy, Prof.
	www.jsnet.org /lec/index.php (12573 words)

	Rousseau: Discourse on Inequality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In fact, in the Second Discourse he is drawing upon a strong trend in eighteenth-century thinking which saw in historical narratives a key way of advocating revolutionary adjustments in how we think about the natural world, human society, and social justice.
		He was not a creature blasted by original sin, condemned to inevitable suffering as a condition of life.
		On the basis of this suggestion, Rousseau later works out (in The Social Contract) a vision of the modern legitimate state as a majoritarian democracy in which the citizen is educated to recognize that the General Will obliges him to obey the will of all (in which he is an equal participant).
	www.mala.bc.ca /~johnstoi/introser/rousseau2.htm (6403 words)

	Glossary of People: Ro (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		He did not understand the origin of surplus value and the essence of the basic contradictions of capitalism and maintained economic crises all came from low national consumption.
		An original member of the PCF, he was also present for the foundation of the Third International and was elected to its Executive Committee at its Second Congress.
		Rousseau's most famous work is Discourse on the Origin of Inequality Among Men, in which he shows how social conditions, and in particular private property, lead to inequality and the whole range of social ills.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/people/r/o.htm (4320 words)

	Straussian.net - Late Modern Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Rousseau's thought has an externally paradoxical character, seeming at the same time to desire contradictories--virtue and soft sentiment, political society and the state of nature, philosophy and ignorance--but it is remarkably consistent, the contradictions reflecting contradictions in the nature of things.
		Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality among Men (Gourevitch)
		He eradicated the last traces of the medieval worldview from modern philosophy, joined the key ideas of earlier rationalism and empiricism into a powerful model of the subjective origins of the fundamental principles of both science and morality, and laid the ground for much in the philosophy of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries....
	www.straussian.net /latemod.html (1920 words)

	Bartram’ Quaker Spirit
		Wherever they plant a town, a small Eden grows up, situated amidst the earth’s plenty, where men live in a harmonious relationship with nature.(256) Within these villages the Indians live a communal life, united by a spirit of sharing that is truly liberating.
		The differences between the original drawing and subsequent engravings are subtle but important to recognize.
		Also worthy of note is the original (?) caption identifying Mico Chlucco as “King of the Muscogulges or Cricks.” The engraved caption is more specific in identifying him as “King of Seminoles,” a subgroup of the larger Creek Nation.
	www.bartramtrail.org /pages/Travels/travel10.html (1667 words)

	Jean-Jacques Rousseau
		But it is plain, from the manner in which this philosopher solves the difficulties he himself raises, concerning the origin of arbitrary signs, that he assumes what I question, viz., that a kind of society must already have existed among the first inventors of language.
		It is then certain that compassion is a natural feeling, which, by moderating the violence of love of self in each individual, contributes to the preservation of the whole species.
		In a word, it is rather in this natural feeling than in any subtle arguments that we must look for the cause of that repugnance, which every man would experience in doing evil, even independently of the maxims of education.
	archive.8m.net /rousseau.htm (6217 words)

	Background Research : International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In an attempt to be comprehensive, references were chosen not only through personal familiarity, but also on the basis of wide consultations with scholars and practitioners worldwide.
		Reviews doctrines of nonintervention held by individual states and points to the importance of the principle of nonintervention as the basis for order in the society of states.
		Exposition of Islamic discourse on humanitarian intervention, elaborating the ambiguous status of the nation-state in Islamic thought.
	www.iciss.ca /04_Biblio-en.asp (11605 words)

	Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Full Texts
		Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778): A Discourse Upon The Origin and The Foundation of The Inequality among Mankind, full text,
		Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-78): Second Discourse on the Origins of Inequality, 1755
		The Voyage of the Beagle, 1845 [At Literature.Org]
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/modsbookfull.html (4279 words)

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