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	Infectious disease - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In medicine, infectious disease or communicable disease is disease caused by a biological agent such as by a virus, bacterium or parasite.
		One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (Robert Koch), which demand that the infectious agent is identified in patients and not in controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease.
		For infectious diseases it helps to determine if a disease outbreak is sporadic (occasional occurrence), endemic (regular cases often occurring in a region), epidemic (an unusually high number of cases in a region), or pandemic (a global epidemic).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Infectious_disease (1707 words)

	X-disease of Peach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The disease affects peach, nectarine, sweet cherry, sour cherry, and Japanese plum.
		The disease agent also infects wild chokecherry, which serves as a reservoir for the MLO that may then be transmitted to orchard plantings by several species of leafhopper.
		On mahaleb rootstock, trees are killed suddenly in midsummer by the disease.
	www.caf.wvu.edu /kearneysville/disease_descriptions/ompxdis.html (314 words)

	Newcastle disease - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Newcastle disease is a highly contagious zoonotic bird disease affecting many domestic and wild avian species.
		Newcastle Disease was discovered in the East Indies in 1926, but it is named after Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, where it was rediscovered a year later, in 1927.
		The causal agent, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Newcastle_disease (449 words)

	Principles of Disease
		that are characteristic of a disease or abnormality.
		Pathogens are the cause of microbial (i.e., infectious) disease.
		The agent responsible for the occurrence of a of microbial disease.
	www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/biol2040.htm (2725 words)

	JOHNE'S DISEASE: WHAT IS THE FUTURE? UC Davis Veterinary Medicine Extension (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In this instance, the agent passes from the infected cow to the calf before birth and the calf is born infected.
		Crohn's disease is an inflammatory disease of the intestine (ileum and colon) that usually affects patients during the prime of life (teens to early twenties).
		It is a complicated disease because it has a long incubation period, the agent can survive in the environment for long periods, and carrier cattle (that can shed the organism) with no signs of disease are difficult to detect at present.
	www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu /vetext/INF-BE_cca/INF-BE_cca99/INF-BE_cca990708.html (1780 words)

	CHAPTER #13: HOW MICROBES CAUSE DISEASE
		In describing an infectious disease the agent is identified, if known, the symptoms are described, along with the prognosis and the manner in which the infectious disease is contracted.
		The intensity of the illness varies with the disease, the strain of the etiological agent and the condition of the patient.
		It is very common for people to have a disease and not show any identifiable symptoms and yet to become as immune as another person who almost dies from the same disease.
	www.slic2.wsu.edu:82 /hurlbert/micro101/pages/Chap13.html (3503 words)

	New aspect of prion disease - agent causes heart damage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		These diseases are unusual because unlike other infectious diseases, prion diseases appear to be transmitted by a protein, specifically a misfolded form of a normal cellular protein, the prion.
		Perhaps the number one reason why a disease that infects cows is of such concern to world governments is that scientists believe that the disease can be transmitted across species through the consumption of tainted meat from a diseased animal's central nervous system.
		According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the median age of death for Americans with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is 68, whereas the median age of death of people with new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob in Great Britain, where most cases have occurred, is 28.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=18746 (1066 words)

	Mad Cow Disease Agent Causes Heart Damage in Mice
		Prions - the same disease agents that cause the fatal brain illness known as mad cow disease and its human variant - also cause a form of heart disease in mice, scientists at Scripps Research Institute have found.
		Prion diseases - known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies because of the sponge-like holes created in the brain - include scrapie in sheep, mad cow disease in cattle, chronic wasting disease in deer and elk, and newvariant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease in humans.
		Instead, prion diseases appear to be transmitted by a protein, a misfolded form of a normal cellular protein, the prion.
	www.ens-newswire.com /ens/jul2006/2006-07-10-03.asp (918 words)

	FS-534 - Lyme Disease in Animals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Lyme disease is an infectious, usually noncontagious, zoonotic disease (a disease transmitted between animals and humans).
		Lyme disease is caused by a spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, that infects the blood and tissues of the exposed animal.
		The Lyme disease agent has been isolated from urine and colostrum in dogs, cattle and mice, suggesting that these two fluids may be possible contagious routes of infection.
	www.agnr.umd.edu /MCE/Publications/Publication.cfm?ID=107&cat=A (3113 words)

	Medmicro Chapter 9
		The pathogenicity of an agent is its ability to cause disease; pathogenicity is further characterized by describing the organism's virulence and invasiveness.
		The secular trend describes the occurrence of disease over a prolonged period, usually years; it is influenced by the degree of immunity in the population and possibly nonspecific measures such as improved socioeconomic and nutritional levels among the population.
		A description of epidemiologic data by place must consider three different sites: where the individual was when disease occurred; where the individual was when he or she became infected from the source; and where the source became infected with the etiologic agent.
	www.gsbs.utmb.edu /microbook/ch009.htm (4214 words)

	ScienceDaily: Prion Disease Agent Causes Heart Damage In Mouse Study
		Prion Disease Agent Causes Heart Damage In Mouse Study (July 7, 2006) -- A team of researchers at The Scripps Research Institute, the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), and Rocky Mountain Laboratories of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases...
		Pathogen -- A pathogen or infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its...
		Lyme disease -- Lyme disease or Lyme borreliosis is an infectious tick-borne disease, caused by the Borrelia spirochete, a gram-negative microorganism.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/07/060707151953.htm (2412 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Mad Cow Disease Works"
		Mad cow disease, or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), is a fatal brain disorder that occurs in cattle and is caused by some unknown agent.
		In BSE, the unknown agent causes the cow's brain cells to die, forming sponge-like holes in the brain.
		The British government concluded that BSE was probably the cause of nvCJD, and that the victims contracted the disease probably by eating meat from BSE-infected cows.
	science.howstuffworks.com /mad-cow-disease1.htm (412 words)

	Agent Orange and Hodgkin's Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Hodgkin's disease is a malignant lymphoma (type of cancer) characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, liver, and spleen, and by progressive anemia.
		Furthermore, other measures of potential Agent Orange exposure, such as service in a specific military branch, in a certain region within Vietnam, in a combat role, or extended Vietnam time, were not associated with any significant increased risk of Hodgkin’s disease.
		While there were fewer studies for Hodgkin's disease than for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, the NAS noted that the pattern of results was consistent with the findings for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and concluded that there was sufficient evidence for a positive association between exposure to the herbicides used in Vietnam and the development of Hodgkin's disease.
	www.rattler-firebird.org /va/agentorange/hodgkins.php (690 words)

	CDC - Relapsing Fever–Like Spirochetes Infecting European Vector Tick of Lyme Disease Agent
		Although various Lyme disease spirochetes occasionally are detected in the same tick, the relapsing fever–like spirochetes appear not to co-infect ticks that are infected by Lyme disease spirochetes.
		Lyme disease and relapsing fever–like spirochetes may directly interact in their tick or vertebrate hosts (e.g., inhibiting the other’s proliferation) or each may be closely associated with a reservoir host that is zooprophylactic for the other kind of spirochete.
		Etiology of the acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans lesion in Lyme disease.
	www.cdc.gov /Ncidod/eid/vol9no6/02-0459.htm (3389 words)

	Curious cause
		In 1982, Stanley Prusiner, a biochemist at University of California at San Francisco, suggested a radical idea: the agent was a rogue protein -- a "prion." Unlike all agents known to cause infectious disease, this agent contained neither DNA nor RNA.
		Neurologist John Collinge at St. Mary's Hospital in London recently reported that mice which received prion-infected extracts of mouse brain had diseased prions in their brains, even though they did not appear ill. The mice infected other mice, satisfying one of the Koch postulates on the causation of disease.
		And while the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention does fund an effort to detect BSE and vCJD, the budget is only $100,000, and the center receives only 40 percent of the nation's cases of CJD -- which could allow victims of the human version of mad cow to slip through the cracks.
	whyfiles.org /012mad_cow/3.html (1322 words)

	Plant Disease Facts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Signs are structures produced by the living causal agent of a disease that are more specific than symptoms and are more useful in accurate disease diagnosis.
		Diseases are caused by living agents (biotic) and non-living agents (abiotic).
		A susceptible plant, a causal agent, and a favorable environment occurring over a period of time must be present for a disease to occur.
	www.wvu.edu /~agexten/ipm/disease/pltdisfc.htm (751 words)

	NPEL: Unconventional Transmissible Agent (Prion) Diseases
		Exposure to the transmissible agent may take place months to years prior to the development of symptoms, but once these are present there is a rapid progression to death, usually in 6 months to 1 year.
		The agent that causes the disease, an entity that is transmissible, elicits neither a cellular nor humoral immunologic response in patients with the disorder.
		The agent is unusual in that it is resistant to inactivation by formalin, heat, and ionizing and ultraviolet irradiation.
	www.uvm.edu /~jkessler/NP/neurUTAD.htm (2301 words)

	Prion disease agent causes heart damage in mouse study
		Authors of the newly released study, entitled "Prion-induced amyloid heart disease with high blood infectivity in transgenic mice," (Science, 313:94-97 (2006)) are: Matthew J. Trifilo, Toshitaka Yajima, Yusu Gu, Nancy Dalton, Kirk L. Peterson, Richard E. Race, Kimberly Meade-White, John E. Portis, Eliezer Masliah, Kirk Knowlton, Bruce Chesebro, and Michael B.A. Oldstone.
		The research was supported by a program project grant for the study of prion disease from the NIH's National Institute on Aging.
		Scripps Research is internationally recognized for its research into immunology, molecular and cellular biology, chemistry, neurosciences, autoimmune, cardiovascular, and infectious diseases, and synthetic vaccine development.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-07/sri-pda070706.php (1249 words)

	Study: Tongues carry disease agent
		When the animals lick or slobber on each other -- a fairly common occurrence -- the agent that causes the fatal disease may be shed from their tongues via saliva.
		Details of disease transmission still need to be worked out, he said, but he believes the prions in saliva are significant in the growing national epidemic of the disease.
		Game and Fish Department officials said the agency has been conducting research for several years on the disease and is continuing with a massive surveillance program that aims to track the spread of the disease.
	www.casperstartribune.net /articles/2005/10/08/news/wyoming/fe2f513883a5a36187257093005b4261.txt (885 words)

	Topic - Mad Cow Disease
		As the disease progresses, the patient’s mental capacity degenerates further and they eventually lose the ability to speak, enter into a coma, and die.
		The agent responsible for BSE is generally believed to be a malformed protein called a prion.
		This is largely a result of a relatively early, proactive response to prevent mad cow disease from entering U.S. shores by banning live cattle and feed from countries that have already been afflicted and by issuing cattle feed rules.
	healthyamericans.org /topics/index.php?TopicID=24 (577 words)

	FS-10
		BSE is one of a number of related neurological diseases of animals and humans.
		If mad cow disease is identified as an agent transmissible in foods, considerable research efforts will need to be done to identify how we can control the agent during food processing and preparation.
		An ideal detection package would be capable of detecting low levels of the infectious agent in the live animal that is accurate, rapid, and affordable for industry use.
	www.ces.purdue.edu /extmedia/FS/FS-10/FS-10.html (1120 words)

	New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets
		The disease presents as a new set of symptoms not previously recognized in the species of animal affected.
		The same disease symptoms appear to be affecting animals in multiple locations.
		A disease with a recognized seasonal or species distribution occurs in an unusual season or species.
	www.agmkt.state.ny.us /AI/disease_rep.html (243 words)

	Disease - Delta agent (Hepatitis D) - Detroit, Michigan
		Disease - Delta agent (Hepatitis D) Hepatitis B virus
		Hepatitis D infection involves a defective viral agent that causes symptoms only in association with hepatitis B infection.
		Hepatitis D virus may increase the severity of an acute hepatitis B infection, aggravate previously existing hepatitis Bliver disease, or cause symptoms in previously asymptomatic hepatitis B carriers.
	www.henryfordhealth.org /13079.cfm (318 words)

	NEXUS: Mycoplasma
		This disease agent is not a bacterium and not a virus; it is a mutated form of the Brucella bacterium, combined with a visna virus, from which the mycoplasma is extracted.
		Many doctors don't know about this mycoplasma disease agent because it was developed by the US military in biological warfare experimentation and it was not made public.
		It was a disease that caused physical damage, and the disease agent was a mycoplasma.
	www.nexusmagazine.com /articles/mycoplasma.html (5101 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Experimental Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease Agent to Cattle by Intracerebral Route
		This finding suggests that oral exposure of cattle to CWD agent, a more natural potential route of exposure, would require not only a much larger dose of inoculum, but also, may not result in amplification of CWD agent within brain and spinal cord tissues during the normal lifespan of cattle.
		Impact: Results of this study show that although cattle inoculated directly into the brain with CWD succumb to the disease, the attack rate was rather small (38%) with this unnatural route of transmission.
		It is speculated that the oral route of infection may not result in replication of the agent during normal lifespan of cattle.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=166311 (729 words)

	RFA-GM-03-008: PILOT PROJECTS FOR MODELS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE AGENT STUDY (MIDAS)
		This initiative is a pilot effort in the organization of research centers for the modeling of emerging infectious diseases and biodefense responses.
		Information for the modeling of disease epidemiology and forecasting systems will include data on the natural history, ecology, population dynamics, evolution, and biogeography of emerging infectious disease agents and intentionally released pathogens and their model counterparts.
		MODELS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE AGENT STUDY (MIDAS): Research Groups and an Informatics Group, each funded by a separate cooperative agreement, working together to develop and promote use of computational biology and mathematical tools to better understand emerging infectious diseases (naturally occurring or resulting from the intentional release of pathogens) and response measures.
	grants.nih.gov /grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-GM-03-008.html (8429 words)

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