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Topic: Disease model of addiction

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	Rat Park - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Alexander hypothesized that the addiction to morphine commonly observed in laboratory rats who are exposed to it is attributable to the cramped, isolated conditions in which they are normally kept, and not to any addictive property of the drug itself.
		Late 20th-century brain research seemed to invalidate this psychosocial model and replace it with a disease model, according to which addiction to a drug is a by-product of the chemical structure of the drug itself.
		Scientists adhering to the disease model believe that behavior is "the business of the brain," according to Professor Avram Goldstein of Stanford University, a leading researcher into drug addiction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rat_Park (2270 words)

	RESOLVING THE CONTRADICTIONS OF ADDICTION
		In the disease concept of alcoholism (and drug addiction), the cardinal feature is loss of control over the use of alcohol, manifested by a preoccupation with acquiring, continued use despite adverse consequences, and a pattern of relapse to alcohol.
		The disease model fits the compulsive-like features of addiction, but is not supported by results which show that factors such as price, reinforcement contingencies, and fear of arrest persuade addicts to control their drug intake.
		The disease model can explain the persistence of an aversive state, but not the voluntary aspects of addiction; the reinforcement model does just the reverse, and incentive- sensitization theory leaves out the manner in which conditioned urges interact with other factors to influence the directed acts that comprise drug consumption.
	www.bbsonline.org /documents/a/00/00/05/45/bbs00000545-00/bbs.heyman.html (13746 words)

	Disease Concept Addiction Model
		The Disease model of addiction is probably the most controversial and debated topic in the entire field of substance abuse/addiction.
		As with many concepts and theoretical models in the addiction field, the disease concept was originally applied to alcoholism and has been generalized to addiction to other drugs as well.
		Since the disease concept is attributed to Jellinek, a lot of criticism has been directed at his research, which was the basis for his conclusions about the disease concept.
	nickscape.net /recoveryzone/disease.htm (945 words)

	Addiction
		Since unenlightened policies on addiction are often based in stigma against those struggling with dependence, it is important, as the report notes, to communicate that addiction is a chronic illness.
		A better approach would acknowledge that addiction is not a disease, but rather a bio-behavioral disorder involving persons who, although gripped by strong desires, remain rational for many, if not most, of their waking hours.
		Like the disease model, a bio-behavioral understanding of addiction will reduce stigma and increase support for prevention and treatment, but it has the key additional virtue of staying true to the facts about this disorder.
	www.naturalism.org /addictio.htm (7135 words)

	Harm Induction vs Harm Reduction: Comparing American and British Approaches to Drug Use
		A history of the harm reduction model (a model that helps clients control their drinking and drug use) will be presented against the backdrop of the American traditional disease model of addiction.
		Addiction is not viewed here as irreversible but rather, the harm reduction model is bound on the notion that everyone has free will.
		Because the abstinence model emphasizes treatment after the drug dependent has "hit his or her bottom," an opportunity to introduce life saving measures at early stages of drug use and problem drinking is lost.
	www.uni.edu /vanworme/drugpolicy.html (5516 words)

	The Disease Model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Addiction Disease Model is not based on scientific discovery-investigation and evidence but rather a consensus of treatment professionals and recovery groups.
		By applying the Disease Model we in effect are telling the addicted that this phenomenon of use is beyond personal choice and therefore beyond personal attempts to recover which sets them up for not only failure, but a ready excuse to fail.
		Addiction touches more people than any form of cancer and ruins more lives than any other disease known, yet what we know for sure is always in total argument in quality of treatment and resolution.
	dependency.faithweb.com /id16.htm (837 words)

	Stanton Peele's Bookshop
		It has become the classic expression of the extensive research that shows addiction cannot be resolved biologically —; lived human experience and its interpretation are central to the incidence, course, treatment, and remission of addiction.
		In this revolutionary analysis of addiction, Stanton Peele and Archie Brodsky draw on years of research to refute the contention that addictions are biologically based diseases that last a lifetime.
		Examining addiction within the context of people's lives, they show that addictive behavior is a way of coping with situational stress — and that it can be overcome without medical treatment or 12-step groups.
	www.peele.net /bookstore (463 words)

	Close to Home - Science
		Yet addiction to alcohol and other drugs is a phenomenon that has been clouded by myth, misunderstanding, and moral judgments.
		Scientific research into addiction, however, has led experts to conclude that addiction is actually a disease, a chronic illness like diabetes or hypertension.
		Addiction is a disease that causes changes in the brain, which then drive certain behavior -- taking the drug compulsively -- but addicts can learn to change the behavior.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/closetohome/science (516 words)

	Methamphetamine Update 1999, Haight Ashbury Free Clinics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Addiction medicine is the study and treatment of addictive disease; all addictions; cigarette addiction, alcoholism, and illicit drugs.
		The American Society of Addiction Medicine introduced a motion into the AMA (American Medical Association) that all drug dependency including alcoholism are diseases and the medical practitioners should base there medical practice on the disease model of addiction.
		So the disease model of addiction is essential as a basis for attacking all of this inappropriate public policy surrounding at every level.
	www.hafreeclinics.org /smith/methupd.htm (4504 words)

	Issues in S and T, Spring 2001, Addiction Is a Brain Disease
		It is really only this compulsive quality of addiction that matters in the long run to the addict and to his or her family and that should matter to society as a whole.
		Understanding addiction as a brain disease has broad and significant implications for the public perception of addicts and their families, for addiction treatment practice, and for some aspects of public policy.
		Addiction begins with the voluntary behavior of drug use, and although genetic characteristics may predispose individuals to be more or less susceptible to becoming addicted, genes do not doom one to become an addict.
	www.issues.org /17.3/leshner.htm (3787 words)

	Addiction Doctor Lecture Titles and Descriptions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Finally, the ethical implications of defining addiction as a disease are explored.
		This lecture is designed for addicts, their family members and professionals struggling to understand the brain mechanisms of addiction and how they relate to its upsetting symptoms.
		The future of addiction medicine and the addiction treatment industry, including the implications Compassionate Use Acts and Drug Treatment Diversion Initiatives (Proposition 36), are discussed.
	www.addictiondoctor.com /lectures.htm (989 words)

	Application of the Minnesota/Medical Model : An Approach to Substance Abuse Treatment of Deaf and Hard of Hearing ...
		In the dual diagnosis model, a chemical dependency diagnosis is accompanied by an Axis I or psychiatric diagnosis.
		The disease model describes addiction as an illness which progresses in ever worsening stages to death unless there is a therapeutic intervention.
		In this model, a diagnosis is made by the alcoholic or chemically dependent person with the help of an interdisciplinary team of physicians, nurses, counselors, and psychologists.
	www.mncddeaf.org /articles/model_ad.htm (3701 words)

	Disease Model Of Addiction
		Addiction Centered Lifestyle: The increased amount of time spent in seeking and using alcohol and other drugs resulting in the centering of major life activities around alcohol and drug use.
		The judgment as to which subtypes of alcoholism are appropriately called a disease needs to be based upon the use of standard criteria which we just reviewed that allows us to distinguish a disease from a non-disease.
		There is clear evidence that a new diagnostic paradigm is emerging that is reframing the definition of disease from one that is physiological symptoms only to one that is biopsychosocial in nature.
	www.tgorski.com /gorski_articles/disease_model_of_addiction_010704.htm (5117 words)

	Thursday Schedule
		It will include an extensive update on the Disease Model of Addiction and briefly look at where we are now and where we appear to be going.
		There is a growing recognition that drug addiction is a brain disease and that addicted adolescents can experience uncontrollable drug cravings long after abstinence has been achieved.
		models, areas of counselor knowledge and substance induced psychiatric disorders.
	www.hcenter.org /thur_schedule20.htm (570 words)

	Substance Abuse and The Disease Model of Addiction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The problem of drug and alcohol excess has been recognized for thousands of years, but only in the past 100 years have we begun to see chemical dependency as a disorder that can be treated.
		According to the disease model of addiction, habitual use of alcohol or drugs can be characterized as a disease.
		The bright side is that addiction is a treatable disease.
	www.egetgoing.com /drug_addiction/addiction_disease_model.asp (215 words)

	frontline: drug wars: the buyers: what is addiction, and how can we treat it? \| PBS
		Herbert D. Kleber is the medical director of the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse in New York, and a Professor of Psychiatry at Columbia University.
		The characterization of addiction as a purely biological and physical disease is controversial.
		He believes that chemical alterations in the brain caused by drug addiction are not infallible proof of the disease model of addiction.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/buyers/treatment.html (2039 words)

	Jeffrey A. Schaler, Ph.D.
		Patterns of response by individuals who believe strongly in the disease model of addiction when their ideology is challenged are analyzed.
		Extensive research supports the idea that addiction is a voluntary process, a behavior that is better explained by individual psychological and environmental factors, than physiology and the chemical properties of drugs, (Alexander 1987, 1990).
		Alexander, B. (1987) The disease and adaptive models of addiction: A framework evaluation.
	www.schaler.net /fifth/cultbusting.html (3526 words)

	Harm Reduction Therapy Center - Alternative Counseling for Addiction and Alcoholism Counseling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Its goal is improved quality of life in the areas of mental health, homelessness, incarceration, employment, and disease transmission, all of which have been demonstrated to be achievable without demanding abstinence from drugs and alcohol as a condition of treatment or assistance.
		This belief is in contrast to the disease model of addiction, which provides the basis for all 12-step programs and most treatment programs in the United States.
		According to the disease model, addiction is a disease that follows the same course for everyone.
	www.harmreductiontherapy.org /HRTC-Therapy.asp (710 words)

	116.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This workshop is appropriate for practitioners who are not familiar with these models or who have an interest in their intersection.
		Participants will: 1) become familiar with the Stages of Change Model and the Chronic Disease Model of Addiction; 2) learn to assess the stage of change of the client; 3) develop treatment plan goals and objectives based on the client’s needs; and 4) learn to apply counseling functions to stages of change.
		He has worked in addiction treatment for 30 years and is the former chair of the Maryland Addictions Counselors Certification Board, current vice chair of the Maryland Licensed Professional Counselors and Therapist Board of Examiners, and a member of the Ethics Committee.
	www.ssw.umaryland.edu /cpe/classfolders/119.htm (283 words)

	"About Alcoholism and Addiction Treatment at Lakeside-Milam Recovery Centers" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The second is the comprehensive application of this clinical model in a broad-based continuum of care for patients and their families and communities.
		Lakeside-Milam's message and treatment model is now highly regarded and relied upon by public and private organizations as a key adjunct to their own services.
		We are in the business of helping people to heal their lives from the destruction of the disease of addiction.
	www.lakesidemilam.com /about.htm (1325 words)

	Changemaker: Healing Mind, Body and Soul :: Article That Supports Addiction Not a Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The disease theory simply provides the person with a drug or alcohol problem an easy out from taking responsibility for themselves, their behavior, and the problems they cause others.
		The studies that have touted alcoholism as a disease are researchers who derive a living, in one way or another, from the treatment industry.
		Finally, consider the paradoxical nature of the disease theory: the theory contends that once the disease is in place (diagnosed), the alcoholic has lost the power of choosing not to drink or the drug addict to not use drugs.
	www.kathyberman.com /blog/_archives/2005/7/1/988402.html (352 words)

	FORCES - THE EVIDENCE - The addictiveness of nicotine
		Failing of the Disease Model of Addiction - "Especially during the last four decades, 'addiction' in this extreme pejorative meaning has been portrayed alternatively as a disease or a sin, and has been subject to social and moral sanctions.
		In an open society of free individuals such a coercion cannot be justified unless the condition is defined precisely by the simultaneous attributes of severe psychotoxicity, severe withdrawal symptoms, and recurrence tied to the loss of self-control and individual volition.
		As a consequence, 'addiction' allegations are left to elicit emotional, subjective, and value-laden responses ready to be exploited.
	www.forces.org /evidence/files/addictiv.htm (454 words)

	THE GRAY AREA OF DRUG ADDICTION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		All twelve-step support groups teach the disease model of addiction, which was popularized by AA and adopted by professional organizations and government agencies.
		The disease model of addiction is intellectually sloppy and unscientific.
		They are shown a list of symptoms (flouts, loss of control, progression of the disease, etc...), and told to admit that they have them.If they claim that they never experienced one or more of these symptoms they are harassed and brutalized in an effort to combat their denial.
	www.grayarea.com /drugadd7.html (2027 words)

	Amazon.com: 7 Tools to Beat Addiction: Books: Stanton Phd Peele (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In this straightforward self-help guide, psychologist and addiction therapist Peele (The Truth about Addiction and Recovery) argues that, contrary to popular belief, the best way to overcome addiction is not through treatment in rehab centers or in formal groups like Alcoholics Anonymous, but rather through self-efficacy and self-reliance.
		You will be educated about the addiction process, about the pseudo-science that has pushed the disease model, and you will be given the tools you need to moderate your drinking or quit your drinking altogether.
		Dr. Peele, a long-standing counter-force to the disease model of addiction, effectively and with clarity deconstructs the disease assumptions, helping a prospective client reader to examine his or her belief structure that stands in the way of recovery.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1400048737?v=glance (1902 words)

	Stop Making Excuses for Drug Addiction
		The dangers of gathering more and more behaviours under the disease label is not something about which politicians or health-care specialists care to think, despite the scary ramifications for a society already committed to "morality lite" and to diminished personal responsibility.
		In his book Diseasing of America, Peele states that the disease conceptions of misbehaviour are bad science, and morally and intellectually sloppy.
		The rationale for using the disease model to describe addiction, even though it is intellectually dishonest, is that medical treatment is effective.
	www.peele.net /lib/mercer.html (989 words)

	Biblical Model of Treatment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Since the Christian Discipleship Center’s program is based upon the Scriptures, we do not hold to the disease model of addiction.
		Psychology and the medical model remove hope through their elements of determinism, blameshifting, and dependence upon professional treatment.
		It works for drunkenness and chemical dependency, just as it does for gambling, immorality, stealing, and many other sins which are often described today as “addictions” by the medical and psychological establishments.
	www.c-d-c.org /model.htm (739 words)

	Hall Grant Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Among veterans admitted to VA medical centers with a drug or alcohol abuse diagnosis, cocaine dependence is second only to alcohol dependence in frequency.
		Preliminary analyses on a partial sample suggest that higher levels of religious behavior and greater endorsement of a disease model do differentially predict success in 12-step treatment, and that better abstract reasoning skills differentially predicts success in cognitive-behavioral treatment.
		Finally, we hypothesize that 12-step treatment will be differentially effective for subjects reporting high levels of religious behavior and subjects who endorse a disease model of addiction.
	www.sf.med.va.gov /research/PIs/hallga.htm (918 words)

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