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Topic: Diseases of the honeybee

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Diseases of the honeybee
		Melissococcus pluton is a bacterial brood disease that infests the guts of bee larvae.
		Ascophaera apis is a fungal disease infests the gut of the larva.
		Nosema apis is a spore-forming parasite that invades the intestinal tracts of adult bees and causes nosema disease.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Diseases_of_the_honeybee/European_foulbrood_(EFB) (598 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Diseases of the honeybee
		The varroa mite, Varroa destructor (Anderson and Trueman) is a voracious parasite of the European honeybee, Apis mellifera.
		However infection of honeybees and the appearance of disease symptoms seems to depend to a large extent on other stress factors on the colony, such as lack of space, food or water, weather pattern or infection by other means be they bacterial, fungal or mite.
		The primary purpose of a drone bee is to fertilize a new queen.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Diseases_of_the_honeybee/' (237 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Diseases of the honeybee
		Honeybee pollination of apple orchards is affected by several factors: number of colonies visiting the crop, presence of pollinizers other than bees, strength of the bee colony, placement of the colony, timing of colony movement in relation to bloom, competing plants, weather conditions, and pesticide use.
		Stone-brood disease is caused by a mould belonging to the genus Aspergillus.
		This so-called "disease" is caused by a microscopic mite, Acarapis woodii.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Diseases_of_the_honeybee/Black_Queen_Cell_Virus_(BQCV) (1501 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Diseases of the honeybee
		In fact, the Africanized honeybee was originally an experiment to cross-breed mite resistance into the European honeybees common in the Americas.
		European foulbrood Melissococcus pluton is a bacterial brood disease that infests the guts of bee larvae.
		Chalkbrood Ascophaera apis is a fungal disease that causes infected bee larvae to appear white and 'chalky'.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/di/Diseases_of_the_honeybee (1284 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Honeybee
		The honeybee (Apis mellifera) is a colonial insect that is often maintained, fed, and transported by farmers.
		Honeybees were imported to the Americas by the settlers.
		North American honeybee populations were severely depleted by mite infections in the late 1990s.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/ho/Honeybee (623 words)

	Honeybee genome unveiled
		Although genomes seem to arrive with increasing regularity, the honeybee genome marks an important milestone in the effort to decode the DNA of animals and plants.
		Honeybees are a rare example of a species whose evolution has arrived at an advanced society, where queens produce young, and non-reproductive workers gather food, care for young, build nests and defend colonies.
		Honeybees also appear to have the highest rate of recombination - the process by which genetic material is physically mixed during sexual reproduction - of any known animal.
	www.rsc.org /chemistryworld/News/2006/October/26100601.asp (491 words)

	U.S. Agencies Fund Project To Sequence Honeybee Genome
		The honeybee is the third insect to have its genome sequenced and analyzed.
		The honeybee is used widely in agricultural and biomedical research and is valued by farmers for its ability to produce honey and pollinate crops.
		The honeybee is also a model organism for studying human health issues, including immunity, allergic reaction, antibiotic resistance, development, mental health, longevity and diseases of the X chromosome.
	usinfo.state.gov /xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-english&y=2006&m=October&x=20061030111101lcnirellep0.360943 (903 words)

	Diseases of the honeybee - Definition, explanation
		In fact, the Africanized honeybee was originally an experiment to cross-breed mite resistance into the European honeybeess common in the Americas.
		First observed on the Isle of Wight in 1904, the mystery illness known as Isle of Wight Disease was not identified as caused by a parasite until 1921.
		Some pesticide authorities recommend, and some jurisdictions require, that notice of spraying be sent to all known beekeepers in the area so that they can seal the entrances to their hives and keep the bees inside until the pesticide has had a chance to disperse.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/d/di/diseases_of_the_honeybee.php (2457 words)

	Agricultural Research Council - Honeybee pests and diseases
		The general belief that African honeybees, perhaps by virtue of their short post-capping time in brood development which could result in large numbers of unfertilized daughter mites, their hygienic behaviour, and their defensiveness, would prevent varroa from increasing to dangerous levels in the colonies, and hence would be tolerant to the presence of the mite.
		Wild honeybees can obviously not be treated with varroacides, and there is great concern amongst beekeepers that the catching of honeybee swarms, the lifeblood of their industry, is on the wane.
		The presence of the varroa mite in Africa clearly represents a severe threat to the beekeeping industry, to agriculture dependent on honeybees for commercial pollination, to the wild honeybee population, and to the conservation of indigenous flora relying on honeybees for pollination.
	www.arc.agric.za /home.asp?PID=3062&ToolID=63&ItemID=3075 (2582 words)

	Honeybees have their genome sequenced - life - 25 October 2006 - New Scientist
		The honeybee (Apis mellifera) is the third insect, after the fruit fly and mosquito, to get its genome sequenced, and a comparison with those insects has already thrown up surprises (Nature, vol 443, p 931).
		However, "we don't know whether the honeybee genome is evolving relatively slowly or the fruit fly genome is evolving relatively rapidly", says Gene Robinson, an entomologist at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, who was one of the leaders of the honeybee genome project.
		In contrast, honeybees have just 10 taste receptors compared with about 70 in the other insects, perhaps because pollen and nectar are less likely to contain toxins.
	www.newscientist.com /article/mg19225754.000-honeybees-have-their-genome-sequenced.html (513 words)

	Honeybee genome to enable genetic study of social behaviour
		Honeybees are advanced social insects which live in colonies and divide up labour.
		Honeybees are also economically important, not only providing honey and wax but pollinating a wide variety of crops.
		Professor Sattelle and Dr Jones are experts in the role of this gene family in human neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s.
	www.physorg.com /news83256575.html (496 words)

	Science News for Kids: Snapshot: Decoding How Bees Work
		Honeybees, for instance, have 170 genes for sensing smells.
		Honeybee genes share some traits with the genes of vertebrates (animals with backbones).
		For example, both honeybees and vertebrates, including you and me, use the same kind of genes for establishing body rhythms that depend on the time of day.
	www.sciencenewsforkids.org /articles/20061101/Note2.asp (498 words)

	Agricultural Research Council - Honeybee pests and diseases
		The most serious parasite of honeybees in the 20th century has undoubtedly been the ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor (formerly Varroa jacobsoni).
		Relatively harmless on its natural host, the Eastern honeybee, Apis cerana, the varroa mite has crossed onto the Western honeybee, Apis mellifera, and spread from its Asian origins throughout most of the world.
		Keeping beekeepers and crop producers informed about honeybee pests and diseases is important to create better products and services.
	www.arc.agric.za /home.asp?pid=3062&sec=3073 (596 words)

	Honeybee diseases
		Ascophaera apis, a fungus, causes the disease known as chalkbrood in honeybee larvae.
		The varroa mite, Varroa destructor (Anderson and Trueman) is a voracious parasite of the European honeybee, Apis mellifera.
		However infection of honeybees and the appearance of disease symptoms seems to depend to a large extent on other stress factors on the colony, such as lack of space, food or water, weather pattern or infection by other means be they bacterial, fungal or mite.
	www.vita-europe.com /en/disease.htm (479 words)

	International Travel Medicine Clinic - Other Infectious Diseases
		American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease) is caused by a protozoan parasite that is usually transmitted by contact with the feces of an infected reduviid bug.
		Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever are viral diseases transmitted by urban Aedes mosquitos that feed on humans during the daytime.
		Rift Valley fever is a viral disease transmitted by the bites of mosquitos and other biting insects, and by skin inoculation or inhalation of aerosols from contaminated blood or fluids of infected animals.
	www.hsc.unt.edu /patientcare/itmc/diseases.htm (937 words)

	Diseases of the honeybee: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		Melissococcus pluton is a bacterial brood disease that infests the guts of bee larvae.
		Ascophaera apis is a fungal disease that causes infected bee larvae to appear white and 'chalky'.
		Honeybees are susceptible to many of the chemicals used for agricultural spraying of other insects and pests.
	www.encyclopedian.com /di/Diseases-of-the-honeybee.html (1298 words)

	Midnite Bee-Beekeeper's: Tips
		All honeybees infected with regulated honeybee diseases and parasites, together with the equipment contaminated by any such disease or parasite, are declared to be a danger to spreading these diseases or parasites.
		All honeybees and equipment which are suspected by the Commissioner to be infected or infested with a regulated disease or parasite shall be quarantined in a location and manner stipulated by the Commissioner.
		b.The diseased honeybees and equipment may be abated by either the bee inspector or beekeeper, with the supervision and approval of the inspector.
	www.mainebee.com /tips/procedures.php (1545 words)

	Honeybee - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The honeybee is a colonial insect that is often maintained, fed, and transported by farmers.
		Honeybees are a subset of bees which fall into the order Hymenoptera and suborder Apocrita.
		Honeybees are also valued for honey which is used as a sweetener in many foods.
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Honeybee (1261 words)

	Beekeeping Summary
		Honeybee populations declined dramatically across the United States during the 1990s, when tracheal and Varroa mites destroyed up to 90 percent of hive populations in some areas.
		Honeybees need to cluster together in winter in order to maintain the required temperature (9 degrees celsius) for their survival, and with reduced populations it would be more difficult to achieve this temperature threshold.
		The rest of the year is spent keeping the hive free of pests and disease, and ensuring that the bee colony has room in the hive to expand.
	www.bookrags.com /Beekeeping (3082 words)

	info: Diseases_of_the_honeybee (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Diseases of the honey bee Diseases of the honeybee Diseases of the nails DISEC Diseconomies of scale
		Diseases pests parasites and predatorsDiseases of the Honeybee.
		Mecklenburg Beekeepers Association He gave a talk on the different diseases of the honeybee and the different cures that can be used for treatments and prevention.
	www.napoli-pizza.net /Diseases_of_the_honeybee.html (359 words)

	Chapter 3 -- Apple Insects And Diseases
		Honeybee pollination of apple orchards is affected by several factors: number of colonies visiting the crop, presence of pollinizers other than bees, strength of the bee colony, placement of the colony, timing of colony movement in relation to bloom, competing plants, weather conditions, and pesticide use.
		Honeybees concentrate visitation to the nearest attractive blossoms; therefore, colonies should be placed within, adjacent to, or not more than 1/4 mile from the orchard.
		Foraging honeybees move along the row in the direction of the next closest tree rather than flying across to the next row.
	ipm.ncsu.edu /apple/chptr3.html (8035 words)

	Ch13
		The disease may be seasonal and usually occurs during and immediately after the seasonal rainfall, gradually diminishing until the population of the colony rises again in October.
		Stone-brood disease is caused by a mould belonging to the genus Aspergillus.
		This so-called "disease" is caused by a microscopic mite, Acarapis woodii.
	www.fao.org /docrep/t0104e/T0104E0d.htm (2527 words)

	Brother Adam O.S.B. 1985 – Breeding the Honeybee – Part II (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Even the most disease infected colonies were cured when a queen from a resistant strain was introduced and her progeny had superseded the susceptible part of the colony.
		To prevent inbreeding the Achilles heel of the honeybee she arranged that mating should take place in free flight up to a distance of 4 miles from the hive and in addition that it should be multiple mating with a number of different drones.
		As far as the honeybee is concerned, because of her extreme susceptibility to inbreeding, she is by nature directed to mixed mating and cross mating so as to preserve her vitality.
	perso.fundp.ac.be /~jvandyck/homage/books/FrAdam/breeding/partII85en.html (19518 words)

	Code of Practice
		Honeybees not only produce honey, but play a vital role in the balance of nature, especially the pollination of agricultural crops, horticultural crops and the house garden.
		Honeybee colonies must be managed to prevent or minimise swarming.
		Honeybee colonies managed in urban areas must be maintained with young queens of a docile strain.
	www.honeybee.com.au /cop (2528 words)

	Canada Gazette
		Because of disease concerns and the differing health status of bees in different provinces, the movement of honeybees between a number of provinces is controlled.
		Africanized honeybees exist in parts of the south west U.S. and it is expected that Canada may be requested to allow the import of honeybee queens from this area.
		In balancing the need to replenish the domestic honeybee population against the risk of disease and pest transmission, the CFIA has determined that an exemption for the importation of honeybee queens from the continental U.S. would be appropriate at this time.
	canadagazette.gc.ca /partII/2004/20040602/html/sor136-e.html (2452 words)

	Apiary Registration
		Specifically, within Chapter 909 of the Ohio Revised Code, beekeepers are required to register their apiaries and control diseases that are considered to be serious.
		Honeybees can be subjected to a number of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic afflictions.
		These diseases are honeybee specific, and can reduce the adult bees’ life span, or literally end the life of colonies and developing brood.
	www.angelfire.com /nb/movba/apiaryreg.html (367 words)

	Insights into social insects from the genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera : Article : Nature
		The honeybee might have lost one or two ancient gustatory receptor lineages, but the difference is largely the result of differential expansion of subfamilies in the two flies and lack of any gustatory receptor subfamily expansion in the honeybee.
		The honeybee genome encodes highly conserved orthologues to Vrille (Vri) and PAR domain protein 1 (Pdp1), two basic zipper transcription factors that are implicated in the regulation of Clk expression in Drosophila, with the highest similarity (>94% identity, 100% similarity) in the DNA binding domain.
		Honeybees are vulnerable to insecticides and have suffered major population losses in some regions of the world.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v443/n7114/full/nature05260.html (12069 words)

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