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Topic: Disfluency

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	Speech disfluencies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Recent linguistic research has suggested that non-pathological disfluencies may contain a variety of meaning; the frequency of "uh" and "um" in English is often reflective of a speaker's alertness or emotional state.
		Some have hypothesized that the time of an "uh" or "um" is used for the planning of future words; other researchers have suggested that they are actually to be understood as full-fledged function words rather than accidents, indicating a delay of variable time yet to come.
		Speech disfluencies have also become important in recent years with the advent of speech-to-text programs and other attempts at enabling computers to make sense of human speech.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Disfluency (434 words)

	[No title]
		An act of disfluency may be viewed as a temporary breakdown in the organization of the nervous system, similar to the motor disorganization that accompanies a seizure.
		Theories that claim a psychological basis for disfluency suggest the disfluency is a means of dealing with life, e.g., using it as a defense mechanism, a form of control, a way of repressing feelings, or an approach-avoidance conflict to speaking.
		Disfluency may become the focus of criticism and family members may make strong efforts to correct it, not realizing that almost all young children have disfluent periods while they learn the organization of speech and language.
	www.auburn.edu /~fitchjl/c250chp4.txt (5910 words)

	NSA - More Detail
		Disfluency is a breakdown in the forward flow of speech.
		The disfluencies often appear as the child is learning mastery of the language and is faced with decisions concerning putting thoughts into words, selecting correct grammatical structures, and producing the sounds and words correctly.
		The disfluencies produced by people who stutter are often similar to those of individuals who do not stutter, but certain types of disfluent behavior are more likely to appear in the speech of people who stutter.
	www.nsastutter.org /material/index.php?matid=213 (454 words)

	neurogenic charac printable (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Neurogenic disfluency usually has an abrupt onset that can be traced to an injury or event, such as a stroke.
		When the disfluency results from a stroke or head injury and other communication disorders are present, the disfluency is usually secondary to the other communication deficits, such as aphasia, dysarthria, or apraxia.
		The disfluency is often a coping mechanism for some other deficit, such as word finding; therefore, the person does not need to develop a coping mechanism to deal with another coping mechanism.
	www.d.umn.edu /~cspiller/csd8205/printableneurogenic-char.html (317 words)

	What is stuttering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		It is a very strong belief in the studies done on stuttering that a listener’s reaction to the disfluency is often negative, which again solidifies the negative view of ones self and their speaking ability, or behavior during a speaking situation.
		Other myths about stuttering are that this disfluency was caused solely on environmental factors such as the influence of the parents or older siblings.
		It is true that many children go through a stage of disfluency when acquiring new words, however, not all children will outgrow this disfluency in a set about of time.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/l/p/lpf107/whatisstuttering.htm (506 words)

	Anne Schaedler - UF Journal of Undergraduate Research Paper
		The duration of within-word disfluencies was defined as time elapsed from the onset of the syllable-initial consonant associated with the disfluency to the onset of the nucleus for the syllable.
		The participants who did not produce within-word disfluencies and their pairs were excluded from the within-word disfluency duration portion of the study.
		Although context effects could not be assessed with inferential statistics, it is interesting to note that the mean duration within-word disfluencies of CWS was 100 ms longer in the phonetically similar context than in the control context, suggesting that phonetic context effects on disfluency duration may warrant additional research.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /jur/200212/papers/paper_schaedler.html (2154 words)

	[No title]
		The Nature of Disfluencies (In brief) Spoken disfluencies are portions of speech in which a speaker’s utterance is not complete and fluent: speech that the speaker corrects, repeats, or abandons.
		An edit disfluency in which the correction is a corrected version of the reparandum is an edit disfluency of type repair.
		The RT-04F Model of Disfluencies Because the metadata annotation of the reference data is an expensive (labor intensive) process, the model of spoken disfluencies in the preceding section is simplified in the RT-04F evaluation.
	www.nist.gov /speech/tests/rt/rt2004/fall/docs/rt04f-eval-plan-v06.doc (10569 words)

	Statistical Language Modeling for Speech Disfluencies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Speech disfluencies (such as filled pauses, repetitions, restarts) are among the characteristics distinguishing spontaneous speech from planned or read speech.
		We find that the model reduces word perplexity in the neighborhood of disfluency events; however, overall differences are small and have no significant impact on recognition accuracy.
		We also note that for modeling of the most frequent type of disfluency, filled pauses, a segmentation of utterances into linguistic (rather than acoustic) units is required.
	www.speech.sri.com /people/stolcke/papers/icassp96/paper.html (154 words)

	ToBI: 4. More on the tone tier
		Disfluencies, by contrast, are not automatically detectable, and the absence of markings for them makes it difficult to parse the tone and break index tiers.
		For these reasons, transcribers are urged to mark disfluencies on the miscellaneous tier using `disfl<' and `disfl>' (or `disfl' if the disfluency is extremely localized), and to provide these marks in the miscellaneous tier menu when using waves(tm)).
		The last major class of disfluency is the class of repairs and fresh starts, which Nakatani and Shriberg define as "lexical self-corrections of parts of sentences and whole sentences, respectively".
	www.speech.cs.cmu.edu /tobi/ToBI.4.html (1615 words)

	Disfluency in Spontaneous Speech (DiSS'05)
		Bouraoui, Jean-Leon / Vigouroux, Nadine: "Disfluency phenomena in an apprenticeship corpus", 33-37.
		Fletcher, Janet / Evans, Nicholas / Ross, Belinda: "The intra-word pause and disfluency in Dalabon", 77-81.
		Kaneda, Jumpei: "Phrase-final rise-fall intonation and disfluency in Japanese - a preliminary study", 109-112.
	www.isca-speech.org /archive/diss_05 (663 words)

	Overton Speech & Language Center - Stuttering Terms
		Disfluency - a) any type of speech which is characterized by repetitions, prolongations, or hesitations; b) an interruption in the flow of speech sounds.
		Stuttering - a type of disfluency characterized by one or more of the following: (1) audible or silent blocking; (2) sound and syllable repetitions; (3) sound prolongations; (4) broken words; or (5) words produced with an excess of tension.
		Part-word repetition - type of disfluency characterized by repeating part of a word, usually the first sound or syllable (e.g., b-b-ball).
	www.overtonspeech.net /StutterTerms.html (351 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Disfluency would be a disruption of the flow of speech.
		What are words that mean the same as "disfluent?" Stuttering: Difference in the rate or rhythm, or the flow, of speech.
		Environment may teach child to be disfluent, i.e., reward child for disfluency by acts such as not requiring him to ask for things, not having to respond in class.
	www.auburn.edu /~fitchjl/chap4otl.txt (324 words)

	DiSS'05 Abstract: Nicholson et al. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Previous research on disfluency types has focused on their distinct cognitive causes, prosodic patterns, or effects on the listener.
		In this paper, we ask whether disfluency, both generally and type-specifically, was associated with speaker attention to the listener.
		The results shed light on the general cognitive causes of disfluency and suggest that it will be possible to predict the types of disfluency which will accompany particular behaviours.
	www.isca-speech.org /archive/diss_05/dis5_133.html (216 words)

	Normal disfluency
		Normal disfluency is stuttering that begins during a child's intensive language-learning years and resolves on its own sometime before puberty.
		The most common normal disfluency in children younger than age 3 is the repetition of one-syllable words or parts of words, especially at the beginning of sentences.
		Children with normal disfluencies do not usually have physical symptoms, such as eye-blinking or obvious frustration.
	www.webmd.com /hw/health_guide_atoz/ue5045.asp?navbar=ue5033 (239 words)

	Language Log: Has George W. Bush become more disfluent?
		George W. Bush, in his 11/16/2005 press conference in Kyoto: Obviously, the extent to which uh [0.295] the Japanese government wants to give reconstruction money to Iraq is up to the Japanese government, and [pause 0.187] to- to the- and...
		Because we know this, we may pay more attention to disfluency when we suspect that the speaker is distracted and under stress.
		So my impression that George W. Bush has become more disfluent recently may be a fact about me and the conventional assessment of the political situation, rather than a fact about him.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/002654.html (1164 words)

	Speech Disfluency Laboratory - Research
		Research in the Speech Disfluency Laboratory is generally aimed at acquiring a better understanding of the nature of those variables that may be responsible for the development or maintenance of childhood stuttering.
		These projects will provide insights into the role of lexical factors and phonological regularities on the moment of stuttering across the lifespan, and serve as a window into the underlying mechanisms presumed to be involved in the development of stuttering.
		In specific, the goal of this study is to determine whether the “goodness-of-fit” between children's temperament and their parents' parenting style has an influence on the onset, maintenance, or perpetuation of childhood stuttering.
	www.indiana.edu /~spdislab/research.htm (488 words)

	CRL Talk today: Michael Schnadt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Both experiments demonstrated an increase in overall disfluency immediately preceding the object name in cases where the objects named were low frequency or blurred.
		In addition, when the effect of the number of paths on disfluency production during the path description was examined, more path choices led to greater numbers of disfluencies, which were predominantly of the class of overt repairs.
		Such a comparison of disfluency types and rates where accessibility is manipulated intrinsically and extrinsically allows us to draw conclusions about the influence of lexical, conceptual and planning-based factors on disfluency production and to begin to determine precisely the circumstances under which disfluencies occur in natural speech.
	crl.ucsd.edu /pipermail/pdpnlp/2005/000348.html (385 words)

	Articulation Disorders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		While all individuals are disfluent to some extent, on the surface what differentiates stutterers from nonstutterers is the frequency of their disfluency and/or the severity of their disfluency.
		However, the other factor that differentiates stutterers from nonstutterers is that almost invariably the disfluencies that the stutterer regards as “stutters” are accompanied by a feeling of loss of control.
		other disorders are characterized by disfluent speech, but the patterns of disfluency in these other disorders differ from that seen in developmental stuttering.
	www.ramsey.k12.nj.us /hubbard/kenduck/fluency.htm (419 words)

	Goals for Parents
		be sure teachers understand the nature of disfluency, and are not confused by the fact that all stutterers have more or less fluent periods, and are more or less fluent situationally (for example, when reading aloud, singing, on the playground, etc.).
		Certainly there is a time and a place for practice, which you, your child's therapist, and your child have agreed upon - perhaps ten or twenty minute sessions at home, a few times a week, where you have all agreed to help the child remember to use and practice speech management techniques.
		For the remaining 23+ hours each day, accept your child as he/she is, fluent, disfluent, messy, neat, energetic, relaxed, noisy, quiet - learn to place fluency and disfluency in the same accepting framework you apply when appreciating your child, and expressing your love and admiration for him/her, as a whole, unique, individual.
	www.mnsu.edu /comdis/kuster/Parents/murphy2.html (1226 words)

	Stuttering
		There might be an interruption or break in the flow of speech.
		Disfluency becomes a speech problem, though, when it gets in the way of everyday talking and is noticeable to other people.
		This means that a characteristic - in this case, disfluency - is passed on in the genes (say: jeenz).
	www.kidshealth.org /PageManager.jsp?dn=familydoctor&lic=44&article_set=22417 (461 words)

	Info About Stuttering, Speech Disfluency, Repeat Syllables, Language Abilities, Early Signs
		Stutterers are different than people experiencing normal fluency problems because a stutterer's disfluency is more severe and consistent than that of people who do not stutter.
		For instance, some words are repeated and others are preceded by interjections such as "um." Disfluencies are not necessarily problematic; however, they can impede communication when a speaker produces too many of them or does not resolve them promptly.
		The frequency of these disfluencies among persons who stutter tends to be much greater than it is for the general population.
	www.stutteringlist.com (2632 words)

	BehaveNet® Clinical Capsule: disfluency (dysfluency) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Other clinicians opt for the term "nonfluency." In any event, the terms refer to speech which is not smooth or fluent.
		For instance, "disfluency" could describe the developmental hesitations of a child learning to talk, or the disrhythmic breaks in the speech of an adult.
		Other disfluencies are associated with neuropathology such as the speech characteristics associated with apraxia, parkinsonism, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis and others.*
	www.behavenet.com /capsules/disorders/stuttering/disfluency.htm (161 words)

	Results of Initial Analyses
		One is ``grammatical disfluencies''; by this we mean those constructions which are well formed but which serve some discourse internal function such as filling a gap in a dialog.
		Common Knowledge Disfluency ``Ella está trabajando en la escuela y yo en la otra.'' ``She's working at school and I'm at the other.'' The definite article in Spanish ``la'' escuela, ``la'' otra, presupposes certain knowledge about ``a certain'' school which is not provided in text; based on shared world knowledge of the speakers.
		The pronoun ``te'' may be a disfluency, while the ``no'' is probably some type of inchoative particular to this dialect.
	crl.nmsu.edu /Research/Projects/artwork/node4.html (1122 words)

	Disfluency in Spontaneous Speech (DiSS'03)
		Rieger, Caroline L.: "Disfluencies and hesitation strategies in oral L2 tests", 41-44.
		Menyhárt, Krisztina: "Age-dependent types and frequency of disfluencies", 45-48.
		Aylett, Matthew P.: "Disfluency and speech recognition profile factors", 51-54.
	www.isca-speech.org /archive/diss_03 (418 words)

	Stuttering - DrGreene.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		A child who is a boy, has speech delay, a family history of long-term stuttering, and who has stuttered for 18 months is at the highest risk for long-term stuttering.
		While normal disfluency is especially noticeable when the child is tired, anxious, or excited, true stuttering is noticeable most of the time.
		Children with true stuttering are usually concerned, frustrated, or embarrassed by the difficulty.
	www.drgreene.com /21_1197.html (661 words)

	Language Log: Trends in presidential disfluency
		My point is that people who don't like George W. Bush, and have focused that dislike onto the (I believe untrue) stereotype that he is an incoherent and disfluent speaker, should beware of confirmation bias.
		Of course, if the alternatives are having Ken Starr spend four years and $40 million combing through your financial records and personal activities in search of scandal, or having Jacob Weisberg publish a regular magazine feature, four books and a yearly calendar detailing your "accidental wit and wisdom", I guess the choice is clear.
		A deep-seated tendency to disfluency and incoherence is part of the human condition.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/002668.html (1362 words)

	HCRC Disfluency Coding Manual
		Sometimes these are simply that - a series - but often we find one disfluency embedded in the reparandum or repair of another.
		IP look for the innermost disfluency and code that first.
		All the labels in the outer disfluency are given the "c" diacritic to mark it as complex and to distinguish the labels for the complex from those for the inner simple disfluency.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /~robin/maptask/HCRCdsm-08.html (230 words)

	Subject: [Corpora-List] Disfluency in Spontaneous Speech (DiSS'05)
		Prosodic parallelism as a cue to repetition disfluency
		Les disfluences comme indices du traitement cognitif.Une analyse des
		Disfluency markers and their facial and gestural correlates.
	www.uib.no /mailman/public/corpora/2005-June/001163.html (492 words)

	Disfluency in Tourette Syndrome: Observational Study in Three Cases - Karger Publishers
		Disfluency in Tourette Syndrome: Observational Study in Three Cases - Karger Publishers
		Disfluency in Tourette Syndrome: Observational Study in Three Cases
		A picture emerged that bears some resemblance to stuttering, cluttering, and palilalia but that is also different from each of these disfluency types.
	content.karger.com /ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowFulltext&ProduktNr=224177&Ausgabe=230467&ArtikelNr=81083 (154 words)

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