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Topic: Disorders of calcium metabolism

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Calcium metabolism

Parathyroid hormone

Calcium

Parathyroid gland

Endocrine system

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	Calcium metabolism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Calcium metabolism or calcium homeostasis is the mechanism by which the body maintains adequate calcium levels.
		Ionized calcium does not vary with the albumin level, and therefore it is useful to measure the ionized calcium level when the serum albumin is not within normal ranges, or when a calcium disorder is suspected despite a normal total calcium level.
		Vitamin D is an important co-factor in the intestinal absorption of calcium, as it increases the number of calcium binding proteins, involved in calcium absorption through the apical membrane of enterocytes in small intestine.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Calcium_metabolism (659 words)

	Disorders of calcium metabolism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Disorders of calcium metabolism occur when the body has too little or too much calcium.
		The serum level of calcium is closely regulated within a fairly limited range in the human body.
		The amount of biologically active calcium varies with the level of albumin, a protein to which calcium is bound, and therefore levels of ionized calcium are better measures than a total calcium; however, one can correct a total calcium if the albumin level is known.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Disorders_of_calcium_metabolism (189 words)

	Disorders Affecting Calcium Metabolism
		Calcium levels in the blood are regulated by two hormones produced by the four parathyroid glands, glands located adjacent to the thyroid gland in the neck.
		Calcitonin, which is produced by the parathyroid glands, the thyroid, and thymus glands, is responsible for lowering calcium levels by moving calcium into the bones for storage.
		Disorders affecting calcium metabolism require clinical care by a physician or other healthcare professional.
	www.healthsystem.virginia.edu /uvahealth/peds_diabetes/dacmhub.cfm (218 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This transitory decrease in the blood calcium level is considered to be the result of a sequestration of calcium phosphate in bone and soft tissues(153) The subsequent increase in the blood calcium level results from a direct or indirect interaction of PTH with osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts in bone.
		The intestinal absorptive cells are responsive to the active metabolite of vitamin D and are responsible for the transport of calcium from the lumen to the capillaries at the basilar aspect of the cell.
		Calcium gluconate, lactate, or carbonate, alone or in combination, should be used as dietary supplements to achieve a 2:1 calcium/phosphorus ratio during the healing phase in young animals with severe bone disease.
	cal.vet.upenn.edu /saortho/chapter_59/59mast.htm (17410 words)

	Hypercalcaemia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hypercalcaemia (or Hypercalcemia) is an elevated calcium level in the blood.
		It can be due to excessive skeletal calcium release, increased intestinal calcium absorption, or decreased renal calcium excretion.
		glucocorticoids increase urinary calcium excretion and decrease intestinal calcium absorption
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hypercalcaemia (478 words)

	Endocrinology & Metabolism
		Endocrinology and metabolism is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the diseases of the endocrine organs, disorders of hormone systems, and their target organs and disorders of the pathways of glucose and lipid metabolism in health and disease.
		Metabolic bone disease and disorders of calcium metabolism including disorders of the parathyroid glands and the Vitamin D system.
		Clinical endocrinology and metabolism laboratory facilities must be available to ensure that each resident gains adequate experience in the laboratory aspects of the specialty, especially with regard to quality control of assays and interpretation of results.
	www.oiucm.org /endocrinology__metabolism.htm (2396 words)

	KDOQI CKD Guidelines
		Bone disease and disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism develop during the course of chronic kidney disease and are associated with adverse outcomes.
		Chronic kidney disease is associated with a variety of bone disorders and disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism.
		Calcium and ionized calcium tests are also not covered for the evaluation of patients with chronic kidney disease, while phosphate and alkaline phosphate tests are covered.
	www.kidney.org /PROFESSIONALS/kdoqi/guidelines_ckd/p6_comp_g10.htm (4301 words)

	Endotext.com - Diseases of Bone and Calcium Metabolism, Disorders in Vitamin D Action
		Disorders in vitamin D action may impair the differentiation of osteoblasts and thus their functional capacity to mineralize bone matrix; this may be an additional mechanism of minor importance that contributes to rickets and osteomalacia (16,17).
		Children with hereditary disorders of vitamin D action will appear normal at birth as calcium and phosphorous levels in fetal plasma are sustained by placental transport from maternal plasma that is not regulated by the fetal vitamin D system.
		The biochemical parameters characterizing disorders in vitamin D action can be divided into those associated with vitamin D status, the primary disturbance in mineral homeostasis and the respective compensatory mechanisms, and changes in bone metabolism.
	www.endotext.org /parathyroid/parathyroid8/parathyroid8.htm (11181 words)

	AGS Aging in the Know
		Calcium in the blood is important for nerve, muscle, and kidney function.
		Calcium metabolism is controlled by parathyroid hormone, which is produced in the parathyroid gland.
		As we age, decreased calcium intake or disorders of the parathyroid gland lead to higher levels of parathyroid hormone in the blood.
	www.healthinaging.org /agingintheknow/chapters_print_ch_trial.asp?ch=48 (3862 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 2, Ch. 12, Water, Electrolyte, Mineral, And Acid-Base Metabolism
		Calcium (Ca) is required for the proper functioning of numerous intracellular and extracellular processes, including muscle contraction, nerve conduction, hormone release, and blood coagulation.
		Ca may be given as calcium gluconate (90 mg elemental calcium per 1 g) or calcium carbonate (400 mg elemental calcium per 1 g) to provide 1 to 2 g of elemental calcium per day.
		In this disorder, increased osteoclastic activity from overstimulation by PTH causes rarefaction of bone with fibrous degeneration and cyst and fibrous nodule formation.
	www.merck.com /mrkshared/mmanual/section2/chapter12/12d.jsp (7071 words)

	Bone & Mineral Metabolism Descriptions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Since PTH maintains calcium homeostasis, its measurement is an important aid in the diagnosis of calcium metabolism disorders.
		The major biologic function of vitamin D is to maintain calcium homeostasis by increasing the efficiency of the small intestine to absorb dietary calcium.
		Measurements of parathyroid hormone levels are used in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia (abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood) and hypocalcemia (abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood) resulting from disorders of calcium metabolism.
	www.nicholsdiag.com /products/bone-descrip.htm (946 words)

	Diabetes & Endocrine Disorders \| Cooper University Hospital (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Although many endocrine disorders that affect adults can affect children, the disorders may produce different symptoms in children.
		Metabolism is the chemical activity that occurs in cells, releasing energy from nutrients or using energy to create other substances, such as proteins.
		The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is a measurement of energy required to keep the body functioning at rest.
	www.cooperhealth.org /content/greystone_16828.asp (163 words)

	eMedicine - Nephrocalcinosis : Article Excerpt by: Ali Nawaz Khan, MBBS, FRCP, FRCR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Background: Nephrocalcinosis was a termed coined by Albright in 1934 to describe the deposition of calcium salts in the renal parenchyma in hyperparathyroidism.
		Disorders of calcium metabolism, such as hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria, may induce the formation of calcium renal stones and deposition of calcium salts in the renal parenchyma (nephrocalcinosis).
		The histologic findings include calcium phosphate or calcium oxalate crystal deposits that mainly appear in the renal interstitium, but deposits may also be seen within the renal tubules.
	www.emedicine.com /radio/byname/nephrocalcinosis.htm (574 words)

	JCHMT curricula: Metabolic Medicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Metabolic medicine can be defined as a group of overlapping areas of clinical practice with a common dependence on detailed understanding of basic biochemistry and metabolism.
		Metabolic medicine would be regarded as a subspecialty, for which formal recognition of training is required, and which could be approached initially from either a laboratory or clinical base.
		Inherited defects of intermediary metabolism, membrane transport, lysosomal, peroxisomal and mitochondrial disorders are included, as well as disorders of metal storage.
	www.jchmt.org.uk /metabolic/curr_metabolicmed.asp (2177 words)

	Disorders Affecting the Thyroid - Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
		Levels of hormones secreted by the thyroid are controlled by the pituitary gland's thyroid-stimulating hormone, which, in turn, is controlled by the hypothalamus.
		A thyroid disorder may be congenital (present at birth), or develop later in childhood.
		With proper treatment, which usually involves hormone replacement therapy, most thyroid disorders can be successfully managed in children.
	www.chop.edu /consumer/your_child/condition_section_index.jsp?id=-9052 (233 words)

	The Parathyroid Glands And Disorders Of Calcium Metabolism : Introduction - The Merck Veterinary Manual
		The Parathyroid Glands And Disorders Of Calcium Metabolism : Introduction
		The physiology and disorders of calcium and phosphate metabolism, the function of vitamin D (which acts more like a hormone than a vitamin), and the formation of bone are all tied together in a common system along with 2 other regulatory hormones—parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin.
		Because aberrant calcium and phosphorus metabolism is reflected in the skeletal system, specific syndromes are presented in that section.
	www.merckvetmanual.com /mvm/htm/bc/40400.htm (139 words)

	About the Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Disease
		The Cleveland Clinic Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Disease is devoted to the evaluation and treatment of patients with osteoporosis and other forms of diseases that affect bone.
		Delaney is a clinical endocrinologist, but solely sees patients with osteoporosis, disorders of calcium metabolism, and metabolic bone diseases.
		Miriam Delaney is a clinical endocrinologist, but solely sees patients with osteoporosis, disorders of calcium metabolism, and metabolic bone diseases.
	www.clevelandclinic.org /arthritis/osteo/about.htm (938 words)

	Medicare: Ionized Calcium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Ionized calcium testing is used to evaluate non bound calcium, a measure of physiologically active calcium fraction.
		Kidney, liver or blood disorders, hypo or hyperthyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis, bone cancer, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, celiac disease, sprue, pancreatitis, malabsorption, ureteral calculus, hypo or hypercalcemia, coma, sarcoidosis, acute seizure, shock, respiratory failure.
		Testing for ionized calcium or free calcium will be denied when performed as a screening test, billed without a covered diagnosis, or when the physician's documentation does not support medical necessity.
	library.umsmed.edu /medi-ion-calc.html (542 words)

	Disorders Affecting Calcium Metabolism - Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
		This hormone also stimulates the gastrointestinal tract to absorb calcium and the bones to release calcium.
		calcitonin—produced by the parathyroid glands, the thyroid, and thymus glands, is responsible for lowering calcium levels by moving calcium into the bones for storage.
		If you cannot find the information in which you are interested, please visit our Diabetes & Other Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders Online Resources page for a list of Web sites that may contain additional information.
	www.chop.edu /consumer/your_child/condition_section_index.jsp?id=-9061 (184 words)

	The Management of Common Metabolic Bone Disorders - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This concise practical guide deals with the investigation, diagnosis and treatment of all the common metabolic bone diseases and disorders of calcium metabolism.
		All the most common diseases are covered including osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget’s disease, hypercalcaemia and hypocalcaemia, and the volume concludes with a brief look at some of the rarer conditions which might occasionally be encountered.
		The pathogenesis and investigation of metabolic bone disease; 2.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/print.asp?isbn=0521430372&print=y (166 words)

	Endocrinology (Diabetes & Metabolism) .: The MetroHealth System, Cleveland Ohio :.
		Endocrinology is the study of the hormone-producing glands of the body and their related disorders.
		The Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism in the Department of Medicine at MetroHealth Medical Center provides state-of-the-art care for patients with a variety of hormonal and metabolic disorders.
		Areas of clinical expertise include diabetes mellitus, lipid disorders, osteoporosis, pituitary tumors, thyroid and adrenal diseases, hirsutism, and disorders of calcium metabolism.
	www.metrohealth.org /clinical/dom/Endo (132 words)

	Endocrinology and Metabolism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Among the most common endocrine disorders seen at Children’s are juvenile diabetes, short stature, thyroid disease and pubertal disorders.
		The staff also treats children whose obesity is the result of an endocrine imbalance, as well as those with ambiguous genitalia or disorders of calcium metabolism.
		While testing and diagnosis of certain endocrine disorders are done on an inpatient basis, the division also has an extensive outpatient testing program.
	www.neo.rr.com /Childrens_Medical_Center/departments/endocrinology.html (459 words)

	Health Information - Yale Medical Group
		Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disorder that is also characterized by easily fractured bones.
		Most often, osteoporosis during childhood is caused by an underlying medical condition (the disease is then called secondary osteoporosis) or a genetic disorder (such as osteogenesis imperfecta).
		Help your child maintain an adequate intake of calcium through diet and supplements (vitamin D is also necessary because it facilitates the absorption of calcium).
	ymghealthinfo.org /content.asp?page=P01965 (618 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		That first symposium was devoted to the comparative endocrinology of calcium and bone regulation, with emphasis on vertebrates ranging from fish to mammals.
		Subsequent satellite symposia were held in association with the IBMS in San Francisco in 1998, Madrid in 2001 and Osaka in 2003.
		The scope of the meeting was expanded in 1998 to include aspects of Invertebrate calcium regulation, and this has continued into the present meeting to be held in Geneva in association with the IBMS and European Calcified Tissue Society.
	www.ibmsonline.org /conferences/2Website_page_121205.doc (517 words)

	Millimeter Wave Treatment of Calcium Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders in Terminal Renal Insufficiency Patients. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Millimeter Wave Treatment of Calcium Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders in Terminal Renal Insufficiency Patients.
		Millimeter waves were applied in a frequency modulation regime to certain areas of the body.
		The MMWT was combined with conventional therapy using calcium preparations and vitamin D. A good clinical effect, was achieved in 7 out of 10 patients.
	infoventures.com /emf/currlit/bu12917.html (122 words)

	Diabetes & Other Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders - Disorders Affecting Calcium Metabolism
		parathyroid hormone - levels rise when calcium levels fall, and vice versa.
		calcitonin - is produced by the parathyroid glands, the thyroid, and thymus glands, is responsible for lowering calcium levels by moving calcium into the bones for storage.
		If you cannot find the information in which you are interested, please visit the Diabetes and Other Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders Online Resources page in this Web site for an Internet/World Wide Web address that may contain additional information on that topic or contact a Children's Health Line representative between 8 a.m.
	www.chkd.org /Diabetes/dacmhub.asp (325 words)

	MedlinePlus: Calcium
		Calcium and Vitamin D Supplements Offer Modest Bone Improvements, No Benefits for Colorectal Cancer (02/15/2006, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute)
		Calcium Intake Tools (National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases)
		Calcium Supplements: What to Look for (National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases)
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/calcium.html (319 words)

	New Page 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Interpret calcium in relation to serum albumin (Adjusted Ca2+) and blood pH
		c) increased affinity of serum proteins for calcium (may be due to hyponatremia)
		decreases renal tubular calcium reabsorption (which is a response of kidneys during dehydration)
	www.vetmed.lsu.edu /oncology/hypercalcemia.htm (879 words)

	Plasma Biochemistry in Female Green Iguanas (Iguana iguana) with Calcium Metabolism Disorders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Twenty-two female green iguanas (Iguana iguana) diagnosed with different forms of calcium metabolism disorders were classified into three groups: females with post-ovulatory egg stasis or pre-ovulatory follicle stasis (group A), females with acute hypocalcaemia (group B) and females with metabolic bone disease (group C).
		Group B females had the highest concentration of AST (p < 0.05), the highest phosphorus to calcium ratio (p < 0.05) and the lowest plasma concentrations of total protein, glucose, cholesterol and calcium.
		Plasma biochemistry is a useful tool in the diagnosis of different calcium metabolism disorders observed in green iguana females.
	www.vfu.cz /acta-vet/vol72/183-03.htm (240 words)

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