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Topic: Distillation

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Azeotropic Distillation

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Steven Hawking

Chemical formula

	The Distillation Group, Inc. Distillation
		Distillation of ethanol for both consumption and other uses was one of the first major industries ever developed.
		Batch distillation is when the amount going into the still and the amount going out of the still is not supposed to be the same all the time.
		Extractive distillation uses a MSA that increases the volatility difference between the compounds to be separated.
	www.distillationgroup.com /distill.htm (2049 words)

	Distillation
		This is why the distillate is frequently chilled in an ice bath during the distillation.
		In order for this distillation to be successful, it is important to allow the condensed liquid which is enriched in the less volatile component relative to its vapor, to return to the pot.
		The basis of the separation by steam distillation is that while the water and organic condensed phases are immiscible, the vapors of both are miscible.
	www.umsl.edu /~orglab/documents/distillation/dist.htm (4354 words)

	Fractional Distillation
		Distillation is a physical process used to separate mixtures that contain at least one liquid.
		Distillation was mentioned by Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) as a method of purifying water, and Pliny the Elder (23-79 A.D.) recorded one of the earliest references to a rudimentary still, the apparatus used to perform a distillation.
		Today, among the many uses of distillation are the preparation of alcoholic beverages, the refining of petroleum, and the desalination of salt water.
	www.chemheritage.org /EducationalServices/pharm/antibiot/activity/distil.htm (1562 words)

	Vacuum Distillation \| Environmental Chemistry Branch \| US EPA
		Vacuum distillation is a technique that uses a vacuum to extract analytes from a sample.
		During a vacuum distillation procedure a sample is evacuated to a low pressure vaporizing volatile compounds, including water.
		The extract retained in the cryotrap are then transferred (sweeping the cryotrap with a carrier gas while heating the cryotrap) to another instrument for detection and quantification of the components in the extract.
	www.epa.gov /nerlesd1/chemistry/vacuum/default.htm (487 words)

	Distillation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The minimum in distillation is flash evaporation, where either the temperature is rapidly increased or pressure reduced, and vapor and liquid fractions are thus obtained, which may be processed as such.
		The device used in distillation is referred to as a still and consists at a minimum of a reboiler or pot in which the source material is heated, a condenser in which the heated vapor is cooled back to the liquid state, and a receiver in which the concentrated or purified liquid is collected.
		A distillation apparatus sometimes used by chemists is a rotary evaporator to distill (or evaporate) away solvent from a solution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Distillation (955 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Distillation is a means of separating two miscible liquids through differences in their boiling points.
		Known since antiquity, the concentration of alcohol by the application of heat to a fermented liquid mixture is perhaps the oldest form of distillation.
		The device used to effect a distillation is referred to as a still and consists, at minimum, of a pot in which the source material is heated, a condenser in which the heated vapor is cooled back to the liquid state, and a receiver in which the concentrated or purified liquid is collected.
	wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/d/di/distillation.html (318 words)

	Distillation
		Distillation is the process of heating a liquid until it boils, capturing and cooling the resultant hot vapors, and collecting the condensed vapors.
		Distillation is used to purify a compound by separating it from a non-volatile or less-volatile material.
		The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid phase of a compound equals the external pressure acting on the surface of the liquid.
	orgchem.colorado.edu /hndbksupport/dist/dist.html (855 words)

	In Depth Look at Extractive Distillation
		Pressure-swing distillation where a series of column operating at different pressures are used to separate binary azeotropes which change appreciably in composition over a moderate pressure range or where a separating agent which forms a pressure-sensitive azeotrope is added to separate a pressure-insensitive azeotrope.
		Extractive distillation is defined as distillation in the present of a miscible, high boiling, relatively nonvolatile component, the solvent, that forms no azeotropes with the other components in the mixture.
		Extractive distillation works because the solvent is specially chosen to interact differently with the components of the original mixture, thereby altering their relative volatilities.
	www.cheresources.com /extrdist.shtml (3556 words)

	Class Definition for Class 203 - DISTILLATION: PROCESSES, SEPARATORY
		A separatory distillation operation in which an inert vapor is passed through a heated liquid to reduce the partial vapor pressure of the component in the liquid desired to be recovered.
		A separatory distillation in which a generally less volatile substance, often referred to as a solvent, is added to the distillation column to preferentially remove some component of the vapor by dissolving it.
		The addition of a scale inhibiting material to water being distilled or the addition of a corrosion inhibiting material to an acidic material being distilled or the addition of a material which inhibits the polymerization of an olefin at the temperature of the distillation are nonlimiting examples of the scope of this and indented subclasses.
	www.uspto.gov /go/classification/uspc203/defs203.htm (4753 words)

	Fractional Distillation Apparatus
		B/R International's fractional distillation apparatus features high efficiency distillation columns that are customized to your application and easy to use.
		Distillation columns can be stacked for even higher efficiencies.
		Heating, collecting of distillate and shut down of the equipment at completion are all done automatically.
	www.fractional-distillation.com (155 words)

	A premier book on the home distillation process
		The Home Distillation Handbook, by Ola Norrman, describes how to make alcoholic spirits at home.
		the construction of a distillation apparatus following the drawings in the book.
		The information given in the book is not intended to encourage the manufacture of alcohol.
	www.home-distillation.com (152 words)

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