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Topic: Distinction (social)

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Aimee Van Wagenen Wrin Social constructionism is a paradigm in the social sciences that has become a main contender in the paradigm wars for the understanding of social processes, generally, and gender, in particular. Social theorist and filmmaker, Trinh T. Minh-Ha, is well known for her figuring of subjectivity as Not-I. Trinh, like Haraway and Butler, is skeptical of origin stories where subjects have a "pure origin" and a "true self." Instead Trinh figures subjectivity as "infinite layers" (1989). Nevertheless, the use of the language of social constructionism is a testament to its growing popularity. www.bc.edu /bc_org/avp/cas/soc/SocialMoments/vanwag7.htm   (5864 words)

REalism2 Thus for the realist the O/T distinction does not mark the crucial distinction that it is for the anti-realist: all statements forming accepted scientific beliefs are to be understood as potentially true, and all putatively referring terms are best understood as in fact referring to something, whether that referent is "observable" or not. For the realist, these problems all suggest that the O/T distinction will not bear the weight that empiricistic anti-realists want to place on it; however, realists argue that these problems can be adequately addressed by a realist defense of rationality in terms of truth and reality. Remember that the realist does not deny the anti-realist assertions about theory acceptance as based on empirical adequacy, but claims in addition that the remarkable success which theories of mature science enjoy is best explained by holding that real things at least approximately correspond to the putatively referring terms of such theories. www.loyno.edu /~folse/REalism2.html   (5864 words)

Untitled Briefly describe the evidence for the claim that being drunk is also socially constructed, and use that to help illustrate your discussion of the social constructionist account of kissing. Given that many other cultures are relatively free of homophobia, what special features of our own culture would the social constructionist point to in order to explain the fact that it is so widespread here? Discuss in detail how a social constructionist account of sexuality could explain this fact. www.philosophy.ilstu.edu /horvath/PHI138Sex/Midterm.html   (693 words)

Social class - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A distinction can be drawn between analytical concepts of social class, such as the Marxian and Weberian traditions, and the more empirical traditions such as socio-economic status approach, which notes the correlation of income, education and wealth with social outcomes without necessarily implying a particular theory of social structure. Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures. For example, Bourdieu suggests a notion of high and low classes with a distinction between bourgeois tastes and sensitivities and the working class tastes and sensitivities. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Social_class   (2591 words)

Encyclopedia: La distinction Bourdieu,Pierre (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. It was translated into English by Richard Nice and published in America in 1984 under the title "Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste". La Distinction is a sociological book by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu (1930-2002) based on his demographic research carried out in 1963 and concluded in 1967-8. www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/La-distinction   (2591 words)

Pierre Bourdieu : Introduction à la Distinction, anglais. 1979 La Distinction, critique sociale du jugement, Minuit, 1979. Social subjects, classified by their classifications, distinguish themselves by the distinctions they make, between the beautiful and the ugly, the distinguished and the vulgar, in which their position in the objective classifications is expressed or betrayed. Distinction : A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. www.homme-moderne.org /societe/socio/bourdieu/distinct/introUK.html   (2591 words)

Is Social Constructionism an Appealing Construction? Social constructionists do not believe in the possibility of value-free foundations or sources of knowledge, nor do they conceptualize a clear objective-subjective distinction, or a clear distinction between 'knowledge' and 'reality'. Social factors are irrelevant both for determining a person's sexual orientation as well as for people's understanding of this concept. This more general definition of social constructionism is found in Ted Honderich (Ed.) (1995). hem.passagen.se /nicb/construct.htm   (3944 words)

Wittgenstein (ians) and Chomsky (ans): Mentalism in Linguistics Consideration is given to the Private Language arguments; to the distinction between public (outer) and private (inner); to the distinction between the social and the individual; to ascription and causality; to rule-normativity; to creativity arguments. The postulation of these private or inner entities is unwarranted and unnecessary: `The study of a language is an investigation into a "social whole" that exists in the practices of a community, not a psychological object that exists between the ears of a speaker' (Baker and Hacker 1984a, p. is not internally related to the concept of a social practice but only to the concept of a practice' is, he says, the position defended at length in that second book. www.selectedworks.co.uk /wittgensteinianschomskyans.html   (3944 words)

Social constructionism and consciousness The mark of a socially constructed aspect of mind is variation in different cultures, in particular in the different ways languages perform the same or similar functions. In this mundane sense we could say that the difference between Maya consciousness and English consciousness is socially constructed, in that the language game of referring to distant objects is learned in social practices, and what is learned during the acquisition of the English demonstrates is different from what is learned when acquiring Mayan. The traditional 'mind/body' distinction is no longer required to make sense of the distinction between private and public activities. www.massey.ac.nz /%7Ealock/virtual/max.htm   (7858 words)

360/250 Philosophy That means that, as soon as the discussion moves from facts to values, scientists (or other socially designated experts about matters of fact) have to set aside their mantle of expertise and dialogue at a horizontal level (a discussion between equals), not a horizontal or top-down one. But in the realm of values, no human being is any more of a defined expert than anyone else: there's nothing about the scientific role (or the teaching role) that gives the values of the scientist (or teacher) any particular significance or validity above and beyond the values of those in other social roles. Wherever else we may derive values from (religion, philosophy, social or political consensus, or the unexamined Zeitgeist), we can't derive them from science as such... www.uwmc.uwc.edu /psychology/360_250_philosophy.htm   (939 words)

Sociological Theory Robert Wood Understand what Turner and Beegley mean in their final sentence about how sociology in their view has "lost the vision of its early masters" and what they expect a "theory of the social universe" to look like. the fact that August Comte originally coined the term "social physics" for sociology. What is the importance of the fact/value distinction for sociology? camden-www.rutgers.edu /~wood/Theory/reading-guide-kuhn.htm   (568 words)

Encyclopedia: Conservativism Social conservatism is generally dominated by defence of existing social norms and values, of local customs and of societal evolution, rather than social upheaval, though the distinction is not absolute. Social conservatives generally wish to preserve the current state of their society and impose their society's values on others societies, as opposed to supporting the natural advancement of societies, as liberals do. Throughout much of the 20th century, one of the primary forces uniting the occasionally disparate strands of conservatism, and uniting conservatives with their liberal and socialist opponents, was an opposition to communism, which was seen not only as an enemy of the traditional order, but also of western freedom and democracy in general. www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Conservativism   (568 words)

egan-v-canada The distinction adopted by Parliament is relevant, indeed essential, to describe the relationship in the way the statute does so as to differentiate the couples described in the statute from all couples that do not serve the social purposes for which the legislature has made the distinction. The distinction, moreover, is on the basis of an aspect of 'personhood' that is quite possibly biologically based and that is at the very least a fundamental choice. To find a distinction to be discriminatory, it seems quite reasonable, for instance, to require a lesser degree of irrelevance where the consequences of the distinction on the affected individuals are severe than where they are minimal. www.qrd.org /qrd/world/legal/egan-v-canada   (568 words)

Sociology - Open Encyclopedia Social theory is a distinction applied to the work considered outside of the "mainstream" of sociology, although arguably, sociology before 1900 in the mainstream bears more resemblance to social theory than the "mainstream". Among sociologists who model their work on the successful sciences of physics or chemistry, social theory may be applied to all work produced outside of the scientific method, in contradistinction to a sociological theory which has been "correctly" tested. The social theorist is suspicious of "objectivity" not as a lifestyle choice but because his social theory, self-applied in a responsible way (vaguely reminiscent of mathematics) generates the notion that people deal in social constructs by default. open-encyclopedia.com /Sociology   (2241 words)

In Mancur Olson’s work The Logic of Collective Action, he states: "The possibility that, in a case where there was no economic incentive for an individual to contribute to the achievement of a group interest, there might nonetheless be a social incentive Social elite philanthropy is so evident because it follows established organizational channels such as foundations, museums and libraries, and anything that has a board of trustees. One salient way the social elite differentiate themselves is through their devotion to philanthropy: their names are written in music programs, beside donated artworks, and on plaques in the rotundas of cultural and educational facilities everywhere. However, in situations where established social elites encounter each other, the model is still valid; and in encounters between prospective and preexisting social elites, this correction would predict a higher rate of philanthropic compliance among prospective social elites than among established ones. keck.ucsf.edu /~caywood/philanthropy.html   (2241 words)

Jürgen Habermas, German philosopher and social theorist, is perhaps best known for his wide-ranging defence of the modern public sphere and its related ideals of publicity and free public reason, but he has also made important contributions to theories o A 'repoliticized social sphere' erodes the real distinction between state and society that is a necessary social condition for the bourgeois public sphere, and a society oriented to consumption and a politics based on the competition and bargaining between interest groups emerges in the place of a public sphere formed by an enlightened citizenry. German philosopher and social theorist, is perhaps best known for his wide-ranging defence of the modern public sphere and its related ideals of publicity and free public reason, but he has also made important contributions to theories of communication and informal argumentation, ethics, and the foundations and methodology of the social sciences. Thus, social pathologies are not an inevitable consequence of rationalization per se but result rather from a one-sided process in which the market and administrative state invade the lifeworld, displacing modes of integration based on communicative reason with their own form of functional rationality. www.infovi.vu.lt /mps/Handout-Habermas-REP.htm   (3361 words)

Social Solidarity versus Social Capital by Andy Blunden The distinction between “horizontal and vertical social capital” cannot distinguish between a community electing a steering committee for their own redevelopment project, and a feudal lord ruling over the affairs of his underlings. The problem with “social capital” is that it introduces the language, concepts and methods of economic science into the political-economy of poverty, whereas what needs to be done is to introduce the language, methods and concepts of political science, especially those of social movements, into the political-economy of poverty. For Jane Jacobs — an activist, not an academic — however, the idea of “social capital” arose as a way of communicating the general social and political conditions by means of which a neighbourhood could deal with the challenges of living in the midst of strangers and subject to attack by powerful outside institutions. home.mira.net /~andy/works/social-solidarity-preface.htm   (3361 words)

natural.txt Hacking would agree with that science is a social activity but only after making a distinction 2. social scientists may say that the science wars are about challenging a certain image of the scientist and may prefer to start there b. Hacking replies 1.) that nobody denies that things that depend on social things are social 2.) although many constructionists dislike the sciences, they are not saying a.) that what science says is not true b.) or that the artifacts whose design depends on science do not work 7. www.iit.edu /~schmaus/Philosophy_of_Science/lectures/Hacking/natural.txt   (3440 words)

Partisan Review Social constructionists overlook this distinction between discovery (the circumstances of a theory& origin) and justification (the establishment of its truth). The weakness of social constructionism as an epistemology lies in the fact that one can agree with the bare premise that knowledge is a construct, but disagree with the conclusion that objectivity is impossible and that the contents of knowledge are dependent upon the social conditions of the knower. This is one of the curiosities of social constructionism, and why people err in attacking it on epistemological grounds, that is, on grounds of truth, evidence, and objectivity. www.bu.edu /partisanreview/archive/2001/2/bauerlein.html   (5240 words)

tk320.html Frequently a distinction is made between social identity and personal identity. Social identity is multiple and has an external focus, in the tradition of James (1890) and Mead (1934), while personal identity is integrated, internal and relatively stable (Erikson, 1969). Erikson, 1969; Marcia, 1966), social psychologists (Breakwell, 1986), and postmodern social psychologists (Gergen, 1991, Gregg 1991, Hermans, 1994). www.umm.maine.edu /resources/beharchive/bexstudents/TomKarnofsky/tk320.html   (3909 words)

Sociology - Social Control Finally, they are enforced by the social sanctions of esteem, social distinction, and by the penalties of disfavor, disgrace, and blame. Social suggestion varies in its force with the bodily and mental condition of the person upon whom it operates ; one who is fatigued, diseased, or nervously worn out is most readily controlled. Show why social control is more necessary in a dense than in a sparse population ; in times of war than in peace ; in a mixed than in a homogeneous population; in a society stratified into classes than in one unstratified. www.oldandsold.com /articles33n/sociology-22.shtml   (6564 words)

Social Darwinism. New Preface In The Descent of Darwin (1981) Alfred Kelly distinguishes "moderate" from "radical" social Darwinism (a distinction corresponding to that between "conservative" and "reform" in the American case), But the former turn out to be social organicists (Paul von Lilienfeld and Albert Schaffle) or liberal humanists such as the "struggle school" sociologist Ludwig Gumplowicz. Darwinism's long-term impact, so Talcott Parsons first argued in The Structure of Social Action (1937), was less to bolster classical economics ("conservative" social Darwinism) or to inspire evolutionist reformism than it was to foster the behaviorist, statistical, and objectivist tendencies in social science that flowered after 1920. To establish their authority, and to legitimate the social programs associated with it, this younger generation of professionals (and the battle was largely generational) attacked as immoral or worse a panoply of mid-century attempts to make social policy "scientific" whether classical economics, utilitarianism, positivism, or Spencerian evolutionism. www.swarthmore.edu /SocSci/rbannis1/SD.preface.html   (7189 words)

Burkean Social Hierarchy and the Ironic Investment of Martin Luther King This myth was wedded with practical necessity when the difference of skin color conquered a major problem of the American institution of slavery, providing a badge which would mark the social distinction and make slave laws more easily enforceable. Now hierarchy has become a living social system in which masters assert their superiority, consumers seek the work of masters rather than apprentices, and apprentices strive to learn so that they may pass through the structure of social rituals that will see them arriving at the level of the masters. The term "social movement" is itself a metaphor which encompasses the dynamism that is a prerequisite for the rhetoric of social movements. www.wam.umd.edu /~jklumpp/research/mlk.htm   (13137 words)

The Constitution of Status-- Part I Gusfield, supra note 20, at 21 (noting related distinction between status communities such as religions and status collectivities such as generations). In a hierarchy with many status groups, there can be many different ways of differentiating the various groups and their respective lifestyles, and hence the system of social meanings (and the results of changes in social meanings) can be quite complex. Groups lower in a status hierarchy may respond to their lower status by developing a compensatory sense of esteem in their own ways of living, condemning the lifestyles of higher status groups as immoral or inauthentic, or attempting to turn their lower status into a point of pride through irony. www.yale.edu /lawweb/jbalkin/articles/status1.htm   (6443 words)

Society&Animal Forum - Society & Animals Journal For example, a distinction must be drawn between sanctioned and antisocial aggression; engaging in violent acts that are accepted by society does not predict necessarily the tendency to act out in societally condemned ways. The relative acceptance of "animal" work in this area may be due to the tendency of social movement scholars to concentrate on "marginal" organizations as well as the fact that the focus is not on animals per se, but on human activity. As Noske (1991) has noted, "the social sciences tend to present themselves pre-eminently as the sciences of discontinuity between humans and animals." Sociologists, therefore, are supposed to study people, not other creatures. www.psyeta.org /sa/sa10.4/kruse.shtml   (977 words)

John Dewey [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] Dewey's mature thought in ethics and social theory is not only intimately linked to the theory of knowledge in its founding conceptual framework and naturalistic standpoint, but also complementary to it in its emphasis on the social dimension of inquiry both in its processes and its consequences. In large part, then, Dewey's ideas in ethics and social theory were programmatic rather than substantive, defining the direction that he believed human thought and action must take in order to identify the conditions that promote the human good in its fullest sense, rather than specifying particular formulae or principles for individual and social action. For Dewey the question of the nature of social relationships is a significant matter not only for social theory, but metaphysics as well, for it is from collective human activity, and specifically the development of shared meanings that govern this activity, that the mind arises. www.utm.edu /research/iep/d/dewey.htm   (977 words)

The Social Contract We could borrow from social theorist Jurgen Habermas the distinction between the public sphere and the private sphere, and suggest that Rousseau does not give careful enough attention to the latter. If we can only be fully human under the auspices of the social contract, then that contract is more important than the individuals that agree to it. Rousseau's principal aim in writing The Social Contract is to determine how www.sparknotes.com /philosophy/socialcontract/analysis.html   (700 words)

Baudrillard and Simulation This process of social entropy leads to the collapse of all boundaries between meaning, the media, and the social- no distinction between classes, political parties, cultural forms, the media, and the real. Because simulations and simulacra ultimately have no referents, the social begins to implode. Simulation and simulacra become the real so there are no stable structures on which to ground theory or politics. www.uta.edu /english/hawk/semiotics/baud.htm   (532 words)

Ethics: Chapter 12 Both in his "Social Statics" and "The Principles of Ethics," Spencer expounded the fundamental idea that Man, in common with the lower creatures, is capable of indefinite change by adaptation to conditions. In proportion as men become accustomed to social life they develop mutual sympathy, which later constitutes what is called "the moral sense." Parallel with the development of this metal sense there arise in man intel-lectual perceptions of right human relations, which become clearer as the form of social life becomes better. If this were really the case, we would have to acknowledge that there is no intrinsic distinction between the consequences of actions, both good and evil, because the classification of all actions into good and evil is made by the ruling power, or by men themselves, when concluding the covenant. dwardmac.pitzer.edu /Anarchist_Archives/kropotkin/ethics/ch12.html   (9597 words)

Social Research: Markets and their social construction Markets are socially constructed, neither given and transcendental nor natural but organized to promote some interests rather than others; which interests and how they are chosen and structured, are issues to be determined. A theory is a hypothesis specified as a particular explanation, the social space to which it is applied, the evidence by which it will be tested, and the decision rule governing acceptance or rejection. A distinction exists between (a) a pure abstract a-institutional conceptual market, and (b) an actual market that is a function of and gives effect to the institutions and forces that structure and operate through it. www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2267/is_2_71/ai_n6157398   (1330 words)

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