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Distributed computing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Distributed computing is decentralised and parallel computing, using two or more computers communicating over a network to accomplish a common objective or task. Parabon Computation [10] — One of the largest commercial distributed computing networks. Distributed computing differs from cluster computing in that computers in a distributed computing environment are typically not exclusively running "group" tasks, whereas clustered computers are usually much more tightly coupled. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Distributed_computing   (1968 words)

Distributed database - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A distributed database is a database that is under the control of a central database management system in which storage devices are not all attached to a common CPU. Inexperience — distributed databases are difficult to work with, and as a young field there is not much readily available experience on proper practice. A node in a distributed database system act as a client, a server, or both, depending on the situation. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Distributed_database   (681 words)

Distributed cognition - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Distributed cognition it is a useful approach for (re)designing social aspects of cognition by putting emphasis on the individual and their environment. Distributed cognition is a school of psychology developed in the 1990s by Edwin Hutchins. Using insights from sociology, cognitive science, and the psychology of Vygotsky (cf activity theory) it emphasises the social aspects of cognition. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Distributed_cognition   (681 words)

Distributed Proofreaders - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Distributed Proofreaders (commonly abbreviated as DP or PGDP) is a project to support the development of e-texts for Project Gutenberg. Distributed Proofreaders became an official Project Gutenberg site in 2002. Distributed Proofreaders was founded by Charles Franks in 2000 as an independent site to assist Project Gutenberg. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders   (345 words)

Distributed database management system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A distributed database is a collection of multiple, logically interrelated databases distributed over a computer network. A distributed database management system is a software system that permits the management of the distributed database and makes the distribution transparent to the users. Distributed database management systems can be architected as client-server systems or peer-to-peer ones. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/DDBMS   (181 words)

Distributed switching - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Distributed switching: Switching in which many processor-controlled switching units are distributed, usually close to concentrations of users, and operated in conjunction with a host switch. Distributed switching provides improved communications services for concentrations of users remote from the host switch, and reduces the transmission requirements, i.e. , the traffic, between such concentrations and the host switch. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Distributed_switching   (82 words)

Distributed computing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Distributed computing differs from cluster computing in that computers in a distributed computing environment are typically not exclusively running "group" tasks, whereas clustered computers are usually much more tightly coupled. In contrast a heterogeneous distributed system is one that can be made up of all sorts of different computers, eventually with vastly differing memory sizes, processing power and even basic underlying architecture. The main goal of a distributed computing system is to connect users and resources in a transparent, open, and scalable way. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Distributed_processing   (1680 words)

Distributed generation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Distribution networks are a natural monopoly and are thus tightly regulated to ensure that they do not draw excess profits at the expense of the consumer. Distributed generation is a new trend in electric power generation. Increasing amounts of distributed generation will require changes in the technology required to manage transmission and distribution of electricity. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Distributed_generation   (950 words)

Free market - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Monopolistic practices, cartels, externalities (like pollution), and asymmetrically distributed information are often cited as potential problems that may exist in a free-market economy. Knowledge bias can lead to what many may see as evils of such an economy, like insider trading, price fixing, price gouging, adverse selection, moral hazard, and the principal-agent problem which they claim justify government intervention to remedy. The distribution of purchasing power in an economy depends to a large extent on the labor and financial markets, but also on other factors such as family relationships, inheritance, gifts and so on. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Free_market   (950 words)

Distributed Distributed data store A distributed data store is a network in which a user stores his or her information on a number o... Cooperative distributed problem solving Cooperative Distributed Problem Solving is a network of semi-autonomous processi... Distributed library A distributed library is a collection of materials available for borrowing by members of a group, y... www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/distributed.html   (950 words)

Cosm - Chapter 2 - Overview of Distributed Computing A distributed operating system can be created by merging these functions into the traditional operating system, or as another abstraction layer on top of the traditional operating system and network operating system. Over time, more and more of the computer's capabilities are being shared over the network creating the realm of distributed computing. Distributed computing is simply applying the two old sayings to the realm of computer resources. www.mithral.com /projects/cosm/ch-02.html   (850 words)

Virtual Environments in Maintenance Training As we have already asserted, the primary theoretical and methodological commitment of the distributed cognition framework is that it argues for shifting the designer's unit of analysis away from that of the individual engaged in cognition-in-the-mind to a consideration of individuals engaged in cognitive activity within social and material contexts (Salomon, 1995). When cognition is distributed, it frequently operates on the basis of the natural affordances of the components to which it is distributed-a feature that bears resemblance to aspects of an ecological psychology perspective. Distributed cognition is perhaps most different from a social constructivist perspective in that it also attends to the manners in which individuals interact with the material world in significant ways. depts.washington.edu /edtech/distcog.htm   (850 words)

Distributed Cognition by Yvonne Rogers and Mike Scaife Distributed Cognition is a hybrid approach to studying all aspects of cognition, from a cognitive, social and organisational perspective. The distributed cognition approach is concerned with cognitive phenomena that cover a wide spectrum; from analysing the properties and processes of a system of actors interacting with each other and an array of technological artefacts to perform some activity (e.g. The Distributed Cognition approach emphasises the distributed nature of cognitive phenomena across individuals, artefacts and internal and external representations in terms of a common language of ‘representational states’ and ‘media’. www-sv.cict.fr /cotcos/pjs/TheoreticalApproaches/DistributedCog/DistCognitionpaperRogers.htm   (850 words)

Distributed cognition Cognition is the transformation and transposition of representational states within a system consisting of people as well as of their instruments/artefacts www.tema.liu.se /people/yvowa/altcog/sld020.htm   (850 words)

Distributed Database Management Systems in the Modern Enterprise One of the reasons for using distributed database systems is to allow small portable systems to use a copy of the database, normally a subset, for a mobile worker who connects to the network on an infrequent basis. Distributed databases are much more complex than their centralized database cousins, but when properly implemented in the appropriate enterprise applications, they can provide great benefits to the organizations they support. Distributed database systems are based upon several models and their implementations can include a number of different features. www.cs.umanitoba.ca /~qtrinh/research/paperSource/17.html   (9953 words)

Packet switching - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Packet switching is also called connectionless networking, because it is the opposite of circuit switched or connection-oriented networking, although technologies such as MPLS are beginning to blur the boundaries between the two. Packet switching is used to optimize the use of the bandwidth available in a network, to minimize the transmission latency (i.e. Packet switching influenced the development of the Actor model of concurrent computation in which messages sent to the same address may be delivered in an order different from the order in which they were sent. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Packet_switching   (1420 words)

Untitled To be a distributed representation, then, is to be a member of such a scheme; it is to be a representation R of a series of items C such that the encoding process which generates R on the basis of C implements a given distributing transformation. Whenever generation of the distributed representation is not governed by grammatical rules, the representation cannot be properly regarded as symbolic; yet nothing in the nature of distribution provides for such grammatical constraints. This paper advances a definition of distributed representation and shows that, understood this way, distribution is in fact incompatible with the core notion of symbolic representation found in the cognitive science literature. www.arts.unimelb.edu.au /~tgelder/papers/DRNS.html   (1420 words)

Portable Distributed Objects - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Portable Distributed Objects, or PDO, is a programming API for creating object oriented code that runs anywhere on a network of computers. IBM was late in the evolution of their System Object Model (SOM/DSOM) and even Sun Microsystems was promoting their Distributed Objects Everywhere (there were a host of smaller players as well). At the time PDO was one of a number of distributed object systems, which was, for a time in the early 1990s, the "next big thing" in programming. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Portable_Distributed_Objects   (569 words)

Distributed Generation Distributed generation involves the use of small scale electric generating technologies installed at, or in close proximity to, the end-user's location. Distributed generation can be used to supply energy and capacity, or to provide ancillary support services to the distribution system. Distributed generation can be installed on the end-user side of the meter, or on the grid side. ora.ca.gov /distgen   (102 words)

Electricity retailing - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch The provision of these services was generally the responsibility of municipal authorities who either set up their own departments or contracted the services from private entrepreneurs. Electricity retailing began at the end of the 19th century when the bodies who generated electricity for their own use made supply available to third parties. Residential, commercial and industrial use of electricity was confined, initially, to lighting but this changed dramatically with the development of electric motors, heaters and communication devices. encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /electricity_retailing.htm   (628 words)

Modeling Distributed Electricity Generation in the NEMS Buildings Models Although the emerging distributed generation technologies (PV, fuel cells and microturbines) exhibit cost declines throughout the projection period, the cost declines are not large enough to spur significant projected gains in penetration over the next 20 years under the reference case conditions. Distributed generation technologies, particularly fuel cells and PV, have received a great deal of attention from the energy community regarding their potential to save energy, increase the reliability of electricity supply, and decrease the cost of extending the current electrical grid. Total distributed generation in the buildings sector is projected to increase by 56 trillion Btu from the reference case in 2020, with most of the increase occurring after 2010. www.eia.doe.gov /oiaf/analysispaper/electricity_generation.html   (5851 words)

REBOL - X Internet, Web Services, Programming REBOL is the first messaging language designed specifically for distributed Internet applications and data exchange across all devices. Applications run faster, take less bandwidth, and are easier to create with our unique, dialect-based computing model that rebels against the idea that distributed applications must be built on layers of large, complex, expensive software. www.rebol.com   (5851 words)

Distributed & Grid Computing Distributed computing: Increasingly known as grid computing, this approach connects a wide variety of computer types and computing resources, such as storage area networks, to create vast "virtual" reservoirs of computers serving geographically widely separated users. Grid Computing can be defined as applying resources from many computers in a network to a single problem, usually one that requires a large number of processing cycles or access to large amounts of data. The whole area of distributed computing is a hot bed of significant development that is expected to generate amazing advances in the next few years. www.jimpinto.com /writings/grid.html   (1525 words)

TUD : Courses and Lectures Summer Term 01 - Comment: Distributed Cognition Distributed cognition offers an alternative to the computer-metaphor of cognition, i.e., cognition of an abstract symbol-processing machine, which is disembodied of the person with senses, motor systems etc., thereby independent of the material and social environment and culture. A momentous application of external and distributed cognition is the analysis and the design of effective functional (socio-technical) systems and of cognitive artifacts, i.e., applied cognitive psychology taken serious. 'Distributed cognition' signifies a theoretical and methodological approach to the description and explanation of cognitive activities of a functional (cognitive) system consisting of one or more persons and various artifacts. www.tu-darmstadt.de /vv/ss01/comments/03.396.en.tud   (1525 words)

Distributed Cognition, Coordination and Environment Design The type of principles which cognitive engineers need to design better work environments are principles which explain interactivity and distributed cognition: how human agents interact with themselves and others, their work spaces, and the resources and constraints that populate those spaces. From the standpoint of distributed cognition, success in a task, particularly a task involving several participants, is a shifting coalition of agent-environment constraints and resources. In short, insofar as distributed cognition takes a more group orientation to problem solving and activity management, it operates from a different mind set than what is now the classical approach to problem solving and it provides a different set of explanatory tools. icl-server.ucsd.edu /~kirsh/Articles/Italy/published.html   (1525 words)

Distributed database overview An advantage of distributed databases is that users at a given site are able to access data stored at other sites and at the same time retain control over the data at their own site. In a distributed DBMS a relational table or a partition may be replicated or copied, and copies may be distributed throughout the database. A distributed database can be defined as consisting of a collection of data with different parts under the control of separate DBMSs running on independent computer systems. learningat.ke7.org.uk /itweb/year13/distproc1.htm   (1178 words)

Distributed Database Concepts Database links are essentially transparent to the users of an Oracle distributed database system, because the name of a database link is the same as the global name of the database to which the link points. Distributed database applications typically use distributed transactions to access both local and remote data and modify the global database in real-time. In a distributed database, a schema object such as a table is accessible to all applications in the system. www.csee.umbc.edu /help/oracle8/server.815/a67784/ds_ch1.htm   (4048 words)

Principles of Distributed Database Systems, Second Edition In the Second Edition of this best-selling distributed database systems text, the authors address new and emerging issues in the field while maintaining the key features and characteristics of the First Edition. Principles of Distributed Database Systems presents distributed database systems within the framework of distributed data processing in general, rather than as a problem in isolation. This comprehensive text focuses on concepts and technical issues while exploring the development of distributed database management systems. www.cs.ualberta.ca /~database/ddbook.html   (109 words)

Interconnecting apparatus for a distributed switching telephone system - Patent 4494229 A distributed interconnecting system for use in a time division telephone switching system which employs a plurality of similar switching modules in described. The switching units are interconnected by direct links; for example, link 34 interconnects switching units 30 and 31 and, similarly, links 35 and 36 interconnect unit 32 with units 30 and 31, respectively. It is apparent that the switch 17 must have the capacity to handle the maximum number of lower level switches which may be coupled to it. www.freepatentsonline.com /4494229.html   (5071 words)

Distributed switching system - Patent 4799216 A distributed switching system (20) is provided for implementation in an integrated circuit utilizing a switching bus (30) in which bus lines (30a-30n) are time division multiplexed serial data streams consisting of time slots used for both transmit and receive directions. The distributed switching system of claim 2 wherein said bus line selector means includes a plurality of transmission gates arranged in a tree configuration to perform both address decoding and multiplexing functions. A need has thus arisen for a distributed voice and data switching system complete with line interfaces for connections to digital telephones or data devices implemented in integrated circuit technology and which combines the switching and line interface functions in such a way as to minimize TDM links and their accompanying circuitry. www.freepatentsonline.com /4799216.html   (7675 words)

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