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Topic: Distribution (pharmacology)

    Note: these results are not from the primary (high quality) database.

Zithromax Z-PAK and Zithromax Clinical Pharmacology The extensive tissue distribution was confirmed by examination of additional tissues and fluids (bone, ejaculum, prostate, ovary, uterus, salpinx, stomach, liver, and gallbladder). In vivo studies suggest that concentration in phagocytes may contribute to drug distribution to inflamed tissues. In two clinical studies, azithromycin for oral suspension was dosed at 10 mg/kg on day 1, followed by 5 mg/kg on days 2 through 5 to two groups of children (aged 1-5 years and 5-15 years, respectively). www.zithromax-zpak.com /clinical_pharmacology.html

ICH Guidance for Industry - S7A Safety Pharmacology Studies for Human Pharmaceuticals Safety pharmacology studies may not be needed for locally applied agents (e.g., dermal or ocular) where the pharmacology of the test substance is well characterized, and where systemic exposure or distribution to other organs or tissues is demonstrated to be low. The objectives of safety pharmacology studies are (1) to identify undesirable pharmacodynamic properties of a substance that may have relevance to its human safety, (2) to evaluate adverse pharmacodynamic and/or pathophysiological effects of a substance observed in toxicology and/or clinical studies, and (3) to investigate the mechanism of the adverse pharmacodynamic effects observed and/or suspected. Safety pharmacology studies with the finished product formulations should be conducted only for formulations that substantially alter the pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics of the active substance in comparison to formulations previously tested (i.e., through active excipients such as penetration enhancers, liposomes, and other changes such as polymorphism). www.fda.gov /cber/gdlns/ichs7a071201.htm   (3616 words)

Pharsight: Solutions for Clinical Pharmacology To address these challenges, Pharsight provides an integrated solution to efficiently capture, manage, analyze, report, and submit the results of clinical pharmacology and drug metabolism research, while helping our customers achieve compliance with FDA 21 CFR Part 11 (Electronic Records; Electronic Signatures; Final Rule) regulations. Combined with these products, Pharsight can help develop and automate your Best Practices for analysis, reporting, and research management in clinical pharmacology. While recent analytical advances support more rapid and detailed collection of pharmacokinetic data at the component / mechanistic levels of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), not much progress has been made in effectively and securely leveraging this information to benefit the entire drug development organization. www.pharsight.com /solutions/soln_pharm_main.php   (3616 words)

Rapid estimation of volume of distribution after a short intravenous infusion and its application to dosing adjustments -- Chiou et al. 18 (5): 266 -- The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology A simple and a rapid method to estimate the apparent volume of distribution of drug after single or during multiple short-term intravenous infusion is proposed. The simplicity of the method, in particular, the solution by the graphic method for estimation of the apparent volume of distribution, might be specially useful for clinicians not well versed in mathematics in applying clinical pharmacokinetics to drug therapy. Rapid estimation of volume of distribution after a short intravenous infusion and its application to dosing adjustments -- Chiou et al. www.jclinpharm.org /cgi/content/abstract/18/5/266   (3616 words)

Correlation between thiopental induction dose and the volume of distribution of caffeine in human subjects -- DeLaRocha et al. 26 (3): 191 -- The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology The correlation between the apparent volume of distribution (aVd) of caffeine and the induction dose of thiopental was studied in 23 patients. The immediate volume of distribution is critical in determining thiopental induction dose. Caffeine, which has an effective partition coefficient that approaches that of thiopental, was used as an indicator substance to estimate the immediate volume of distribution of thiopental. www.jclinpharm.org /cgi/content/abstract/26/3/191   (3616 words)

NAPRALERT Database Summary Sheet Natural product information including pharmacology, biological activity, taxonomic distribution, ethnomedicine, and chemistry of plant, microbial, and animal (including marine) extracts. The NAPRALERT File (NAtural PRoducts ALERT) contains bibliographic and factual data on natural products, including information on the pharmacology, biological activity, taxonomic distribution, chemistry of plant, microbial, and animal (including marine) extracts as well as ethnomedicine use records. In addition, the database contains information on the chemistry and pharmacology of secondary metabolites that are derived from natural sources and that have known structure. info.cas.org /ONLINE/DBSS/napralertss.html   (3616 words)

British Journal of Pharmacology - Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of SQ109, a new diamine-based antitubercular drug In addition, pharmacokinetic characteristics of SQ109 were examined in mice, including its distribution into various tissues after a single administration and its disposition into targeted tissues after a 28-day repeated administration. However, pharmacokinetic studies indicate that SQ109 has a poorer oral bioavailability than its in vivo efficacy in mycobacterial disease and tissue distribution would indicate (Table 2). MULLER M., PENA A.D. and DERENDORF H. (2004) Issues in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-infective agents: distribution in tissue. www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v144/n1/full/0705984a.html   (5763 words)

FRLHT's - Encyclopedia of Indian Medicinal Plants This online Encyclopedia of Indian Medicinal Plants lists the information available with Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions on each medicinal plant species such as number of vernacular names, distribution data, trade, propagation, agro-technique, seed storage, eco-distribution maps, pharmacology and pharmacognosy, and digital images. The website provides details of around 7361 medicinal plant species and has 6734 plant images. Single window-clearing house for various database queries related to Indian medicinal plants encyclopedia.frlht.org.in   (133 words)

British Journal of Pharmacology - Molecular and pharmacological characterization of a functional tachykinin NK3 receptor cloned from the rabbit iris sphincter muscle The aim of the present study was to clone an NK receptor from the rabbit iris sphincter muscle using standard PCR techniques, and to study the distribution of this receptor in ocular tissues using in situ hybridization histochemistry, TaqMan PCR analysis (Lie and Petropoulos, 1998) and receptor autoradiography. A functional tachykinin NK receptor was cloned from the rabbit iris sphincter muscle and its distribution investigated in ocular tissues. Discrete localization of NK receptor mRNA was observed in the iris muscle and associated ciliary processes with the antisense probe (Figure 5a,b), whilst minimal labelling was seen in sections exposed to the sense probe (Figure 5c). www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v128/n3/full/0702854a.html   (133 words)

Principles of Tracer Modeling An image of tracer activity distribution is a good starting point for obtaining more useful information such as regional blood flow or regional glucose metabolism. Let's first look at an example of tracer distribution over time. It has also been essential to the investigation of basic chemical and functional processes in biochemistry, biology, physiology, anatomy, molecular biology and pharmacology. www.crump.ucla.edu /software/lpp/tracermodeling/kineticimag.html   (721 words)

U of M: Pharmacology: Faculty: Pentel. Pentel PR, Malin DH, Ennifar S, Hieda Y, Keyler DE, Lake RJ, Milstein JR, Basham LE, Coy RT, Moon WD, Naso R, Fattom A. A nicotine conjugate vaccine reduces nicotine distribution to brain and attenuates its behavioral and cardiovascular effects in rats. Researchers in Dr. Pentel's laboratory are interested in the behavioral pharmacology of nicotine dependence. Vaccination against nicotine during continued nicotine administration in rats: Immunogenicity of the vaccine and effects on nicotine distribution to brain. www.pharmacology.med.umn.edu /staffpentel.html   (289 words)

Innapharma Chemistry and pharmacology of nemifitide, a novel antidepressant peptide. Nicolau G, Baker S, Velagapudi R, Pilon D, Noble J. Pharmacokinetics, mass balance and tissue distribution of a novel antidepressant, INN 00835, following intravenous and subcutaneous administration to rats. Chemistry, pharmacology and clinical studies of novel antidepressant peptides. www.innapharma.com /scientific/scientific.htm   (289 words)

UCLA Biocybernetics Laboratory DiStefano, III and D. Fisher, ``Peripheral Distribution and Metabolism of the Thyroid Hormones: a Primarily Quantitative Assessment,'' in International Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Section 101, The Thyroid: Physiology and Treatmet of Disease J. J.J. DiStefano, III and D. Feng, "Distribution, Metabolism and Biliary and Circulatory Fluxes of Thyroid Hormones in Liver, Intestinal Wall, Luminal Contents and Kidney of the Rat," The American Thyroid Assn. A.E. Pekary, R. Stephens, M. Simard, X-P. Pang, V. Smith, J. DiStefano, III, J. Hershman, "Release of Thyrotropin and Prolactin by a Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) Precursor, TRH-Gly: Conversion to TRH is Sufficient for In Vivo Effects", Neuroendocrinology, 52:618-625, 1990. biocyb.cs.ucla.edu /publications.html   (289 words)

America 1960-1969: Medicine and Health History Study Guide Kelsey was born on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and studied at McGill University in Montreal before attending the University of Chicago, where she earned a Ph.D. in pharmacology in 1938. Pharmacologist Dr. Frances Oldham Kelsey is credited with single-handedly preventing an outbreak of drug-related birth defects by denying approval for the distribution of thalidomide in the United States. She did so in spite of pressure and attacks claiming that she was keeping a beneficial product from potential users. www.bookrags.com /history-america-1960s-medicine-and-health/sub46.html   (289 words)

Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ and Its Receptor--Potential Targets for Pain Therapy? -- Zeilhofer and Calò 306 (2): 423 -- Journal of Pharmacology And Experimental Therapeutics Nothacker HP, Reinscheid RK, Mansour A, Henningsen RA, Ardati A, Monsma FJ Jr, Watson SJ, and Civelli O (1996) Primary structure and tissue distribution of the orphanin FQ precursor. Ahmadi S, Kotalla C, Gühring H, Takeshima H, Pahl A, and Zeilhofer HU (2001) Modulation of synaptic transmission by nociceptin/orphanin FQ and nocistatin in the spinal cord dorsal horn of mutant mice lacking the nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor. Hao JX, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z, and Xu XJ (1997) Lack of cross-tolerance between the antinociceptive effect of intrathecal orphanin FQ and morphine in the rat. jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/306/2/423   (289 words)

British Journal of Pharmacology - Exploring the dynamics of regulation of G protein-coupled receptors using green fluorescent protein As such, a rather static picture of GPCR expression and distribution is the most likely outcome. As noted previously, many GPCRs are phosphorylated, in a strictly agonist-dependent manner, at a number of Ser and Thr residues in their C-terminal tail by members of the GRK family of protein kinases. In the case of GPCRs with high affinity peptide ligands it is often possible to attach a suitable fluorescent dye to a location in the peptide not involved in an integral way in binding the receptor. www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v128/n3/full/0702824a.html   (289 words)

British Journal of Pharmacology - Investigation of the subtypes of 1-adrenoceptor mediating contractions of rat vas deferens Correlations were made between functional antagonist potency and pooled binding affinity data from a number of studies: there are limitations in using pooled data statistically as the aggregate mean may not have the required normal distribution. Tonic contractions were taken as the peak sustained contraction, and phasic contractions as the maximum intermittent tension (including sustained) obtained. The effects of prazosin (10−30 n M), RS 17053 (100 n M) and 5-methyl-urapidil (30 n M) on tonic contractions to noradrenaline and phasic contractions to the four agonists are shown in Figures 2 and 3. www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v128/n6/full/0702913a.html   (289 words)

British Journal of Pharmacology - Distribution of alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtypes in RNA and protein in rabbit eyes Correspondence: Ikunobu Muramatsu, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fukui Medical University, Matsuoka, Fukui 910-1193 Japan. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fukui Medical University, Matsuoka, Fukui 910-1193 Japan Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Fukui Medical University, Matsuoka, Fukui 910-1193 Japan www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v135/n3/full/0704503a.html   (289 words)

Cloning of CYP2J2 Gene and Identification of Functional Polymorphisms -- King et al. 61 (4): 840 -- Molecular Pharmacology Fritsche E, Pittman GS and Bell DA (2000) Localization, sequence analysis, and ethnic distribution of a 96-bp insertion in the promoter of the human CYP2E1 gene. Fukushima A, Hayakawa M, Sugiyama S, Ajioka M, Ito T, Satake T and Ozawa T (1988) Cardiovascular effects of leukotoxin (9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoate) and free fatty acids in dogs. Uematsu F, Kikuchi H, Motomiya M, Abe T, Sagami I, Ohmachi T, Wakui A, Kanamaru R and Watanabe M (1991) Association between restriction fragment length polymorphism of the human cytochrome P450IIE1 gene and susceptibility to lung cancer. molpharm.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/61/4/840   (289 words)

GreenMan Bookshop : Cannabis and Related Books Listed by Title Cannabis in Africa: a survey of its distribution in Africa Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential Cannabis: Physiopathology, Epidemiology, Detection: From the Proceedings of the 2ns Int Symposium www.theflow.nl /bookshop/titles.htm   (289 words)

Breast Cancer Research Full text Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) activity and risk factors for breast cancer: a cross-sectional study In both premenopausal and postmenopausal women cancer risk is associated with events that alter hormonal balance, such as age at menarche, parity, body weight, body fat distribution, and use of exogenous hormones. Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada This may affect breast cancer risk since steroidogenesis is influenced by the provision of cholesterol as a substrate [49]. breast-cancer-research.com /content/bcr798   (7244 words)

Polarized Distribution of Interleukin-1 Receptors and Their Role in Regulation of Serotonin Transporter in Placenta -- Kekuda et al. 292 (3): 1032 -- Journal of Pharmacology And Experimental Therapeutics Cunningham ET, Jr and De Souza EB (1993) Interleukin 1 receptors in the brain and endocrine tissues. O'Neill LA (1995) Towards an understanding of the signal transduction pathways for interleukin 1. Corbett JA, Sweetland MA, Lancaster JR, Jr and McDaniel ML (1993) A 1-hour pulse with IL-1 beta induces formation of nitric oxide and inhibits insulin secretion by rat islets of Langerhans: Evidence for a tyrosine kinase signaling mechanism. jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/292/3/1032   (6149 words)

The endothelin receptor is a major determinant for the nonlinear tissue distribution of the endothelin antagonist BQ-123 -- Shin et al. 278 (2): 607 -- Journal of Pharmacology And Experimental Therapeutics Binding of BQ- 123 to isolated membrane fractions from jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/278/2/607   (468 words)

Methemoglobin Formation by Hydroxylamine Metabolites of Sulfamethoxazole and Dapsone: Implications for Differences in Adverse Drug Reactions -- Reilly et al. 288 (3): 951 -- Journal of Pharmacology And Experimental Therapeutics Distribution of dapsone and sulfamethoxazole into human RBCs. Dapsone and sulfamethoxazole were added to yield a 200 µM final concentration. Methemoglobin Formation by Hydroxylamine Metabolites of Sulfamethoxazole and Dapsone: Implications for Differences in Adverse Drug Reactions -- Reilly et al. www.jpet.org /cgi/content/full/288/3/951   (468 words)

Cerebrospinal Fluid Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of Bupivacaine and Lidocaine after Intrathecal and Epidural Administrations in Rabbits Using Microdialysis -- Clement et al. 289 (2): 1015 -- Journal of Pharmacology And Experimental Therapeutics Taverne RHT, Ionescu TI and Nuyten STM (1992) Comparative absorption and distribution pharmacokinetics of intravenous and epidural sufentanil for major abdominal surgery. ) was close to that observed for sufentanil in dogs, Tucker GT and Mather LE (1998) Physicochemical properties, absorption, and disposition of local anesthetic, in Neural Blockade in Clinical Anesthesia and Management of Pain 2nd ed. www.jpet.org /cgi/content/full/289/2/1015   (468 words)

Botanist: A description for the botanist job Botanist: Studies development and life processes, physiology, heredity, environment, distribution, anatomy, morphology, and economic value of plants for application in such fields as agronomy, forestry, horticulture, and pharmacology: Studies behavior of chromosomes and reproduction, internal and external structures, and examines mechanics and biochemistry of plants and plant cells, using microscopes, staining techniques, and scientific equipment. Investigates environment and plant communities and effect of rainfall, temperature, climate, soil, and elevation on plant growth from seed to mature plants. Next Saturday, a lovely new garden will begin to unfold before the eyes of many St. Louisans. www.job-descriptions.org /botanist.html   (468 words)

Distribution and Pharmacology of alpha 6-Containing Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Analyzed with Mutant Mice -- Champtiaux et al. 22 (4): 1208 -- Journal of Neuroscience Lena C, de Kerchove D'Exaerde A, Cordero-Erausquin M, Le Novère N, del Mar Arroyo-Jimenez M, Changeux JP (1999) Diversity and distribution of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the locus ceruleus neurons. Nisell M, Nomikos GG, Svensson TH (1994) Systemic nicotine-induced dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens is regulated by nicotinic receptors in the ventral tegmental area. of epibatidine binding by cytisine was not monophasic. www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/22/4/1208   (468 words)

biblio_rev Morgan, L.M., Shines, C.J., Jeter, S.P., Blazka, M.E., Elwell, P.E., Wilson, R.E., Ward,S.M., Price, H.C., and Moskowitz, P.D., Comparative Pulmonary Absorption, Distribution and Toxicity of Copper Gallium Diselenide, Copper Indium Diselenide, and Cadmium Telluride in Sprague-Dawley Rats, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 147, 399-410, 1997. Morgan, L.M., Shines, C.J., Jeter, S.P., Wilson, R.E., Elwell, P.E., Price, H.C., and Moskowitz, P.D., Acute Pulmonary Toxicity of Copper Gallium Diselenide, Copper Indium Diselenide, and Cadmium Telluride Intratracheally Instilled into Rats. Wang W. and Fthenakis V.M., Leaching of Cadmium, Tellurium and Copper from Cadmium Telluride Photovoltaic Modules, Recycling Task -Progress Report I, February 3, 2004. www.pv.bnl.gov /biblio.htm   (468 words)

Sir James W. Black - Autobiography He illuminated the black box between drug delivery and effect, developing analytical methods for estimating the levels and tissue distribution of a drug and its metabolites which allowed us to monitor and control toxicity tests, human pharmacology and clinical trials. This led to an interview with the Vice-Chancellor, the redoubtable Sir James Irvine, flanked by elderly academic worthies, all poking into the mind of a nervous 15 year old boy. Duncan brings brio and bravura to everything he does; and he is reliably my severest critic. nobelprize.org /medicine/laureates/1988/black-autobio.html   (2238 words)

Other Tardive Movements Tardive dystonia differs from tardive stereotypy in that it affects the young and old in an equal distribution and there's no increase ratio of female to male. The pharmacology of tardive vs. acute akathisia is clearly different, with tardive akathisia often behaving like tardive stereotypy. When tardive stereotypy is associated with tardive dystonia the use of anticholinergics can exacerbate the stereotypies. www.cmdg.org /Movement_/drug/other/other.htm   (2238 words)

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