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Topic: Distributive justice

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	Distributive justice - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Distributive justice concerns what is just or right with respect to the allocation of goods (or utility) in a society.
		Distributive justice concentrates on just outcomes, while procedural justice concentrates on just processes.
		The most prominent contemporary theorists of distributive justice are John Rawls and Robert Nozick.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Distributive_justice (300 words)

	Thomas Aquinas: Commutative and Distributive Justice
		Distributive and commutative justice differ not only in respect of unity and multitude, but also in respect of different kinds of due: because common property is due to an individual in one way, and his personal property in another way.
		Hence in distributive justice the mean is observed, not according to equality between thing and thing, but according to proportion between things and persons: in such a way that even as one person surpasses another, so that which is given to one person surpasses that which is allotted to another.
		Further, the distribution that has to do with distributive justice is one of "wealth or of honors, or of whatever can be distributed among the members of the community", which very things are the subject matter of commutations between one person and another, and this belongs to commutative justice.
	www.lonang.com /exlibris/aquinas/sum22061.htm (2650 words)

	Rawls on Justice as Fairness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Justice is thought of as a pact between rational egoists the stability of which is dependent on a balance of power and a similarity of circumstance.
		Justice is the virtue of practices where there are assumed to be competing interests and conflicting claims, and where it is supposed that persons will press their rights on each other.
		The justice of practices does not come up until there are several different parties (whether we think of these as individuals, associations, or nations and so on, is irrelevant) who do press their claims on one another, and who do regard themselves as representatives of interests, which deserve to be considered.
	www.hist-analytic.org /Rawlsfair.htm (9933 words)

	Procedural justice - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Procedural justice is an umbrella term for the administration of justice and legal proceedings in a procedurally fair and transparent manner, and encompasses the related terms due process (U.S.), fundamental justice (Canada) and natural justice (other Common law jurisdictions).
		Procedural justice concerns the fairness of the processes by which decisions are made, and may be contrasted with the distributive justice (fairness in the distribution of rights or resources), and corrective justice (fairness in the rectification of wrongs).
		In the United States, for example, a concern for procedural justice is reflected in the Due Process clauses of the United States Constitution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Procedural_justice (720 words)

	[No title]
		Distributive justice is concerned with the fair allocation of resources among diverse members of a community.
		He maintains that the job of distributive justice is to limit the influence of luck so that goods might be distributed more fairly and to everyone's advantage.
		The aim of distributive justice is not to achieve any particular outcome of distribution, but rather to ensure a fair process of exchange.
	www.beyondintractability.org /m/distributive_justice.jsp (2299 words)

	[No title]
		Distributive justice, or economic justice, is concerned with giving all members of society a "fair share" of the benefits and resources available.
		Distribution on the basis of need means that people who need more will get more, while people who need less will get less.) Fair allocation of resources, or distributive justice, is crucial to the stability of a society and the well-being of its members.
		Procedural justice is concerned with making and implementing decisions according to fair processes that ensure "fair treatment." Rules must be impartially followed and consistently applied in order to generate an unbiased decision.
	www.beyondintractability.org /m/types_of_justice.jsp (1918 words)

	The Bioethical Principle of Distributive Justice and the State (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Distributive justice is the idea that physicians should broaden their perspective to include the needs of the entire group of patients if in an HMO and the needs of society as a whole, instead of caring only for their individual patients.
		Distributive justice is the supposedly moral and rational justification to change the ethic of medicine so as to strengthen the structure of corporate socialized medicine.
		The term distributive justice is used by ethicists to refer to a fair distribution in society, according to norms that the society adopts, of economic goods (such as welfare, research grants, etc.) and fundamental political rights and burdens (such as paying taxes, military draft, etc.).
	www.haciendapub.com /cohen.html (4859 words)

	DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
		Traditionally, it reflects our belief in the idea of “fairness.” Aristotle observed that there are basically two spheres of justice: “justice in retribution” and “justice in distribution.” Retribution embraces the familiar notion “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth,” otherwise known as the principle of proportionality.
		That’s why, when we punish those who harm others, we have a moral obligation to see to it that the “punishment fits the crime.” Justice in distribution carries with it the idea that there are better and worse ways to distribute pleasures and pains amongst the community.
		The distributive principle of social utility holds that we ought to distribute at least some things in such a way as to maximize a favorable balance between pain and pleasure in the whole community.
	inside.msj.edu /academics/faculty/whiter/justice.htm (767 words)

	Distributive Justice
		One of the simplest principles of distributive justice is that of strict or radical equality.
		In A Theory of Justice, Rawls uses Utilitarianism as the main theory for comparison with his own, and hence he responds at length to this Utilitarian objection and argues for his own theory in preference to Utilitarianism (some of these arguments are outlined in the section on Welfare-Based Principles).
		CORI Justice Commission Statement on the Publication of the Irish Government's Green Paper on Basic Income Analysis of current statistics on income and the basic wage, with the suggestion that a basic income wage is more effective in reducing poverty than the current tax and welfare system.
	www.science.uva.nl /~seop/archives/spr2004/entries/justice-distributive (8439 words)

	Principle of Distributive Justice
		Considered as one type of justice, distributive justice is a central concept in the Catholic tradition and is closely linked to the concepts of human dignity, the common good, and human rights.
		In the context of health care, distributive justice requires that everyone receive equitable access to the basic health care necessary for living a fully human life insofar as there is a basic human right to health care.
		The principle of distributive justice implies that society has a duty to the individual in serious need and that all individuals have duties to others in serious need.
	www.ascensionhealth.org /ethics/public/key_principles/distributive_justice.asp (192 words)

	Distributive Justice in Sport (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principle of justice in transfer, from someone else entitled to the holding, is entitled to the holding.
		Finally, take a look at the five theories of distributive justice and and indicate which theory best represents your reasoning for thinking the treatment was unfair and then indicate which theory best represents the other person's reasoning for thinking the treatment was fair.
		Indicate which of the five theories of distributive justice best represents your reasoning for thinking the treatment was fair and then indicate which theory best represents the student's or athlete's reasoning for thinking the treatment was fair.
	www.emporia.edu /hper/faculty/classes/ermler/pe858/topic7.htm (2635 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		If complex equality is the standard of distributive justice, Walzer argues, then employees are entitled to select their managers--but this is obviously not the experience of the vast majority in our economy today.
		Given that Spheres of Justice defends a theory of distributive justice, it is obviously an example of the latter sort of argument.
		Whether or not complex equality can be sustained as a global theory of distributive justice, it can be understood as an ethic for egalitarians--a statement of a distinctive type of egalitarian politics that has the virtue of recognizing and avoiding the pitfalls into which those with egalitarian sensibilities sometimes fall.
	www.luc.edu /depts/polisci/research/mayer14.html (9955 words)

	20th WCP: A Humean Theory of Distributive Justice for a New Century
		I claim that an attractive theory of distributive justice can be constructed by blending David Hume's ideas about the origins and purposes of justice with Ronald Dworkin's insurance-based justification for his equality of resources model of distributive justice.
		Thus Hume writes that "the rules of equity or justice depend entirely on the particular state and condition in which men are placed, and owe their origin and existence to that utility, which results to the public from their strict and regular observance." Enquiry, page 188 (italics added).
		Hume's remarks on justice, his insightful observations and careful analysis, amount to a description of what we call justice, not a prescription for social arrangements which ought to be instituted.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Poli/PoliWein.htm (3360 words)

	20th WCP: Environmental Justice: Some Ecofeminist Worries About a Distributive Model
		Young's critique of a distributive model focuses on three categories of social issues which, she claims, a distributive model fails to accommodate: (a) Social decision-making structures of power and privilege that often help determine patterns of distribution.
		To the extent that a distributive model is not equipped to appropriately attend to such group differences, it cannot be the model of environmental justice.
		A distributive model simply is inadequate, by itself, to the task of explicating and resolving the relevant issues of social and environmental justice.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Gend/GendWarr.htm (2073 words)

	[No title]
		Since most theories of distributive justice require such redistribution, this hypothetical service economy presents the advocates of such theories with two stark alternatives.
		Their first alternative is to abandon their redistributionist theory of justice; their second is to openly embrace forced labor as a means of achieving a just society.
		The truth of libertarianism as a theory of distributive justice does indeed strike most people as wildly unlikely; for it is a theory bereft of concern for equality, poverty, luck, and so on.
	www.gmu.edu /departments/economics/bcaplan/service (1744 words)

	Connectivity: Spike Hall's RU Weblog
		Summary: After a series of entries, in which I progressively moved my study of distributive justice toward its specific application to educators, I recently concluded that principles of distributive justice do apply to teachers.
		Justice for Teachers In which I introduce two teachers with no difference in pay, or background, or training, or load, or student population served.
		Justice: A fair distribution of goods and harms (1) John Rawls' approach to defining justice is outlined.
	radio.weblogs.com /0106698/2004/03/18.html (918 words)

	Robert Nozick: "Distributive Justice"
		A distribution is JUST if (and only if) everyone is entitled to the holdings they possess under the distribution.
		Welfare economics is the theory of current time-slice principles of justice.
		To think that the task of a theory of distributive justice is to fill in blank (1) is to be drawn to patterns.
	spruce.flint.umich.edu /~simoncu/368/nozick.htm (696 words)

	ROBERT NOZICK: AGAINST DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
		Any distribution, irrespective of any pattern it may or may not have, is just provided it has the appropriate history, provided it did in fact come about in accordance with the rules of acquisition, transfer and rectification.
		A central distributor would perhaps be bound to treat all alike unless for good reason, but in a free society distribution results from many localized exchanges between individuals entitled to bestow their holdings as they wish.
		He believes that its justice depends on the justice of the institutions, including legal institutions defining entitlement, which were involved in its production.
	www.humanities.mq.edu.au /Ockham/y64l17.html (3558 words)

	Summa Theologica (SS_Q61_A1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		I answer that, As stated above (Q[58], AA[7],8), particular justice is directed to the private individual, who is compared to the community as a part to the whole.
		Reply to Objection 3: The act of distributing the goods of the community, belongs to none but those who exercise authority over those goods; and yet distributive justice is also in the subjects to whom those goods are distributed in so far as they are contented by a just distribution.
		Reply to Objection 5: Distributive and commutative justice differ not only in respect of unity and multitude, but also in respect of different kinds of due: because common property is due to an individual in one way, and his personal property in another way.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/aquinas/summa.SS_Q61_A1.html (736 words)

	Distributive Justice, Restorative Justice
		Restorative justice seeks to switch that focus to recognize the needs of victims, communities and criminal offenders as the parties impacted by crime.
		Restorative Justice is a process promoting the repair of harm caused by crime and the active involvement of victims and communities in justice processes, not simply a program or group of programs.
		Specifically, restorative justice sees the need to provide victims with a sense of fairness and access to a justice system that has few formal obligations to make things right for them.
	www.csudh.edu /dearhabermas/psdefdja01.htm (370 words)

	Justice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Justice, Justice, Shalt Thou Pursue." The New Republic (1999)
		Environmental Justice Database; maintained at Michigan State University Extension
		The literature on justice is vast, stretching back to Plato’s dialogues to the latest post-modernist critiques of justice. Here are some of the highlights.
	ethics.acusd.edu /theories/Justice (547 words)

	Ethics Updates - Justice Theory
		The literature on justice is vast, stretching back to Plato’s dialogues to the latest post-modernist critiques of justice.
		The literature on race and justice is extensive.
		On international justice, see Robin Attfield and Barry Wilkins, eds., International Justice and the Third World (New York: Routledge, 1992); On international economic justice, see Amaryta Sen, On Ethics and Economics (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1989) and Inequality Reexamined (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995) and, most recently, Development as Freedom (Garden City: Anchor Books, 2000).
	ethics.sandiego.edu /theories/Justice/index.asp (935 words)

	SSRN-Theories of Distributive Justice and Limitations on Taxation: What Rawls Demands from Tax Systems by Linda Sugin
		In The Myth of Ownership, Liam Murphy and Thomas Nagel offer a devastating critique of traditional tax policy analysis and its partial justice orientation, and demand that taxation be evaluated as part of a broader overall scheme of economic justice.
		It argues that the connection between taxes and justice is less specific than we might hope, and that theories of justice generally do not endorse particular tax policies, but are more likely to preclude them.
		Rather than searching in theories of justice for required precepts of taxation, we might more fruitfully ask what constraints, if any, a particular theory of justice imposes on the tax system.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=555988 (326 words)

	CEPR Discussion Paper Abstracts
		This paper develops a simple theoretical model that can be implemented to estimate the willingness to pay for distributive justice.
		We derive a formula that allows one to recover the willingness to pay for distributive justice from the estimated coefficients of a probit regression and fiscal data.
		This is consistent with the idea that political differences between types are due to differences in the beliefs about the fairness of the market system, rather than differences in the values they place on distributive justice.
	www.cepr.org /pubs/new-dps/dplist.asp?dpno=5227 (246 words)

	Colin Farrelly
		"Justice in the Genetically Transformed Society" Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, Vol.
		Review of Stuart Hampshire's Justice is Conflict in Canadian Journal of Political Science (2002).
		Review of John Rawls's Justice as Fairness: A Restatement in Philosophy in Review (Oct. 2001).
	www.politicalscience.uwaterloo.ca /Farrelly/prof-farrelly.htm (683 words)

	Amazon.com: Theories of Distributive Justice: Books: John E. Roemer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Theories of Justice (A Treatise on Social Justice; Vol.
		Equally at home in economic theory and political philosophy, John Roemer has written a unique book that critiques economists' conceptions of justice from a philosophical perspective and philosophical theories of distributive justice from an economic one.
		Roemer explores the major new philosophical concepts of the theory of distributive justice--primary goods, functionings and capability, responsibility in its various forms, procedural versus outcome justice, midfare--and shows how they can be sharpened and clarified with the aid of economic analysis.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0674879201?v=glance (944 words)

	Indicators of Distributive Justice and Social Progress (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		They are estimated on a 10-point scale with multinomial ordinal probit analysis based on generalized (skewed) distributive normality interpreted as distributive justice.
		These measures show levels of distributive justice among stratified industrial, employment, residential, and urban social groups that underlie these areas' structural integrity
		Taken together, the indicators of distributive justice give a faithful picture of American social structures as well as of their change over time including areas of social progress, stagnation, or decline.
	www.socialindicators.org (177 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Democratic Distributive Justice: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		By exploring the integral relationship between democracy and economic justice, Democratic Distributive Justice seeks to explain how democratic countries with market systems should deal with the problem of high levels of income-inequality.
		Economic justice is then integrated with democratic theory, yielding what Ross Zucker calls 'democratic distributive justice'.
		While prevailing theory defines democracy in terms of the electoral mechanism, the author holds that the principles of distribution form part of the very definition of democracy, which makes just distribution a requirement of democratic government.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0521790336 (403 words)

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