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Topic: District heating

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	Benefits Of District Energy
		District energy is energy efficient, environmentally sound, easy to operate and maintain, reliable, comfortable and convenient, has lower life-cycle costs and offers design flexibility.
		District energy customers also eliminate the need for fuel deliveries, handling and storage so there are fewer safety and liability concerns for employees and building occupants.
		In addition, district energy systems have the flexibility to use a variety of fuel sources in larger, more economical volumes - from oil to natural gas to coal to biomass - reducing the impact of supply and price variations.
	www.districtenergy.org /benefits.htm (758 words)

	Alternative Energy
		A district heating system for Oujé-Bougoumou was conceived of not by engineers or energy technicians nor for that matter by people who had a vast background in the area of energy production or alternative energy, but rather it was conceived of by the people whose professional activity was community development.
		A district heating system is a way of providing energy for the purpose of heating residences, institutions (school, clinic, administration buildings, etc.) and commercial establishments utilizing a single source of energy to produce heat which is distributed via a hot water medium by underground pipes to all the buildings.
		The key to understanding the community's decision is that they viewed the district heating system as an integral part of the future socio-economic development of the community, and thereby, having an impact on local employment, on future community projects and on their innovative housing program.
	www.ouje.ca /content/our-story/energy.php (3812 words)

	District Heating Systems Technology - Sven Werner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		District heating is the name assigned to the noble art of creating an infrastructure with pipes, buried in the ground and filled with warm water, to satisfy concentrated heat requirements on local heat markets.
		Heat is normally supplied to the pipes by retrieving and refining heat that other entities have no further use for and by using fuels or natural heat that end-users cannot use easily.
		District heating is normally delivered to satisfy heat requirements in cities for heating and hot water in residential, commercial, and public buildings.
	www.chalmers.se /HyperText/Prof-E/Werner-E.html (952 words)

	District heating - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		District heating (less commonly called teleheating) is a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location for residential and commercial heating requirements.
		District heating accumulator tower and workshops on the Churchill Gardens Estate, Pimlico, London.
		District systems gained prominence in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, with one system in France in continuous operation since the 14th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/District_heating (1223 words)

	District heating (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Our district heating consulting- and training services are made use of for example in the Baltic countries and Russia.
		The heating network in the city is designed so that district heat can be distributed to the customers via several routes, if needed.
		The operation of the district heating network is constantly monitored, due to which possible leaks are quickly under control.
	www.helsinginenergia.fi /en/heat/heating.html (345 words)

	HEP - District Heating (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Hrvatska Elektroprivreda has the installed heating capacity of 1220 MW for district heating and 885 t/h for process steam.
		In the total consumption of district heating, the share of Zagreb, Osijek and Sisak was 86 percent, 11 percent and 3 percent, respectively.
		The development of the district heating will follow the development plans of the cities, the number of heat customers is expected to grow by 2 to 3 percent a year.
	www.hep.hr /en/structure/heating.html (209 words)

	Italy/Geothermal District Heating
		The heat plant is quite complex and included, after plate heat exchangers to isolate the geothermal fluid, dual-power (gas or electricity) heat pumps with heat recovery components, cooling towers, peak and back-up gas boilers, and a pumping system.
		The heat station consists of a steel plate heat exchan-ger, gas-fed heat pumps with heat recuperator and gas-fueled boilers for peaking and backup.
		Heat delivery started in 1988, but because authorization for the energy use of the spring water has not yet been granted, the DH network is fed provisionally by conventional boilers.
	www.geothermie.de /egec-geothernet/no40egec/italygeothermal_district_heating.htm (2167 words)

	Geothermal Residential Heating in Idaho
		A well can supply heat for an indivdual home, or multiple buildings can be connected to a system of distribution lines resulting in a district heating system.
		Several district heating systems are in operation in the state, including the Boise Warm Springs Water District, which is the oldest system in the United States.
		In Twin Falls, geothermal water is used to heat a house and a church building with another church using geothermal heat near Almo.
	www.idwr.idaho.gov /energy/alternative_fuels/geothermal/heating.htm (860 words)

	Systems and Services (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		District Energy St. Paul currently provides heating service to more than 170 buildings and 300 single-family homes, representing over 29 million square feet of building space, or 80 percent of St. Paul’s central business district and adjacent areas.
		Each building has its own heat exchanger and control valve, which transfers thermal energy from the district heating system water to the building’s heating system water.
		Cooled water is then returned to District Energy’s main plant to be reheated and circulated once again to buildings connected to the system.
	www.districtenergy.com /SystemsAndServices/index.html (108 words)

	District Heating Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		A heating undertaking is an undertaking which operates in at least one of the areas of activity consisting of the production, distribution or sale of heat and which is responsible for attending to commercial, technical or maintenance issues related to such activities.
		Any decision to determine a district heating region shall be based on the principles provided in subsection (1) of this section.
		When a district heating region is determined for an area planned as a high density area to be built up with new facilities, connection to the network is mandatory for all persons located within the district heating region unless otherwise prescribed by the local government council.
	www.mkm.ee /failid/District_Heating_Act.htm (6403 words)

	renew scotland
		Biomass can be used to provide energy for district heating schemes, which can be applied to a block of flats, a group of buildings or even an entire town.
		District heating is a proven technology, which has been used in the UK for over 40 years.
		In district heating systems more than one building or dwelling is heated from a central source.
	www.renewscotland.org /biomass/district.html (476 words)

	Properties Magazine \| August 2003 Article
		District heating can be considered, in the roughest and simplest terms, as the modern equivalent of cave dwellers hanging around a campfire.
		District heating via hot-water pipes became somewhat popular in Europe from the 14th century onward.
		The heating system was an improvement over previous stoves, and Franklin refused to take a patent on his invention, seeing it as a benefit to be made available to all.
	www.propertiesmag.com /archives/2003-08/district.htm (679 words)

	District Heating Mission to Russia, March 11-17, 2001
		Centralized district heating systems are used to heat most of Russia's buildings, but the equipment that they use is old and inefficient, and in need of maintenance and replacement.
		As of 1997, centralized district heating systems owned and operated by municipal authorities supplied 70 percent of Russian households with heat and hot water, and there were over 1000 district heating systems that served over 10,000 customers.
		Inefficient equipment and the resulting expensive heat that it produces makes it necessary for most cities to subsidize the cost of heat and hot water for customers who otherwise would not be able to pay for these services.
	www.ita.doc.gov /td/oepc/cleaneng.htm (900 words)

	In English » Om oss » Tekniska Verken
		The Tekniska Verken Group also supplies district heating to the neighbouring town of Mjölby and in proprietary grids in the towns of Borensberg, Skärfla and Kisa.
		The district heating system celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2004 and received an industry award for district heating company of the year.
		District cooling is an environmentally friendly and economic alternative to conventional cooling.
	www.tekniskaverken.se /om_oss/in_english (1306 words)

	Wood chips will soon be responsible for cutting the Council School District´s heating bills in half. - EnergyVortex
		The district also is asking its voters to approve a $1.5 million bond issue to cover the remaining costs and to upgrade energy efficiency at the district´s three aging school buildings.
		This past fall, the district´s nearly 50-year-old boiler was “red-tagged,” meaning the school had one year to replace the oil-fired machine that supplies heat to all three school buildings.
		Replacing a heating system is a tall task for a district in a county that has the state´s highest unemployment rate — 14 percent.
	www.energyvortex.com /pages/headlinedetails.cfm?id=1040 (659 words)

	Kielder District Heating Project
		In a remote forestry village in Northumberland, a novel form of central heating is being demonstrated - a shared heat network fuelled by wood.
		District heating networks are commonplace in Scandinavian countries such as Sweden and Finland, where forestry residues are often used as fuel, but this is one of the first of its kind in Britain.
		The Kielder District Heating project has been supported by a variety of sources including the European Regional Development Fund, the Northumberland Strategic Partnership through One NorthEast, Northumberland National Park Authority, Powergen, Forestry Commission, Northumberland County Council and Tynedale Council.
	www.neforestry.info /kielderheating (374 words)

	District heating in Charlottetown, Canada
		Three small district heating plants were constructed in Charlottetown in the 1981–85 period under the auspices of the PEI Energy Corporation, a provincial crown corporation.
		Steam that provides district energy to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital is used to air-condition the hospital through the use of steam absorption chillers.
		In communities where timber and pulpwood are processed, numerous opportunities exist for using the waste industrial heat in district energy systems to heat large buildings and even residential homes that are reasonably close to the source of heat.
	www.aboutbioenergy.info /Charlottetown.html (1625 words)

	District Heating
		District Heating and Cooling plants produce and distribute electricity, hot water, steam and chilled water from a central "trigeneration" power/energy plant's location to multiple buildings, oftentimes on a campus setting.
		District Energy, or, "trigeneration" plants at about 90% system efficiency, are about 300% more efficient and environmentally-friendly than typical, "central" power plants.
		In heating mode; as each of the buildings connected to the District Energy System has their own heat exchangers and control valves, transferring the thermal energy (hot water and/or steam) from the district heating system water to the building’s own HVAC distribution system is simple, measured and precise.
	www.cogeneration.net /District_Heating.htm (878 words)

	City of Montpelier, Vermont: Works in Progress - Biomass District Heating Project
		In a district energy system, underground pipelines from the source of energy to each of the connected buildings distribute thermal energy - in the form of hot water, steam or chilled water.
		Most of the buildings in the Montpelier Capitol Complex are currently heated by a district energy system, which transmits steam from the central boilers.
		A downtown district energy system will reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels, insure energy security, build the local economy, reduce greenhouse gases, enhance forest health by providing a market for low-grade wood, and dramatically cut the number of oil and propane tanks in the Winooski River floodplain.
	www.montpelier-vt.org /wip/districtheat/index.cfm (1242 words)

	District heating in Denmark
		In this section we focus on the different aspects of the Danish district heating sector.
		The history of the Danish district heating sector from the start in 1903 to the energy crises in 1972.
		Ten unique characteristics of the Danish district heating sector.
	www.dbdh.dk /dkmap/dkmap.html (94 words)

	Heating - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cathode heater, a coil or filament used to heat the cathode in a vacuum tube or cathode ray tube
		District heating, a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location for residential and commercial heating requirements
		Geothermal heat pump, a heat pump that uses the thermal mass of the Earth to regulate indoor temperatures
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Heating (422 words)

	ESTIF: District Heating
		District and block heating applications offers good conditions for the use of solar thermal for existing buildings and there are a number of demonstration plants with ground-mounted as well as roof-mounted collector arrays.
		The largest solar district heating plant comprises 18.300 m2 of collector area (~10 MW thermal capacity).
		Once cost-effective seasonal heat storage will be widely available, large-scale applications will become more competitive, resulting in a strong increase of the potential for solar thermal.
	www.estif.org /128.0.html (261 words)

	AirWare: district heating impact assessment
		The emission and dispersion simulation is based on a Gaussian long-term model (ISC-3/AERMOD with complex topography corrections), and a long-term weather scenario (frequency distributions) for the default period of October 1 to March 31 (compatible with 96/62/EC and COM(97)500).
		With an efficiency of up to 86% (power and heating combined), it will be one of the most modern and efficient plants in operation: older power plants reach an efficiency of around 40%.
		Residential and commercial use, heating systems (individual or central) and fuel types (solid (coal), liquid (oil) and gas), all expressed as fractions of the total energy consumption, are recorded for each building.
	www.ess.co.at /AIRWARE/heating.html (530 words)

	Geothermal District Heating in Idaho
		The seven district are located in Boise and in Twin Falls County.
		The heating system, which has been in operation since 1981, serves 12 buildings and 4 greenhouses, with over 440,000 square feet of facilities kept warm by geothermal.
		Some of the water is pumped to the public swimming pool where it is circulated through a heat exchanger to warm the pool water, and also used as "make-up" water to top off the pool on occasions.
	www.idwr.state.id.us /energy/alternative_fuels/geothermal/detailed_district.htm (1284 words)

	District Heating Systems
		Westwood Cohousing Community, build in 1998, is a cooperative community with a centralized / district heating and domestic water system.
		This district system, designed and installed by Shelter Technology, supplies the entire community with heat from the central Community Building.
		The solar collectors heat water which is then collected in a large holding tank housed in the mechanical room of the Community Building.
	www.sheltertech.com /district_heating_systems.htm (287 words)

	Goshen Central School District - Goshen, NY
		The district's heating system - composed of 12 boilers - is also cleaned and repaired by school personnel in order to keep costs down.
		Besides maintaining the district's 88 acres of athletic fields and custom-building bookcases and workspaces for classrooms, Buildings and Grounds staff are also responsible for keeping Goshen Central Schools spick and span.
		In fact, the district's budget towards vandalism, such as graffiti and trash, is only $2,500.
	www.gcsny.org /District/BuildingsAndGrounds/BuildingsandGrounds.htm (294 words)

	Pellet Combustion
		Boras Energi's small, district heating plant in Sandared used three oil-fired boilers in the early 1990s, two of 1300-kW capacity and one of 800-kW.
		The Hasselby Power Plant, owned by Fortum Power and Heat AB, is located on the shore of Lake Malaren and provides heat and power for northwestern suburbs of the Stockholm area.
		This was the first of Stockholm Energi's district heat-production plants to be inaugurated in 1959.
	www.engext.ksu.edu /biomass/_CombustionDistrictHeating.htm (386 words)

	Energy Efficiency Renovation of District Heating and End Use
		Due to old equipment and worn up facilities, the overall efficiency of the district heating system is low, a condition found in similar state- and municipality-owned district heating systems in Bulgaria and other CEE countries.
		In the past, consumers were billed for heat on the basis of the cubic meters of volume heated.
		The shortage of experience in the managing and operating district heating systems under market conditions, has led to a lack of familiarity with modern technologies and a lack of experience in fund raising for energy efficiency improvements.
	www.gefweb.org /wprogram/july96/bulgaria/enrenov.htm (1571 words)

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