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Topic: District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment

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	District of Columbia voting rights - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Formerly, District residents had no participation in the federal government at all, but they have participated in presidential elections since passage of the 23rd Amendment in 1961 (in practice, since the election of 1964).
		Whether or not that is true, it is clear that the granting of voting rights would result in a clear benefit to Democrats and a corresponding disadvantage to Republicans; for example, 89% of D.C. voters supported the Democrat John Kerry in the 2004 presidential election, a higher percentage than any state mustered for either candidate.
		In anticipation of the amendment's ratification, in 1980 District voters approved the call of a Constitutional Convention to draft a proposed state constitution, just as U.S. territories in the late 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries had done prior to their admission as states.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/District_of_Columbia_voting_rights (1925 words)

	District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment was presented to the state legislatures for consideration by the 95th Congress in the form of House Joint Resolution No. 554, offered by California Democrat Don Edwards.
		Ultimately, the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment failed because it was not ratified by the legislatures of at least 38 U.S. states when the August 22, 1985, deadline—specified in the text of the proposed Amendment itself (fourth and final section)—had arrived.
		In 1980, voters in the District of Columbia approved a call for a local constitutional convention to be prepared for a new state, to be called New Columbia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/District_of_Columbia_Voting_Rights_Amendment (723 words)

	HISTORY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA \| NARPAC, Inc. REPRINTS
		District residents won the right to vote in a presidential election on March 29, 1961, to elect a board of education in 1968 and, in 1970, to elect a non-voting delegate to the House of Representatives.
		In 1980, District voters approved a statehood initiative by a majority of 60 percent; delegates to a statehood constitutional convention were elected in 1981 and, in 1983, a bill for the admission of the state of New Columbia was introduced in Congress.
		A seal and motto, "Justitia Omnibus" (Justice for All), are adopted for the District of Columbia.
	www.narpac.org /ITXDCHIS.HTM (1635 words)

	District of Columbia home rule - dKosopedia
		The District government was later to abandon this expensive project and left the canal to become something of an open sewer; this was one of the reasons cited for abolishing District government at the time and returning to direct Congressional rule.
		In anticipation of the amendment's ratification, in 1980 District voters approved the call of a convention to draft a proposed state constitution, just as territories had in the late 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries had prior to their admission as states.
		The District seems to be on a firmer finaicial footing again, in thanks due to the outstanding relationships which seem to have developed between Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton and Members of Congress with regard to oversight of and budgeting for the District.
	www.dkosopedia.com /w/index.php?title=District_of_Columbia_home_rule&printable=yes (1109 words)

	American Civil Liberties Union : Fax to the House Opposing the D.C. Appropriations Bill
		The ACLU's Voting Rights Project has worked to protect the gains in political participation won by racial and language minorities since passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, and is working to renew and restore these rights in three crucial sections of the VRA set to expire in 2007.
		The ACLU urges you to support the right of District of Columbia residents and their elected officials to debate and decide for themselves the same policy questions that each of the fifty states may debate and decide for themselves.
		The District of Columbia has one of the highest incidences of HIV infection in the country, with almost 66 percent of new cases related to intravenous drug use.
	www.aclu.org /votingrights/gen/13032leg19991014.html (1311 words)

	About Section 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Under Section 5, any change with respect to voting in a covered jurisdiction -- or any political subunit within it -- cannot legally be enforced unless and until the jurisdiction first obtains the requisite determination* by the United States District Court for the District of Columbia or makes a submission to the Attorney General.
		The Voting Section is responsible for reviewing voting changes submitted to the Attorney General (15,000 to 24,000 changes each year) and for defending Section 5 declaratory judgments in court.
		Almost all voting changes are submitted to the Attorney General, and over the past decade the Attorney General has received submissions of between 14,000 and 22,000 voting changes per year.
	www.usdoj.gov /crt/voting/sec_5/about.htm (1699 words)

	Our Documents - Voting Rights Act (1965)
		Section 2, which closely followed the language of the 15th amendment, applied a nationwide prohibition of the denial or abridgment of the right to vote on account of race or color.
		Because the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was the most significant statutory change in the relationship between the Federal and state governments in the area of voting since the Reconstruction period following the Civil War, it was immediately challenged in the courts.
		The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was readopted and strengthened in 1970, 1975, and 1982.
	www.ourdocuments.gov /doc.php?flash=false&doc=100 (613 words)

	The District of Columbia Bar
		The District of Columbia Affairs Section of the District of Columbia Bar is concerned with issues relating to the laws and government of the District of Columbia, with a particular emphasis on the complex legal relationship between the nation's capital and the federal government that resides within its borders.
		Residents of the District have no vote in Congress on federal measures that would overturn laws duly enacted by the Council of the District of Columbia; and the District's local budget containing its own taxpayer-raised revenue cannot become law until the Congress affirms it.
		This bill would put District residents on an even playing field with other Americans and is the most complete remedy to the denial of D.C. voting rights contained in any of the four introduced bills.
	www.dcbar.org /for_lawyers/sections/district_of_columbia_affairs/statements/voting.cfm (806 words)

	The Avalon Project : Voting Rights Act of 1965; August 6, 1965
		No voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure shall be imposed or applied by any State or political subdivision to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color.
		Upon the basis of these findings, Congress declares that the constitutional right of citizens to vote is denied or abridged in some areas by the requirement of the payment of a poll tax as a precondition to voting.
		The District Court for the District of Columbia shall have jurisdiction to require such survey or census to be made by the Director of the Census and it shall require him to do so if it deems the Attorney [p*353] General's refusal to request such survey or census to be arbitrary or unreasonable.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/statutes/voting_rights_1965.htm (1399 words)

	Washington, DC - dKosopedia
		Washington, DC, officially the District of Columbia (also known as DC; Washington; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United States of America.
		The District of Columbia is not part of any state, but is instead a nationally unique administrative district under federal jurisdiction, but with limited – and sometimes contentious – local rule.
		So, while the District's official motto is "Justitia omnibus" (Justice to all), the words "Taxation Without Representation" were added to DC license plates in 2000 and there is a current movement to the add the words "No Taxation Without Representation" to the DC flag.
	www.dkosopedia.com /w/index.php?title=Washington,_DC&printable=yes (1317 words)

	Boston.com / News / Nation / Washington / How the Constitution can be amended (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Constitution provides that an amendment can be proposed either by Congress with a two-thirds majority vote in both the House and Senate, or by a constitutional convention called for by two-thirds of the state legislatures.
		In the case of a congressional vote, after passage in the form of a joint resolution, the archivist of the United States submits the proposed amendment to the states for their consideration.
		The two most recent amendments that received congressional approval but failed to gain ratification by states were the Equal Rights Amendment and the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment.
	www.boston.com /news/nation/washington/articles/2004/02/24/how_the_constitution_can_be_amended (438 words)

	VZ Local - Washington, District of Columbia City Guide
		The District of Columbia and the city of Washington are coextensive and are governed by a single municipal government, so for most practical purposes they are considered to be the same entity.
		The District of Columbia, founded on July 16, 1790, is a federal district as specified by the United States Constitution with limited-and sometimes contentious-local rule.
		The Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified on March 29, 1961 allowing residents of Washington, D.C. to vote for president and have their votes count in the Electoral College.
	www.vzlocal.com /Washington-DC.html (5602 words)

	American Civil Liberties Union : The Case for Extending and Amending the Voting Rights Act - Introduction and Summary
		This report describes the voting rights litigation brought, or participated in, by the Voting Rights Project of the American Civil Liberties Union after the amendment and extension of the Voting Rights Act on June 29, 1982.
		This report discusses the involvement of the ACLU Voting Rights Project in 293 cases brought in 31 states since June 1982, the date of the last extension of the special provisions of the Voting Rights Act, challenging discrimination in voting and failure to comply with federal and state election laws.
		A three-judge court in the District of Columbia denied preclearance to Georgia's infamous 1980 congressional redistricting plan finding that it was adopted with "a discriminatory purpose in violation of Section 5."(12) The decision was affirmed by the Supreme Court.
	www.aclu.org /votingrights/gen/24393res20060306.html (1496 words)

	Understanding Your Voting Rights
		Because this guarantee has been threatened in the past, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was enacted to ensure that no one could prevent any citizen from freely exercising their right to vote.
		The prohibition against discrimination in voting is a permanent one, and no citizen is in danger of losing his or her right to vote.
		The Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, and 1964 attempted to address the racial discrimination that was plaguing this country, and included provisions for securing and protecting the right to vote.
	www.oag.state.ny.us /family/kids/crime/voting.html (1937 words)

	District of Columbia Sued for Voting Rights Discrimination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Fourteenth Amendment, which guarantees all citizens the right to equal protection of the laws, protects the right to vote in secrecy.
		Many states have laws guaranteeing the right to vote in secret, which means that it is now unjustifiable to deny large numbers of people with disabilities that right.
		All are regular voters in the district and those with visual impairments are required to trust a friend, family member or stranger to help cast their ballots in accordance to their wishes.
	www.tilrc.org /docs/0901dcvote.htm (659 words)

	Introduction To Federal Voting Rights Laws (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Voting Rights Act, adopted initially in 1965 and extended in 1970, 1975, and 1982, is generally considered the most successful piece of civil rights legislation ever adopted by the United States Congress.
		The Act codifies and effectuates the 15th Amendment's permanent guarantee that, throughout the nation, no person shall be denied the right to vote on account of race or color.
		Under the terms of Section 5 of the Act, no voting changes were legally enforceable in these jurisdictions until approved either by a three-judge court in the District of Columbia or by the Attorney General of the United States.
	www.usdoj.gov /crt/voting/intro/intro.htm (511 words)

	District of Columbia Voting Rights Restoration Act of 2004
		Residents of other Federal enclaves, though also denied voting rights after becoming subject to exclusive Federal jurisdiction, have had restored their right to vote for and serve as elected Federal officials from their respective States which ceded the Federal enclaves to the United States.
		The portion of the original District of Columbia ceded to the United States by the Commonwealth of Virginia was returned to the authority of that state in 1846, and the people who now reside in that area vote as citizens of the Commonwealth of Virginia.
		`(1) The voting age population of the State of Maryland shall be considered to include the voting age population of the District of Columbia for purposes of sections 101(d)(4) and 252(b).
	www.theorator.com /bills108/hr3709.html (2344 words)

	Full Voting Representation in Congress for the District of Columbia, League of Women Voters
		D.C. was part of the original colonies; its citizens did vote in Congress before the capital was moved to D.C.; D.C. citizens are inheritors of the Constitutional claim for voting rights, equal treatment under the law, and other principles.
		On a practical level, as the core for the metropolitan region, the District's economic health is important to the economic health of the metropolitan region.
		Generally speaking, its says that District residents have a right to be a state or be part of a state (presumably retrocession to Maryland).
	www.dcwatch.com /lwvdc/lwv9906b.htm (2833 words)

	DC Vote - 10 Myths About the District of Columbia
		DC citizens were prohibited from voting in Presidential elections until the 23rd amendment to the Constitutional was ratified in 1961.
		The historical record indicates that the founders were concerned about the rights of District citizens and left open the possibility that future generations could address the inequity.
		In 1961, a Constitutional amendment granting DC the right to Presidential electors (equal to the smallest state) passed Congress and was approved by the states.
	www.dcvote.org /trellis/denial/10mythsaboutthedistrictofcolumbia.cfm (1480 words)

	U.S. Voting Rights
		To get around this, states add grandfather clauses that allow those who could vote before 1870, or their descendants, to vote regardless of literacy or tax qualifications.
		United States the Supreme Court rules that the clause is in conflict with the 15th Amendment, thereby outlawing literacy tests for federal elections.
		Blumstein, the Supreme Court declares that lengthy residence requirements for voting in state and local elections is unconstitutional and suggests that 30 days is an ample period.
	www.infoplease.com /timelines/voting.html (635 words)

	civilrights.org -- LCCREF to Study D.C. Voting Issues
		For residents of the District of Columbia, "taxation without representation" is more than a historical concept schoolchildren study in class; it is their modern reality.
		The District elects a non-voting delegate to the House of Representatives, but critics believe this is not enough.
		"Voting is the language of democracy," said Wade Henderson, executive director of the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights and counselor to LCCREF.
	www.civilrights.org /issues/voting/details.cfm?id=41436 (495 words)

	GOP targets gay marriage \| csmonitor.com
		But from the outset, the outcome is nearly certain: There are probably not enough votes in the Senate to build the two-thirds majority needed to pass a constitutional amendment, members of both parties agree.
		It read in part: "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex." It cleared both chambers of Congress and at one time was ratified by 35 states - short of what was needed.
		• The District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment, proposed in 1978.
	www.csmonitor.com /2006/0606/p01s01-uspo.htm (1007 words)

	ThisNation.com--Voting in America
		The right to vote is sometimes referred to as "suffrage." The right of suffrage in the United States is currently enjoyed by all citizens over the age of eighteen.
		After the Civil War, the right to vote was extended to all citizens, regardless of race, by the 13th Amendment to the Constitution.
		The 23rd Amendment allotted electoral votes to the District of Columbia, thereby giving its residents the right to vote in presidential elections.
	www.thisnation.com /voting.html (392 words)

	DC Equality Amendment draft text, June 4, 2002
		All US citizens who are permanent residents of the District of Columbia shall be treated as residents of a state for all constitutional intents and purposes, enjoying those same rights, powers and privileges as the people of the several states, including:
		General services may be provided to the federal government by the District of Columbia government on an as needed basis on such terms as are mutually satisfactory to the parties.
		Nothing shall prevent the federal government from compensating the District of Columbia in the form of a payment in lieu of taxes for revenues foregone as the seat of national government.
	www.dcwatch.com /issues/voting05.htm (388 words)

	Union for Reform Judaism - RESOLUTION ON VOTING RIGHTS FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
		However, the citizens of the District of Columbia lack this most basic right to full representation in both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate.
		A three-judge federal court in the District of Columbia decided (2–1) that the Constitution of the United States does not require the citizens of the District to be given voting representation in Congress.
		There are a number of proposals currently in various stages of consideration to address the issue of voting rights for the citizens of D.C. While the contours of such legislation have yet to be decided, there does appear to be some momentum building to address the current situation, which is so fundamentally unfair.
	urj.org /Articles/index.cfm?id=8992&pge_prg_id=31917&pge_id=1625 (472 words)

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