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	Disulfiram
		Disulfiram, also known as Antabuse, is used to treat chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to alcohol.
		Disulfiram blocks this reaction at the intermediate stage where it is converted to acetaldehyde.
		For these reasons disulfiram is not in itself a cure for alcoholism and is usually only indicated for select patients who wish to remain in an enforced state of sobriety during other forms of treatment, such as support groups and psychotherapy.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/an/Antabuse.html (252 words)

	Disulfiram - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Disulfiram is also being studied as a treatment for cocaine dependence, as it prevents the breakdown of dopamine (a neurotransmitter whose release is stimulated by cocaine); the excess dopamine results in increased anxiety, higher blood pressure, restlessness and other unpleasant symptoms.
		As disulfiram is absorbed slowly through the digestive tract and eliminated slowly by the body the effects may last for up to 2 weeks after the initial intake; consequently, medical ethics dictate that patients must be fully informed about the disulfiram-alcohol reaction.
		Disulfiram is an example of a thiuram disulfide, that is the oxidized derivative of diethyldithiocarbamate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Disulfiram (621 words)

	Disulfiram: Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders
		Since disulfiram blocks the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase, acetaldehyde cannot be broken down and the levels of acetaldehyde become five to ten times higher than the normal levels.
		Disulfiram should never be given to patients who are in a state of alcohol intoxication or without the patient's knowledge.
		Disulfiram in combination with isoniazid, MAO inhibitors (such as phenelzide and tranylcypromine), metronidazole, omeprazole and tricyclic antidepressants may cause adverse central nervous system effects.
	health.enotes.com /mental-disorders-encyclopedia/disulfiram (728 words)

	Anxiety Zone - Disulfiram
		Disulfiram is a drug used to support the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to alcohol.
		Disulfiram blocks this reaction at the intermediate stage by blocking the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase.
		Disulfiram should not be taken if alcohol has been consumed in the last 12 hours.
	www.anxietyzone.com /drugs/disulfiram.html (482 words)

	Disulfiram
		Disulfiram blocks the oxidation of alcohol at the acetaldehyde stage during alcohol metabolism following disulfiram intake, the concentration of acetaldehyde occurring in the blood may be 5 to 10 times higher than that found during metabolism of the same amount of alcohol alone.
		Disulfiram is absorbed slowly from the gastrointestinal tract (80 to 90% of oral dose).
		Disulfiram appears to decrease the rate at which certain drugs are metabolized and therefore may increase the blood levels and the possibility of clinical toxicity of drugs given concomitantly.
	www.mongabay.com /health/medications/Disulfiram.html (705 words)

	eMedicine - Toxicity, Disulfiram : Article Excerpt by: Samara Soghoian, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The first suggestion that disulfiram might be used in the treatment of alcoholism came in 1937 when an American physician noted that workers in the rubber industry who were exposed to TETD developed a reaction after drinking ethanol.
		Disulfiram blocks this enzyme, irreversibly inhibiting the oxidation of acetaldehyde and causing a manifold increase in acetaldehyde levels after ethanol consumption.
		In considering disulfiram toxicity, a distinction must be made between the clinical manifestations of the disulfiram-ethanol reaction and the toxic effects of disulfiram itself.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/byname/toxicity-disulfiram.htm (705 words)

	Disulfiram Summary
		The registered trademark name for disulfiram is Antabuse—it is the most commonly used medication for the treatment of ALCOHOLISM and the only one of two medications (the other being naltrexone) approved for this use in the United States, as of 2000.
		Since the inhibition of ALDH by disulfiram is irreversible, a person taking disulfiram cannot stop taking it one day and begin drinking the next—several days (usually 4 to 7) must go by, because this is the amount of time necessary for the body to produce new enzyme.
		Disulfiram blocks the breakdown of acetaldehyde, resulting in a rapid rise of acetaldehyde in the blood.
	www.bookrags.com /Disulfiram (2181 words)

	NIDA - Publications - NIDA Notes - Vol. 20, No. 2 - Research Findings
		Disulfiram, a well-established medication for the treatment of alcoholism, has helped people addicted to cocaine reduce abuse of the drug from 2.5 days a week to 0.5 days a week on average.
		Disulfiram had a more pronounced benefit for patients who were not alcohol-dependent at the outset of the study and for those who abstained from alcohol during the study.
		Researchers studying disulfiram, an "old" medication for alcoholism that has emerged as a potential "new" treatment for cocaine abuse, have found a possible sex difference in treatment response: Cocaine-addicted men who were treated with the medication had better outcomes than those who were not, whereas women showed no significant difference in outcome.
	www.nida.nih.gov /NIDA_notes/NNvol20N2/Disulfiram.html (1312 words)

	Disulfiram: a guide to clinical use in alcoholism treatment American Family Physician - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Disulfiram (tetraethylthiuram disulfide; TETD) was used in the rubber industry in the early part of the 20th century.
		We recommend that disulfiram be taken for at least one year after the initiation of rehabilitation, preferably under the supervision of a business associate or an interested and objective family member.
		Disulfiram tablets should be crushed in water and taken with a water "chaser." Ideally, the first dose of disulfiram should be taken in the physician's off ice, at least 12 hours after the last drink.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3225/is_n2_v44/ai_11197486 (841 words)

	Medications for Treating Alcohol Dependence - November 1, 2005 -- American Family Physician
		Disulfiram (Antabuse) does not increase abstinence rates or decrease relapse rates or cravings compared with placebo, and it is not recommended for routine use in primary care.
		Disulfiram usually is given in a dosage of 250 mg per day with a maximum dosage of 500 mg per day.
		Because of the potential for a severe alcohol-disulfiram interaction, disulfiram is contraindicated in patients who are receiving or have recently received metronidazole or ingested alcohol, have psychosis, or have cardiovascular disease, and is not recommended for patients with severe pulmonary disease, chronic renal failure, or diabetes, or those older than 60 years.
	www.aafp.org /afp/20051101/1775.html (2976 words)

	Community Reinforcement Approach - Treating Cocaine Addiction
		Disulfiram, often sold as Antabuse, is an alcohol-deterrent medication that inhibits the liver enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase, which assists in the breakdown of acetaldehyde, the major alcohol metabolite (Fuller 1995).
		If a clinic physician is unavailable, disulfiram therapy must be handled by a referral to the patient's family physician or, preferably, by a community physician who is informed about substance abuse and the utility of disulfiram therapy.
		Complete the Disulfiram Contract (Exhibit 30); indicate the time of administration, number of days it is in force, place of administration, and nature of reinforcement provided in response to taking the disulfiram.
	www.athealth.com /Practitioner/ceduc/CRA12.html (3620 words)

	Antabuse Warnings, Precautions, Pregnancy, Nursing, Abuse - Disulfiram - Buy Antabuse
		Drug Interactions: Disulfiram appears to decrease the rate at which certain drugs are metabolized and therefore may increase the blood levels and the possibility of clinical toxicity of drugs given concomitantly.
		DISULFIRAM SHOULD BE USED WITH CAUTION IN It may be necessary to adjust the dosage of oral anticoagulants upon beginning or stopping disulfiram.
		In rats, simultaneous ingestion of disulfiram and nitrite in the diet for 78 weeks has been reported to cause tumors, and it has been suggested that disulfiram may react with nitrites in the rat stomach to form a nitrosamine, which is tumorigenic.
	www.buy-antabuse.com /warning2.htm (755 words)

	Disulfiram Information on Healthline
		Disulfiram interferes with the metabolism of alcohol resulting in unpleasant effects when alcohol is consumed.
		You may not be able to take disulfiram, or you may require a lower dose or special monitoring during your therapy if you have any of these conditions.
		Disulfiram is in the FDA pregnancy category C. This means that it is not known whether disulfiram will be harmful to an unborn baby.
	www.healthline.com /multumcontent/disulfiram (816 words)

	Differential Mechanisms in the Effects of Disulfiram and Diethyldithiocarbamate Intoxication on Striatal Release and ...
		Disulfiram in vitro inhibition of the vesicular uptake of [
		Delmaestro E (1995) The effects of disulfiram on the hippocampus and cerebellum of the rat brain: A study on oxidative stress.
		Kane FJ (1970) Carbon disulfide intoxication from overdosage of disulfiram.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/285/3/961 (4754 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Disulfiram (Systemic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		There is no specific information comparing use of disulfiram in the elderly with use in other age groups.
		Using such products while you are taking disulfiram may cause headache, nausea, or local redness or itching because the alcohol in these products may be absorbed into your body.
		Disulfiram will add to the effects of other CNS depressants (medicines that slow down the nervous system, possibly causing drowsiness).
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202603.html (1526 words)

	eMedicine - Toxicity, Disulfiram : Article by Samara Soghoian, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), an active metabolite of disulfiram, chelates copper, thus impairing the activity of dopamine beta-hydroxylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the metabolism of dopamine to norepinephrine.
		Disulfiram is usually prescribed with an initial dose of 500 mg/d for 1-2 weeks, followed by a maintenance dose of 125-500 mg/d.
		Disulfiram should only be prescribed to alcoholic persons in a monitored detoxification or therapy setting and not by emergency physicians, who cannot provide adequate follow-up care to these patients.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic151.htm (4311 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Disulfiram
		Never give disulfiram to a patient in a state of alcohol intoxication or without the patient's full knowledge.
		Disulfiram is not a cure for alcoholism, but discourages drinking.
		Always carry an identification card stating that you are taking disulfiram and indicating the doctor or institution to be contacted in an emergency.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682602.html (802 words)

	Clinical Trial: Disulfiram in Metastatic Melanoma
		We have recently explored the effect of disulfiram (DSF), a member of the dithiocarbamate family, on apoptosis in melanoma cells and as we anticipated, DSF caused a 3 to 5-fold increase in apoptosis in all three melanoma cell strains being tested at a very low dose (25-50ng/ml).
		A phase I study using combination of disulfiram with cisplatin was reported by Stewart DJ et al in 1987.
		The dose of DSF ranged from 1000 mg/m2 to 3000 mg/m2 (PO), and reversible confusion was the dose-limiting toxicity at a disulfiram dose of 3000 mg/m2 administered 1 hr before the end of a 2-hr cisplatin infusion.
	clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00256230 (1152 words)

	Disulfiram.
		Disulfiram interferes with the activity of the liver enzyme that processes and metabolizes alcohol, causing an accumulation of a chemical known as "acetaldehyde:' A buildup of acetaldehyde in the body leads to a severely unpleasant reaction, including nausea and vomiting.
		Thus, while not a cure for alcoholism, disulfiram is a deterrent to alcohol consumption.
		cyclosporine (Sandimmune) may result in a disulfiram reaction, as there is alcohol in the intravenous and oral forms of cyclosporine.
	www.herbs2000.com /medica/disulfiram.htm (598 words)

	Disulfiram (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Disulfiram is of value especially when combined with a court order and supervised administration or combined with family therapy.
		Disulfiram (Antabuse) Helped Teen Alcoholics: In a 90-day DB PC study of 26 teen alcoholics ages 16-19, disulfiram 200 mg/day did better with 1 vs. 6 relapsing.
		Comparison of disulfiram and placebo in treatment of alcohol dependence of adolescents.
	www.modern-psychiatry.com /disulfiram.htm (93 words)

	Disulfiram - Drugs & Vitamins - Drug Library - DrugDigest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		When taken with alcohol, disulfiram produces very unpleasant effects, such as severe headache, flushing, vomiting and chest pain.
		Taking disulfiram is part of a recovery program that includes medical supervision and counseling.
		Disulfiram is usually taken in the morning, but if it makes you drowsy you can take it at bedtime.
	www.drugdigest.org /DD/DVH/Uses/0,3915,215\|Disulfiram,00.html (740 words)

	Research Into Alcohol And Drug Addiction
		In the study, patients addicted to both opiates and cocaine who was treated with a combination of disulfiram and buprenorphine achieved 3 weeks of continuous abstinence from cocaine faster and stayed abstinent longer than those who received only buprenorphine.
		While the main goal of disulfiram research now under way is to confirm disulfiram efficacy in treating cocaine abuse, researchers also are seeking to increase understanding about how disulfiram works to inhibit this abuse.
		Disulfiram may exert its ant- cocaine effects by increasing levels of the brain chemical dopamine through blocking the activity of an enzyme called dopamine-b-hydroxylase (DBH) that metabolizes the brain chemical dopamine.
	www.addict-help.com /alcohol-addiction.htm (1043 words)

	Disulfiram inhibits activating transcription factor/cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein and human melanoma ...
		Disulfiram inhibits activating transcription factor/cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein and human melanoma growth in a metal-dependent manner in vitro, in mice and in a patient with metastatic disease -- Brar et al.
		Disulfiram and Cu reduce expression of the cell cycle protein cyclin A. Although disulfiram or Cu alone had little effect, treatment with the combination of disulfiram + Cu reduced expression of cyclin A by 24 hours, which would be expected to produce a site of cell cycle arrest consistent with that seen in Fig.
		Disulfiram is a potent in vitro inhibitor of DNA topoisomerases.
	mct.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/3/9/1049 (6844 words)

	Disulfiram
		If you have an allergy to disulfiram or any other part of the medicine.
		Disulfiram changes the way the body handles alcohol.
		Side effects from drinking alcohol may occur for 2 weeks after disulfiram is stopped.
	www.umm.edu /altmed/ConsDrugs/Disulfiramcd.html (507 words)

	Disulfiram - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Disulfiram, a synthetic chemical used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism.
		When combined with alcohol, disulfiram produces unpleasant side...
		Pharmacological therapies include the drug disulfiram (Antabuse), sometimes used after withdrawal.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Disulfiram.html (60 words)

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