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Topic: Divergent evolution

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	Evidence of evolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fossil evidence of early life is sparse before the evolution of organisms with hard body parts, such as shell, bone, and teeth, but exists in the form of ancient microfossils and the fossilization of ancient burrows and a few soft-bodied organisms.
		Many lineages diverged at different stages of development, so it is theoretically possible to determine when certain metabolic processes appeared by comparing the traits of the descendants of a common ancestor.
		The gradual spreading of organisms with adaptive radiation is known as divergent evolution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Evidence_of_evolution (3826 words)

	Theory of Evolution - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Theory of Evolution (ToE, TofE or simply Evolution) is usually definied as "a change in allele frequency over time", or "heritable change" [1], or "lasting change in the mean phenotype of a population that transcends the life of an individual".
		Divergent evolution could take place in populations that are not isolated, for example if a population of insects switch host plants and do not reproduce with those on the original plant.
		Critics of Evolution, many of whom claim to be scientific, attack the theory claiming there is no evidence to support it, while presenting their own pseudoscientific hypotheses, claiming them to be theories, when they are little more than names.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Theory_of_Evolution (2990 words)

	Racial Diversity
		Divergent evolution is the cause of the great diversity of living things, human and non-human, that populate our planet.
		Divergent evolution is the cause of racial diversity.
		If divergent evolution has already occurred and diversity has already been created, interbreeding acts to reverse the process of evolutionary divergence, to undo or decreate the racial diversity and differences that have been created and return to uniformity.
	www.racialcompact.com /racialdiversity.html (3874 words)

	MSN Encarta - Evolution
		When two or more populations diverge, they may evolve to be less alike or more alike, depending on the conditions of their divergence.
		In the pattern known as divergent evolution, after two segments of a population diverge, each group follows an independent and gradual process of evolutionary change, leading them to grow increasingly different from each other over time.
		Some of the best examples of convergent evolution are the marsupial mammals of Australia and their placental mammal counterparts on other continents.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761554675_4/Evolution.html (943 words)

	Eric Pianka's Ctenotus Research
		H 2: Evolution of toe scales (lamellae): Wide calli are ancestral, fine sharp keels are derived.
		H 3: Limb evolution: Open foraging is associated with longer hindlegs, while use of porcupine grass tussocks is associated with shorter hindlegs.
		The time frame for the evolution of the genus Ctenotus is closely comparable to current estimates of the period of aridification of the Australian continent.
	uts.cc.utexas.edu /~varanus/ctenotus.html (2957 words)

	"Evolution: Fact and Theory" by Richard E. Lenski, Ph.D.
		The process that many people find most confusing about evolution is speciation, which is not a separate mechanism at all, but rather a consequence of the preceding mechanisms played out in time and space.
		Fossils are especially important evidence for evolution because, with little effort, each of us can use our eyes and minds to observe and interpret the dinosaur and other ancient fossils in public museums.
		Hence, evolution is both a theory and a set of established facts that the theory explains.
	www.actionbioscience.org /evolution/lenski.html (2949 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Theories of evolution, cont'd 1) Lamark's theory of evolution, cont'd To answer the following question, use your notes from the brief discussion at the beginning of this lecture, and from the last five minutes of lecture 28, which was part of the video: The Evidence of Evolution.
		Be able to explain the evolution of dark-colored peppered moths from light-colored ancestors as a response to environmental change.
		Evolution and perfection The popular press sometimes expresses the belief that since human beings use their brains more than their limbs, human beings will evolve into big- headed, small-limbed creatures.
	www.hamline.edu /~bjploger/biocon1/biocon1lec/lec29 (582 words)

	LESSON PLANET - 766 'Evolution' related lesson plans reviewed by teachers.
		Evolution: Its Effect Throughout Geological Time and the Controversy - Students understand the basics of Darwin's Theory of Evolution, understand some of the early controversy associated with teaching evolution and identify the different periods of geologic time.
		The Evolution of Flight in Birds - Students examine evidence from the fossil record, behavior, biomechanics and cladistic analysis to interpret the sequence of events that led to flight in the dinosaur lineage.
		Evolution and Antibiotic Resistance - Students study why evolution is at the heart of a world health threat by investigating the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance in such menacing diseases as tuberculosis and influenza.
	www.lessonplanet.com /search/Science/Biology/Evolution (494 words)

	SparkNotes: Patterns of Evolution: Types of Evolution
		On a large scale, divergent evolution is responsible for the creation of the current diversity of life on earth from the first living cells.
		On a smaller scale, it is responsible for the evolution of humans and apes from a common primate ancestor.
		Convergent evolution takes place when species of different ancestry begin to share analogous traits because of a shared environment or other selection pressure.
	www.sparknotes.com /biology/evolution/patternsofevolution/section1.html (274 words)

	Protein structures sustain evolutionary drift
		The peak in the first region seemed to be incompatible with the hypothesis that convergent and divergent evolution yielded two different Gaussian distributions (around C and D); the observed peak occurs at very low average identity (8-9%), and is remarkably symmetric (Fig.
		(1) Divergent evolution has not reached down to very low levels of sequence identity; the observed distribution for remote homologues is entirely dominated by pairs that converged from different ancestors to adopt similar structures.
		The under-representation of pairs that have diverged from a common ancestor may have been caused by the particular definition of structural similarity (the more 'relaxed' the more likely even functionally unrelated proteins could be deemed 'structurally similar').
	cubic.bioc.columbia.edu /papers/1997_evolution/paper.html (3458 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Although the Scientific Theory of Evolution is similarly supported, it continues to attract as much controversy as it did when first introduced to the Linnean Society in the mid-nineteenth century.
		A form of divergent evolution is Adaptive Radiationa number of species may develop from a single, ancestral species.
		Co-evolution: the evolution one species is influenced by the evolution of another. 4.
	www.nv.cc.va.us /home/kbrilakis/Lectureevolution1.doc (963 words)

	Research News: At Berkeley: Intelligently Designed Molecular Evolution
		According to the theory of divergent molecular evolution, primordial enzymes and other proteins started out as “promiscuous” so that primitive organisms would be better able to adapt to their environment.
		In nature, the divergent evolution of promiscuous enzymes is achieved through trial and error, similar to the way in which the human immune system works.
		An alterative approach, called directed evolution or molecular breeding, that is currently being tested at other laboratories, requires the screening of tens of thousands to a million or more mutants.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/PBD-molecular-evolution.html (1031 words)

	This week on delores HBZ TECHgirl!
		The difference between convergent evolution and divergent evolution is the appearance of the animals you're comparing, right?
		So, convergent evolution is when two unrelated critters living in similar environments end up evolving similar characteristics to deal with their environments.
		Divergent evolution is when critters who come from common ancestors end up being fairly different because they get split up and spend long periods of time evolving in different environments.
	www.elsewhere.org /tmp/delores_awk/zoo.html (212 words)

	Evidence for Evolution (Contents)
		The record of horse evolution is particularly well-documented and instructive.
		Of all the major ideas of biology, the theory that today's organisms evolved from now-extinct ancestors (figure 1) is perhaps the best known to the general public.
		This is not because the average person truly understands the basic facts of evolution, but rather because many people mistakenly believe that it represents a challenge to their religious beliefs.
	www.txtwriter.com /Backgrounders/Evolution/EVcontents.html (340 words)

	Evidence for Evolution (Page 14)
		This form of evolutionary change is referred to as convergent evolution, or sometimes, parallel evolution.
		In the best known case of convergent evolution, two major groups of mammals, marsupials and placentals, have evolved in a very similar way, even though the two lineages have been living independently on separate continents.
		The similarity between some individual members of these two sets of mammals argues strongly that they are the result of convergent evolution, similar forms having evolved in different, isolated areas because of similar selective pressures in similar environments.
	www.txtwriter.com /Backgrounders/Evolution/EVpage14.html (403 words)

	Patterns of Evolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Divergent evolution is the process of two or more related species becoming more and more dissimilar.
		In convergent evolution, on the other hand, unrelated species become more and more similar in appearance as they adapt to the same kind of environment.
		Divergent and convergent evolution and coevolution are different ways organisms adapt to the environment.
	bioweb.cs.earlham.edu /9-12/evolution/HTML/converge.html (483 words)

	Divergent Evolution - Feet - Limb Development - Human Developmental Anatomy Center
		Even though the modern human is a primate, and thus a member of the primate family, humans look very different from their monkey cousins.
		Human feet are different from monkey feet because of what we call divergent evolution.
		Divergent evolution is what happens when a closed population splits off and becomes a new species.
	nmhm.washingtondc.museum /collections/hdac/Divergent_Evolution_Development.htm (338 words)

	Protein structures evolve at random - almost
		A priori, we might suppose that divergent evolution of sequences from the same ancestor would give rise to a distribution of sequence homology scores with a peak value, D, at some probably low value (e.g.
		However, the most obvious interpretation seems to be that both divergent and convergent evolution give rise to Gaussian distributions which peak at similar values, say, C= 8 and D= 10%, and that what we observe here is a superposition of both distributions (with an average Obetween Cand D).
		However, our results suggest that the mean identities for convergent and divergent evolution (D and C) are quite close, and hence, in most cases it is difficult to distinguish between the two effects.
	cubic.bioc.columbia.edu /papers/pre1998_midnight/paper.html (1268 words)

	Evolution by Natural Selection
		This is the role that they give to the process of natural selection in guiding evolution. Darwin considered this his greatest contribution, and we refer to the Darwinian theory of evolution as the theory of evolution by natural selection.
		This process is called sequential evolution or microevolution. When humans first diverged from apes about five million years ago, we had almost no modern human characteristics and we functioned much more like apes. Modern human characteristics, such as language, were shaped by sequential evolution as successive generations of populations in the human family evolved.
		Microevolution examines how the adaptations that are characteristic of a given species have been shaped by the environment during evolution. This and the application of those characteristics to individuals in the species is the central question of this course.
	www.uncg.edu /psy/courses/calogan/438/content/ModelsBE.htm (1651 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the case of divergent evolution, an ancestral protein (P0) is altered over time, and yields an array of descendents with the same, similar, or different functions (denoted by P1, P1', P2 and P3), all of which are homologous (they were derived from a common ancestral protein).
		In this case of divergent evolution, very similar proteins with the same function are found in different organisms.
		For clear cases of convergent evolution, there is no recognizable sequence similarity between the proteins and they have different topological folds, but perform similar functions.
	www.mbg.cornell.edu /nicholson/biobm631/evolution/evolution.html (3122 words)

	Evolution - The Evidence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The currently accepted theories of evolution have been developed and refined by biologists as evidence has become available to support and extend the mechanisms first proposed by Alfred Wallace and Charles Darwin.
		The evidence upon which the current theories of evolution are based is varied in its origins, and it is this multi-faceted approach which, taken together provides the strength of the theory.
		Study of the biogeography of islands is also instructive in the study of evolution as initially barren locations (such as the island remaining after the eruption of Krakatoa) have given valuable information about succession in such environments.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/library/cat-removed/u4aos2p4.html (2208 words)

	Practice questions: Student Questions on Evolution/Creation Debate
		Which act prohibited the teaching of evolution in public schools and caused the Scopes Monkey Trial at Dayton.
		Evolution is the only explanation needed for life on earth.
		prove that evolution is the model for biology and that all life is related and traces back to an original lifeform; a common ancestor.
	www.usd.edu /esci/e103/exam/Creation.html (1194 words)

	The Babbitt Lab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Divergent evolution in the enolase superfamily: the interplay of mechanism and specificity.
		Divergence of function in the thioredoxin fold suprafamily: evidence for evolution of peroxiredoxins from a thioredoxin-like ancestor.
		Evolution of enzymatic activities in the Enolase Superfamily: Characterization of the (D) Glucarate/Galactarate catabolic pathway in Escherichia coli.
	babbittlab.compbio.ucsf.edu /publications (1021 words)

	Evolution
		Divergent Evolution - Method of evolution accounting for the presence of homologous structures.
		Evolution - The peppered moths evolved during this time span due to the change in frequency of the fl allele (and the light gray allele) in this population.
		Industrial Melanism - Evolution of darker populations of animals in the presence of industrial pollutants.
	www.angelfire.com /dc/apgenetics/evolution.htm (1364 words)

	SparkNotes: Patterns of Evolution: Terms
		Coevolutionary arms race - The back-and-forth evolution of defense and offense between predator or parasite and prey that often a can often result in a rapid burst of evolutionary change in both species.
		Convergent evolution - Pattern of evolution in which two unrelated species gradually become similar to each other through adaptation to a common environment, often resulting in analogous structures.
		Divergent evolution - Pattern of evolution in which two closely related species gradually become more and more dissimilar.
	www.sparknotes.com /biology/evolution/patternsofevolution/terms.html (294 words)

	Interspecific Variation
		This is because organisms that have experienced similar environmental problems are subject to similar selective pressures, and their inherent genetic variation allows the evolution of similar phenotypes (appearances) in spite of different genotypes (genetic composition).
		Divergent evolution happens when different selection pressures cause two species to follow different evolutionary courses.
		One of the better examples of evolution within a genus of plants is the diversity of growth form in the genus Tillandsia of the pineapple family.
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~biol240/labs/lab_01variation/pages/1var_among.html (628 words)

	BIOdotEDU
		Peccaries (the Tayasuidae) diverged from the true pigs (the Suidae) about 40 million years ago.
		The peccaries then diverge to become three types of peccaries.
		Nowhere in any phylogenetic diagram does a peccary reverse its evolution and devolve back into a pre-pig or pre-peccary.
	www.brooklyn.cuny.edu /bc/ahp/LAD/C21/C21_Divergent.html (303 words)

	Citebase - Divergent evolution paths of different genetic families in the Penna model
		Divergent evolution paths of different genetic families in the Penna model
		Authors: Sitarz, Mikolaj; Maksymowicz, Andrzej Z. We present some results of simulations of population growth and evolution, using the standard asexual Penna model, with individuals characterized by a string of bits representing a genome containing some possible mutations.
		The n≈-1 evolution stage seems to be associated with the Verhulst mechanism of population elimination due to the limited environmental capacity - when the standard evolution rules were modified, we observed a plateau (n=0) in the power law in short time scale, again followed by n≈ -2 law for longer times.
	citebase.eprints.org /cgi-bin/citations?id=oai:arXiv.org:q-bio/0511031 (484 words)

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