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Topic: Divine command ethics

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	Ethics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ethics is the branch of axiology – one of the four major branches of philosophy, alongside metaphysics, epistemology, and logic – which attempts to understand the nature of morality; to define that which is right from that which is wrong.
		There are several sub-branches of applied ethics examining the ethical problems of different professions, such as business ethics, medical ethics, engineering ethics and legal ethics, while technology assessment and environmental assessment study the effects and implications of new technologies or projects on nature and society.
		Ethics has been applied to family structure, sexuality, and how society views the roles of individuals; leading to several distinct and unrelated fields of applied ethics, including feminism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ethics (2571 words)

	Divine command theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The divine command theory is the metaethical theory that moral values are whatever is commanded by a god or gods.
		Divine command theory is the first horn of what has come to be known as the Euthyphro dilemma (after its first appearance in Plato's dialogue Euthyphro): "Is the morally good whatever is commanded by god, or does god command what is in fact morally good?"
		Thus Ockham embraces divine command theory wholeheartedly; his view has been characterised as being that "god's command is good" is analytically true.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Divine_command_theory (984 words)

	313s99
		Natural law ethics would require that the circumstances of the working situation must be such that men and women be treated in such a way that their potentials are maximized or, at a minimum, not be compromised.
		Divine command ethics has the same characteristics of absolute, universal, and objective laws which are found in its origins in the natural law system.
		The aim of feminist ethics is to move away from abstract assessments of situations such as an overemphasis on justice and move toward the concrete realities of a situation and emphasize the needs of the individual as embodied in his/her person.
	academic.udayton.edu /LawrenceUlrich/313systems.htm (6065 words)

	Divine Command Theory
		Divine command theory is often thought to be refuted by an argument known as the Euthyphro dilemma.
		The emptiness problem is that on the divine command analysis of moral goodness, statements like “God is good” and “God’s commands are good” are rendered empty tautologies: “God acts in accordance with his commands” and “God’s commands are in accordance with his commands”.
		Divine command theory is by no means the only ethical theory in the Christian tradition, so the theist need not be overly concerned even if these objections were thought to be successful.
	www.philosophyofreligion.info /divinecommandtheory.html (496 words)

	The Problem of Abhorrent Commands
		The problem of abhorrent commands is the problem that divine command theory appears to entail that even morally abhorrent acts such as rape, murder and genocide could possibly be morally good.
		Divine command theory, though, in most forms at least, denies the existence of moral facts that are independent of God’s will.
		The divine command theorist, then, if he is to respond to the problem of abhorrent commands in this way, must be careful to appeal to a non-moral rather than a moral constraint on God’s will in order to evade the independence problem.
	www.philosophyofreligion.info /abhorrentcommands.html (814 words)

	[No title]
		Divine command theories of ethics assert that an action (or a rule) is right because God commands it or wills it.
		Divine command ethics gives preeminence to the will of God, to divine volition, in establishing morality for the human race.
		Virtue ethics, on the other hand, attempts to recover a lost aspect of human morality-the inner aspect, what we are, or, better, what kind of person we are becoming.
	www.iclnet.org /pub/facdialogue/19/peterson (3195 words)

	Theological Voluntarism
		But the name ‘divine command theory’ is a bit misleading: what these views have in common is their appeal to the divine will; while many of these views hold that the relevant act of divine will is that of commanding, some deny it.
		In the possible world in which God issues a command to φ, there is a moral state of affairs — its being obligatory to φ — which lacks a justification (for the action is subsumed under no other divine command) and is not necessary (for God might have failed to command the action).
		“Divine Command Ethics: A Causal Theory.” In Idziak 1979, pp.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/voluntarism-theological (11090 words)

	Theology Today - Vol 48, No.2 - July 1991 - BOOK REVIEW - The God Who Commands: A Study in Divine Command Ethics
		Or, to return to MacIntyre's understanding of moral theory, Mouw stands as an advocate of the divine command tradition in ethics, developing that tradition in light of problems that are internal to it as well as engaging and addressing charges of those who stand outside it that the tradition is inadequate.
		The stereotype of the Calvinist tradition in ethics is that the moral life is simply a matter of identifying what an all-powerful God arbitrarily commands and, then, obeying the command for fear of God's punishment.
		Divine command ethics are quite clearly hierarchical, demanding submission to the will of God.
	theologytoday.ptsem.edu /jul1991/v48-2-bookreview9.htm (901 words)

	Encyclopedia: Divine command theory
		In philosophy, meta-ethics is that branch of ethics which seeks to understand the nature of ethical sentences, statements, attitudes and evaluations.
		It seems to lead to the conclusion that all moral values are at the same level, because what is wrong is simply to disobey god; that is, committing murder is no worse than telling a lie, because in the two cases I have equally disobeyed god.
		Utilitarianism (from the Latin utilis, useful) is a theory of ethics based on quantitative maximization of some good for society or humanity.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Divine-command-theory (1266 words)

	A Response to Richard Mouw's Treatment of Christian Hedonism in The God Who Commands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-25)
		What he means by this "more comprehensive sense" is the "sense in which a divine command morality is coextensive with all systems of thought that view God as the supreme moral authority" (2.8).
		And I agree entirely that virtue is essentially "moral surrender to the divine will"—provided one seriously deals with the revolutionary connotation in the word "surrender" when one realizes that we must surrender fundamentally in all other surrenderings to the foundational divine command to be happy in God.
		Again I affirm the "divine command ethic" of Richard Mouw and urge him to consider that Christian Hedonism is the fruit of faithful meditation on the divine commands to be seek happiness in God and in loving each other.
	www.desiringgod.org /library/topics/christian_hedonism/mouw.html (5550 words)

	Autonomy of Ethics vs. Divine Command Theory
		The autonomy of ethics position essentially seeks to divorce morality from religion and (by inference) also from aesthetics, politics, etc. This view is attractive to theists for several reasons, one of which is the logic in the system.
		The Divine Command Theory states that moral principles are simply the commands of God, and that God gives them their validity and reality.
		The divine command theory assumes that one God or view thereof is correct, when in reality there are so many views and so many gods (or faces of one God) that none of them can be judged by another one’s laws.
	www.angelfire.com /weird/enanareina/essays/auteth.html (1536 words)

	Robert Holkot
		Divine promises, revelations, and enactments were all in Holkot's view ungrounded in divine goodness in the sense that God was not under obligation because of his goodness to fulfill them or keep them in being.
		In a system of divine command ethics, human beings are obliged to do what God asks them to do because God commands it, not because there is some underlying system of absolute goodness that ethical precepts should ideally mirror.
		Holkot perceived the connection between divine command and the human intention to obey as at the heart of the relationship between human beings and God.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/holkot (5676 words)

	Ethics Continued: Absolutist Ethics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-25)
		Last time we examined four schools of ethical reasoning that fell under the category of positivist ethics; that is, ethics posited by humans in laws that are not based in super-human authorities.
		These are not in any way common views of absolutist ethics, however, and they are subject to grave criticism from some theories of logic that hold that it is impossible for absolutes to exist outside of divine authority.
		Divine Command ethics: Divine command ethics is perhaps the simplest system of ethical reasoning that we encounter in either positivist or absolutist branches.
	www.cstone.net /~lbrannon/Logic/weblecture021903.htm (1622 words)

	Divine command theory -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-25)
		The divine command theory (hereafter: DCT) is the (additional info and facts about metaethical) metaethical theory that moral values are whatever is commanded by a god or gods.
		Thus it's possible for a follower of DCT to want to follow god's commands, but to be helpless in the face of ethical problems not covered by any known commands.
		Thus Ockham embraces DCT wholeheartedly; his view has been characterised as being that ‘god's command is good’ is (additional info and facts about analytically true) analytically true.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/d/di/divine_command_theory.htm (804 words)

	United Brethren: Divine Command Ethics
		Divine command ethics (the most explicit attempt to link the divine commandments with morality) states simply that the Good is God's will.
		I am wondering if I have been too quick to dismiss Divine Command Ethics as a means for understanding God's role in determining the Good and the Bad.
		If we take DCE at face value, Christ could have broken all the commandments and yet still been without sin, because he is the author of the Good.
	headlife.blogspot.com /unitedbrethren/2005/01/divine-command-ethics.html (699 words)

	objectiveethics
		The author distinguishes between the psychological sense and the logical sense in which ethics might be understood to be based on the commands of God.
		At this point, a defender of the divine command theory could reply that we often think it is reasonable to take things on authority.
		It is important to see that the rejection of the divine command theory is not the same as the rejection of belief in God.
	faculty.mc3.edu /barmstro/objectiveethics1.html (1525 words)

	Oxford Scholarship Online: Kierkegaard's Ethic of Love
		God's commands should be obeyed, not because of fear of divine punishment, but out of love and gratitude for the good that God has bestowed on humanity.
		God's commands are not arbitrary; they are directed at human flourishing and lead to genuine happiness, even though obedience to them requires self-denial and is not egoistically motivated.
		Additionally, this form of divine command theory resists the fundamental objections often posed against a religiously grounded ethic.
	www.oxfordscholarship.com /oso/public/content/religion/0199272174/toc.html (337 words)

	dilemma
		Kierkegaard is famous for claiming that there are cases (as in the command that Abraham sacrifice his son Isaac) where religion requires a suspension of the ethical mode of thinking and acting.
		But if—and this move is crucial to the argument—we understand ethics as a discipline of reason integrating inputs from all sources, psychology and history as well as philosophy and religion, then, we must, I believe, reject the legend that Abraham correctly identified the will of God.
		M Hare showed how a religious believer can develop a non-religious ethics by taking, for example, the golden rule (philosophically reinterpreted) as sufficient instruction from God as to how we are supposed to go about using our reason to determine the rightness of actions.
	www.personal.kent.edu /~jwattles/dilemma.htm (1531 words)

	Metaethics Quentin Smith
		inaugurated essentialist ethics in it with his article on divine command ethics, which uses the essentialist method to argue for a certain type of moral realism.
		does not argue that his divine command ethics is true, but merely that a certain conditional statement is true, namely, “Given typical Christian beliefs about God, it seems to me most plausible to identify wrongness with the property of being contrary to the commands of a loving God” (i is).
		Skepticism in Ethics that it is intrinsically plausible that friendship, knowledge, pleasure, health, and existence are good and that enmity, ignorance, pain, sickness, and death are bad.
	www.qsmithwmu.com /metaethics_quentin_smith.htm (8054 words)

	The Prosblogion: Christian Hedonism
		It's a little bit of a chicken and egg question but I think that it is clear the commanding is always coming first and the possibility of worlds where the greatest pleasure was not found in glorifying God bring out that pleasure is not what's taking the lead here.
		Posted by: Jeremy Pierce at June 22, 2005 06:13 AM You are right that a pure divine command theory as you have outlined would not fit Piper.
		That issue is entirely separate from divine command theory, which is about the grounding of morality, not about the authority of scripture.
	prosblogion.ektopos.com /archives/2005/06/christian_hedon.html (3964 words)

	Religion & Ethics Newsweekly . INTERVIEW . Susan Pace Hamill . August 1, 2003 \| PBS
		This is basically reading the Scripture honestly, reading it fully, using divine command ethics, which is the most conservative approach you can have, based on inerrancy of the Scripture.
		You know, the Catholics and the Episcopalians, who certainly don't use divine command as the be-all and end-all, they're all over this.
		Many issues of the day are complicated, and biblical ethics do not render quite as clear an answer as they do in the case I'm building.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/religionandethics/week648/interview4.html (3863 words)

	Ethics Updates - Religion and Ethics
		Journal of Lutheran Ethics (JLE) is an online publication dedicated to promoting awareness of, study of, and conversation about Christian ethics in the Lutheran tradition.
		Much of the contemporary discussion of the Divine Command Theory of Ethics stems from the contemporary defense of this theory by Robert Merrihew Adams, "A Modified Divine Command Theory of Ethical Wrongness," Religion and Morality: A Collection of Essays, edited by G. Outka and J. Reeder, Jr.
		One of the principal issues in divine command theories of ethics is the question of how one determines what God’s will is. Different characters in the movie deal with this in different ways.
	ethics.sandiego.edu /theories/Religion/index.asp (2215 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-25)
		God knows what is good and the divine commands are a reflection of that knowledge.
		For example, God could have chosen to reverse the Ten Commandments and make their opposites good.ó¨Kantian Ethicsª¨Follow those principles of reason that are commanded by Reason.
		Yes, Ladonna.¡F¯ç¯9)wªP 6ó(%¨Kantian Ethics: Criticisms¡ª¨¤If we are clever and creative we can formulate the maxims and principles in ways that will allow us to do whatever we want without violating The Categorical Imperative.
	mccoy.lib.siu.edu /~manfredi/duty.ppt (721 words)

	The Divine Command Theory of Ethics
		The argument is called the Divine Command Theory of Ethics, and asserts that morality cannot be evaluated apart from God, and that "good" is by definition what God says is good, and "evil" is by definition whatever God says is evil.
		At this point, practically everyone understands that the Divine Command theory of ethics is absurd.
		Before God commands that helping old ladies over a street is good, it is not good.
	blogs.salon.com /0001561/stories/2003/01/20/theDivineCommandTheoryOfEthics.html (708 words)

	Divine Command Ethics
		Principle of Substitutivity of Definitional Equivalents [SDE]: two expressions, one of which is a definition of the other, are mutually replaceable salve veritate.
		Thesis (B) (B) An act is right iff God commands it; and if an act is right that is because God commands it.
		If you don't have to tell what God commands to tell what's right, then (B) is of no practical value.
	www.courses.rochester.edu /wierenga/REL111/!dct.html (401 words)

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