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Topic: Diving disorders

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	THE MERCK MANUAL--SECOND HOME EDITION, Introduction in Ch. 295, Diving and Compressed Air Injuries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Diving in cold water can rapidly lead to hypothermia (dangerously low body temperature), which causes clumsiness and poor judgment.
		Other potential diving hazards include drowning; bites and stings from various marine life; sunburn and heat disorders; cuts and bruises; and motion sickness.
		Diving disorders can be divided into two categories: Those that result from expansion or compression of gas-filled spaces in the body (barotrauma) and those that result from dissolved nitrogen in the blood and tissues (decompression sickness).
	www.merck.com /mmhe/sec24/ch295/ch295a.html (290 words)

	surface course
		A test dive of the system was conducted by staff allowing the students to perform as members of a diving side under instruction prior to the beginning of the next days student diving projects.
		The first training dive was conducted just outside the Marine Lab channel allowing a shallow depth, sand bottom, and some amount of visibility allowing a staff safety diver to watch and critique the students on the performance of hands on emergency procedures.
		Diving operations were concluded Monday afternoon, students performed post dive and post mission maintenance on the equipment and met in the classroom again for an after course discussion and course critique session.
	www.floridascubahound.com /surface_course.htm (1176 words)

	HPEE: Reference Citations
		Discusses saturation diving, and how saturation divers must adapt to multiple sources of environmental stress including pressure, the compression profile, the gases breathed, performance decrements, and physical manifestations arising from the associated environmental stressors.
		Diving Medicine retains its clinical orientation and comprehensive approach to the physiology of diving, the disorders related to diving, as well as the interaction of diving and chronic medical disorders.
		Accident rates were computed for various factors related to the mishaps including dive depth, dive purpose, time of day, decompression schedule type, time submerged, air temperature, surface water temperature, bottom water temperature, age, height, weight, and recent diving experience.
	www.hpee.org /ref3.html (815 words)

	Encyclopedia: Hyperbaric medicine
		Initially, HBOT was developed as a treatment for diving disorders involving bubbles of gas in the tissues, such as decompression sickness and gas embolism.
		The slang term for a cycle of pressurization inside the HBO chamber is "a dive".
		In Canada and the United States, the U.S. Navy Dive Charts are used to determine the duration, pressure and breathing gas of the therapy.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Hyperbaric-medicine (1339 words)

	Bundesverband Niedergelassener Kardiologen e.V. (BNK) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Although scuba diving is not a competitive sport requiring athletic health conditions, a certain medical fitness is recommended because of the physical peculiarities of the underwater environment.
		During decompression a free gas phase may form in supersaturated tissues, resulting in the generation of inert gas microbubbles that are eliminated by the venous return to the lungs under normal circumstances.
		Metabolic disorders are of concern, since adiposity is associated with both, higher bubble grades in Doppler ultrasound detection after scuba dives when compared to normal subjects, and an increased epidemiologic risk of suffering from decompression illness.
	www.bnk.de /herz/en/3805_3811.htm (511 words)

	DAN Divers Alert Network : DAN Explores Fitness and Diving Issues for Women
		When we break down dive injuries by the sex and experience of the diver, we find a much stronger relationship between females and their dive experience: women who have been diving for less than two years generally account for 39 percent to 50 percent of all injuries in female divers.
		An evaluation to establish the safety of a return to diving should include an assessment of the lung to ensure that damage likely to predispose the diver to pulmonary barotrauma (arterial gas embolism, pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum) is not present.
		All we can say at this point is that women should dive as conservatively as possible, thereby trying to minimize their risks of osteonecrosis, so as not to impose this bone damaging disease on top of their already increased risk of fracture due to Type I estrogen dependent osteoporosis.
	www.diversalertnetwork.org /medical/articles/article.asp?articleid=9 (3987 words)

	FM 5-490 Chptr 4 Considerations
		Dives deeper than 170 FSW require a DMO be present to provide medical assistance (per Army Regulation (AR) 611-75).
		Minimum staffing levels required for various types of diving operations are found in Appendix C of this manual and in AR 611-75.
		Although the diving officer is in charge of the overall treatment of diving injuries, the master diver is the recognized authority and is responsible for the technical aspects of treatment.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/policy/army/fm/5-490/ch42.htm (1990 words)

	InfoHub Forums - Health problems inquiry....
		The main reason for this is not just to protect myself against a possible law suit, but first of all to protect someone against unwittingly diving with a health condition which definitely is or possible could be dangerously incompatible with scuba diving.
		It is true that you may find dive schools or individual instructors who will see a commercial interest in not asking questions or allowing you to dive knowing that you suffer from a potentially dangerous health problem.
		Technically the basic diving skills are simple and easy enough as soon as you feel comfortable, confident and able to relax and breathe normally under water.
	www.infohub.com /forums/printthread.php?t=264 (1230 words)

	LMT Tech Resource Store: Books : Diving and Subaquatic Medicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Diving and Subaquatic Medicine is a concise and clinically authoritative guide to all aspects of diving medicine.
		It encompasses the full range of diving disorders exhibited by both amateur and professional deep sea divers, presenting each medical disorder from an historical, etiological, clinical, pathological, preventative and therapeutic perspective.
		The new edition has been completely revised throughout to include the latest research and diving data, as well as important coverage of newly described diseases of diving, modern types of diving and diving equipment, and free and indigenous diving.
	www.elise.com /lmtstore/0340806303/Diving_and_Subaquatic_Medicine.html (274 words)

	CDC - Yellow Book: [6] Scuba Diving - CDC Travelers' Health
		Risk factors for DCI are primarily dive depth and bottom time; however, factors such as rapid ascent, repetitive dives, strenuous exercise, dives >60 feet, and altitude exposure soon after a dive also increase risk.
		Divers should be cautioned to stay well hydrated and rested, dive within the limits of their training, and follow established guidelines for dives unique to the travel destination.
		Diving is a skill that requires training and certification and should be done with a companion.
	www2.ncid.cdc.gov /travel/yb/utils/ybGet.asp?section=NIR&obj=scuba-diving.htm (1203 words)

	The following Immersed article was featured in the Summer 2001 issue on the subject of Environment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Asthma, diabetes, patent foramen ovale, seizure disorders, panic disorders, depression, psychosis, attention deficit or impulse disorders, transient conditions such as lung congestion or dehydration due to seasickness, as well as structural defects affecting pressure equalization should be considered as possible or definite contraindications to diving.
		Exercise during diving decreases inert gas absorption and subsequent risk of DCS, and moderate intermittent exercise during decompression has been found to reduce the amount of Doppeler-detectable venous gas emboli, although no differences in DCS cases in a control group were seen.
		If doing an afternoon dive, then a short-acting antihistamine (e.g., cyclizine or Marzine) would be taken about four hours before, with the warning only to dive if no sedation is evident at the time.
	www.immersed.com /Issues/Articles/Win97Article.htm (6672 words)

	Arthritis and Sport Diving
		Both sickle cell disease and pulmonary osteoarthropathy pose dangers to the diver--scuba diving being capable of causing a sickle cell crisis through hypoxia, and pulmonary disease of the extent to cause arthropathy being adverse to diving due to the possibility of barotrauma.
		Since finning is such a vital part of safe diving, disorders of the foot and ankle might be adverse to diving.
		A chronic, systemic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by dryness of the mouth, eyes, and other mucous membranes and often associated with rheumatic disorders sharing certain autoimmune features (eg, RA, scleroderma, and SLE) and in which lymphocyte infiltration into affected tissues is seen.
	www.scuba-doc.com /Arthsprtdiv.htm (2186 words)

	Kidney Problems and Diving
		Diving and the physical changes that take place with the underwater environment have little to relate to the urological system.
		Disorders of the urinary outlet of the kidney, such as obstructions of the ureter or stones, but also benign or malignant tumors and inborn diseases.
		In addition to increased risk of infection by organisms not ordinarily pathogens, there is alo the effect the drug protocols have on the bone marrow (anemia) and on blood clotting (hemorrhage from barotrauma of the ears, sinuses and lungs).
	www.scuba-doc.com /kidprbs.htm (1338 words)

	Articles - Diving medicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Most diving accidents or illnesses are related to the effect of depth/pressure on gases in the body; examples are decompression sickness, nitrogen narcosis, oxygen toxicity, arterial gas embolism and CO2 retention.
		Disorders that inhibit the "natural evolution of Boyle's Law":conditions or diseases that are associated with air-trapping in closed spaces, such as sinuses, middle ear, lungs and gastrointestinal tract.
		Disorders that may lead to erratic and irresponsible behavior: included here would be immaturity, psychiatric disorders, diving while under the influence of medications, drugs and alcohol or any medical disorder that results in cognitive defects.
	www.gaple.com /articles/Diving_medicine?mySession=62b3defd0935531b4d8d8670d787a5b5 (529 words)

	Other ENT Disorders
		Comprehensive information about diving and undersea medicine for the non-medical diver, the non-diving physician and the specialist.
		Barotrauma is tissue damage that results from the changing volume in air-filled spaces associated with descent and ascent in the water column.
		Nosebleed is a common event with diving and can be caused by negative pressure within the mask or from pressure change after ascent.
	www.scuba-doc.com /otherent.htm (710 words)

	Book and video reviews - July 2002 - DIVERNET from Diver Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The world of technical diving is, by its nature, horrendously opinionated, and full of geeks and anoraks who delight in obscure scientific theories and shiny gadgets.
		For example, the voiceover by Patricia McCartney, which is, incidentally, nice and clear, tells us at one point that the wartime crew of HMS Norfolk should take great interest in the sight of U2511 on the seabed, because they didn't see her when she was lining up to torpedo them.
		The final irony comes when the narrator advises underwater film-makers: "Films need a beginning, a middle and an end: this thinking needs to be applied to your movies, however basic." Having said all that, the cameraman does have a steady hand, and the shots are always in focus.
	www.divernet.com /books/0702books.htm (2350 words)

	Issue 1 - Hyperbaric Medicine Today
		Traditional hyperbaric medicine in the military was a focus on diving and aviation physiology.
		He coordinated diving operations and logistics for military and civilian commands during the tragic crash of TWA flight 800.
		Diving Supervisors are qualified to take charge in any diving evolution or HBO treatment.
	www.hbomedtoday.com /HMT_1/140.html (579 words)

	Advances in Diving Medicine
		Similar data were analyzed from experimental dives to determine the risk of diving in warm water.
		There is an effort underway to reclassify the diving disorders by removing the distinction between arterial gas embolism and decompression sickness.
		This effort is based on the overlapping symptoms of the two disorders and the frequent use of the same recompression procedures for both.
	www.skin-diver.com /departments/scubamed/AdvancesinDivingMedicine.asp?theID=1039 (809 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Dives sent to the Naval Safety Center do not have a 'Y' in the "Sent" column of the "Approve Dives" screen: It is actually the ‘Compress Dives’ screen, where dives are formatted for transfer, that we use to register whether dives have been sent to Naval Safety Center.
		How to enter dive data for a standby diver that entered the water during a dive: On the 'Team Selection' tab, select your dive team, putting standby diver in the standby diver box and then hit the 'Accept Team' button.
		The dive was eventful by the fact that the diver imbedded a sea urchin spine in the right thumb.
	www.safetycenter.navy.mil /media/dsl/issues/sept02.doc (2194 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Books: Bove & Davis Diving Medicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Diving Medicine has earned a worldwide reputation as the definitive source on diving safety and the management of diving-related health conditions.
		It covers basic diving physiology • the pathophysiology of decompression sickness •; assessment of physical fitness for diving • diagnosis and treatment of diving-related disorders • and much more.
		It covers basic diving physiology the pathophysiology of decompression sickness assessment of physical fitness for diving diagnosis and treatment of diving-related disorders and much more.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0721694241 (440 words)

	References (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Doubt TJ: Cardiovascular and thermal responses to SCUBA diving.
		Marsh N, Askew D, Beer K, et al: Relative contributions of voluntary apnea, exposure to cold and face immersion in water to diving bradycardia in humans.
		Cross SJ, Evans SA, Thomson LF, et al: Safety of subaqua diving with a patent foramen ovale.
	www.medscape.com /content/2000/00/41/05/410579/410579_ref.html (265 words)

	Advances in Diving Medicine
		A paper from Italy on breath-hold diving reminded us that DCS can occur from breath-hold diving if multiple deep freedives are done over a few hours.
		If DCS occurs from breath-hold diving, the treatment is still recompression, just as it is with scuba diving.
		Although most sport diving is done in waters where the temperature is below 80 °F, if water temperature is high, shorter bottom time will add a safety factor.
	skin-diver.com /departments/scubamed/AdvancesinDivingMedicine.asp?... (809 words)

	DAN Divers Alert Network : Dr. Carl Edmonds Winner of 2003 DAN America Award
		Edmonds was co-founder and director of the Diving Medical Centre in Australia from 1971-2001.
		He also served as a consultant in diving medicine to the Royal Australian Navy Submarine and Underwater Medicine Unit, HMAS Penguin, from 1975-1998.
		He cited research by Dr. Edmonds into such areas as ear disorders in diving, recompression treatment tables, underwater oxygen treatment for decompression illness, marine animal injuries and medical contraindications and diving, among many other fields, as one reason why he deserved the award.
	www.diversalertnetwork.org /news/article.asp?newsid=305 (513 words)

	Undercurrent: Current Upwellings in the Scuba Diving Community
		Here is the "bible" of diving medicine, for 30 years the primary publication used by physicians and researchers in underwater medicine.
		Featuring 30 chapters by doctors and other scientists, this 779-page book focuses on the physiological basis of safe diving, the pathogenesis of diving illnesses, and the clinical diagnosis and management of related disorders.
		Diving methods, pressure effects, decompression, and long-term effects receive particular attention, but ventilation, thermal considerations, drowning, accident investigation, and diving equipment are also discussed.
	www.undercurrent.org /UCnow/upwellings20040226.shtml (531 words)

	UpToDate Complications of diving
		The incidence of diving-related disorders has increased in tandem with this increasing population at risk, and the Divers Alert Network (http://www.diversalertnetwork.org) records more than one thousand diving-related injuries annually, of which almost 10 percent are fatal [2].
		Hypothermia, trauma, and submersion-related injuries are potential complications of diving.
		The majority of diving-related medical conditions are related to the behavior of gases under varying pressures, which is governed by two basic gas laws.
	patients.uptodate.com /topic.asp?file=cc_medi/20345 (496 words)

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