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Topic: Diving mammals

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	KILLER WHALES - Adaptations for an Aquatic Environment
		The deepest dive known for a killer whale was performed under experimental conditions and was 274.3 m (900 ft.).
		Dives up to 10 minutes and longer have been seen, with the longest dive observed in the ocean lasting 12 minutes.
		When diving, blood is shunted away from tissues tolerant of low oxygen levels (like the extremities) and channeled toward the heart, lungs, and brain, where more oxygen is needed.
	www.seaworld.org /animal-info/info-books/killer-whale/adaptations.htm (978 words)

	CROCODILE BLOOD
		This bicarbonate effect is considerably different from the way diving mammals and seals stay under water for prolonged periods.
		Diving mammals utilize muscle myoglobin to stay under water.
		These mammals have more than 100 times the myoglobin content as crocodiles, the researchers note.
	www.accessexcellence.org /WN/SUA04/crocodile_blood.html (338 words)

	The Challenges of Diving to Depth
		Diving mammals have little hair or very short hair, and birds' feathers are modified in such a way that they glide nearly friction free through the water.
		We would expect diving animals well endowed with muscle myoglobin to be less dependent for the duration of the dive on the blood to de liver oxygen.
		Even though birds and mammals are not breathing an external supply of air, the gas volume they carry in the lungs or air sacs, the depth of their dives and the durations are adequate for high concentrations of nitrogen to develop with in the blood and tissue.
	fig.cox.miami.edu /~lfarmer/BIL265/Divearticle.htm (5192 words)

	Deep diving marine mammals, 04-10-00
		The researchers studied Weddell seals hunting beneath the ice in the Antarctic, a northern elephant seal diving in Monterey Bay, a trained bottlenose dolphin diving offshore of San Diego, and a 100-ton blue whale traveling off the coast of northern California.
		By matching diving behavior with physiological monitoring, Williams was able to calculate the energy savings of prolonged gliding during deep dives.
		The animals studied varied in body size from the 390-pound dolphin to the largest animal on earth, the blue whale, and are found in a wide range of habitats, from Antarctica to the California Coast.
	www.ucsc.edu /currents/99-00/04-10/dive.html (795 words)

	The New-Born Mammal and the Diving Seal, Alaska Science Forum (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Compared to non-diving mammals, one diver, the seal, has a large supply of blood, a greater concentration of the oxygen-carrying pigment in the blood, and a network of arteries with very elastic walls that permit blood pressure to be maintained more easily.
		While diving, the animal is in essence divided into two distinct compartments: one receiving blood with a diminishing content of oxygen and the other receiving virtually no blood or oxygen.
		We do know that as mammals are born, there is, as in the adult diving seal, a division of the body tissues into those receiving a blood supply and those not.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /ScienceForum/ASF0/037.html (784 words)

	Diving Marine Mammals (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Locomotor activity by diving marine mammals is accomplished while breath-holding and often exceeds predicted aerobic capacities.
		Video sequences of freely diving seals and whales wearing submersible cameras reveal a behavioral strategy that improves energetic efficiency in these animals.
		This energy-conserving strategy allows marine mammals to increase aerobic dive duration and achieve remarkable depths despite limited oxygen availability when submerged.
	www.utmsi.utexas.edu /staff/fuiman/diving/abstract.htm (118 words)

	Mammals
		In the porpoise and other diving mammals this center is far less sensitive to carbon dioxide in fluids bathing it than in other mammals.
		Many marine mammals, such as the bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncates, the killer whales, Orcinus orca, the beluga, Delphinapterus leucas, and the California sea lion, Zalophus californiaus, are known to produce so-called squeaks and chirps.
		In all marine mammals, the period of lactation is particularly stressful to the mother’s water balance.
	www.rsmas.miami.edu /support/lib/seas/seasQA/QAs/m/mammals.html (3204 words)

	Sea and Sky: Marine Mammals Page 1
		Eventually, worldwide changes in climate and geography convinced some of the mammals to move back to the sea.
		The other main group of marine mammals falls into the pinnipedia family, which includes the seals and sea lions.
		Some of the largest brains in the world of mammals are found in the oceans.
	www.seasky.org /reeflife/sea2k.html (470 words)

	Adaptations: Text (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A marine mammal is unable to release heat by sweating or panting (the northern fur seal, which sometimes pants, is an exception).
		And during dives the middle-ear sinus of pinnipeds (and cetaceans) swells with a network of thick tissue and venous channels so that the air space in the ear is filled.
		First, a diving pinniped or cetacean is able to reduce oxygen consumption by shunting blood to only essential organs and tissues: the brain, the heart, and a few other vital organs.
	polarmet.mps.ohio-state.edu /ASPIRE_99/seals/science/evtxt.htm (12103 words)

	Oceans For Youth: Kids Corner (Site not responding. Last check: )
		While the diving reflex has been shown to occur in a wide range of nonmarine mammals, from humans to dogs to pigs, it's not nearly as pronounced as in marine mammals.
		During a dive, the limited oxygen supply is shunted by alterations in circulation, as mentioned earlier, primarily to the heart and brain.
		The aim of the research was to understand the control of the diving reflex in humans, with emphasis on the effects of temperature and what effect training may have on the reflex.
	www.oceansforyouth.com /whats-that/ftr0104.html (3189 words)

	Freediving
		The ability of muscles to work with limited oxygen is well developed in the diving mammals and in humans, and comes into play with exercise of any kind.
		Diving mammals are able to hold large stores of oxygen in their muscles via high concentrations of the protein myoglobin, which is similar to the hemoglobin in the blood.
		The metabolic debt accrued during the dive is stored in the form of lactic acid, which is metabolized after oxygen is restored to the muscle.
	www.skin-diver.com /departments/scubamed/Freediving.asp?theID=631 (869 words)

	Adaptations of Diving Mammals
		rious marine mammals have been found to have adapted special abilities which help in their respiratory processes, enabling them to remain down at great depths for long periods of time.
		A diving reflex slows the pulse, and an overall reduction in oxygen consumption occurs due to this reduced heart rate.
		Blood flow is restricted to mucles during long dives and they rely on oxygen stored in their myoglobin and make their ATP from fermentation rather then from respiration.
	www.cdli.ca /~dpower/resp/adapt~1.htm (283 words)

	NRaD TD 627 - Physiology/Anatomy/Growth and Aging
		In one dive, the thorax was in natural state, in the other, 100 ml of water had been injected into each pleural cavity.
		Account of marine mammal research conducted by the author in the areas of diving physiology, water balance, reproductive physiology, hematology, and blood chemistry, husbandry, behavior, and animal health (including anesthesia).
		White whales, trained to dive on command in the open sea, remained submerged as long as 15 min 50 sec and dove as deep as 647 m (2122 ft).
	www.nosc.mil /sti/publications/pubs/td/627/physiology.html (3628 words)

	Galapagos diving - Scuba diving in the Galapagos islands
		There are few to no places left in the world where an entire archipalego is virtually free of commercial fishing, leaving the waters left to those who want to swim and and watch the action unfold in the deep, clean waters of the Pacific.
		Diving conditions at the Galapagos are considered medium to hard due to the currents, depth and shape of the dive sites, temperatures and fauna.
		One of the best dives can be a fluorescent night dive with turtles, fur seals and other animals which cam be seen with the lamp turned off.
	www.galapaguide.com /scuba_diving.htm (1704 words)

	Manatee Anatomy Facts
		A manatee's teeth are similar to the molars of some other mammals and are located in the back half of the lower and upper jaws.
		Tooth replacement is continuous (polyphyodont) throughout their lives, as opposed to that of other mammals that replace a single set of teeth once in a lifetime (diphyodont).
		Unlike other mammals, their lungs are flattened and elongated and extend horizontally along the back almost to the anus.
	www.savethemanatee.org /anatomy2.htm (544 words)

	Report
		The diving response is well known from diving mammals, where it may reduce the heart rate by up to 80% (bradycardia).
		In diving animals the response leads to a redistribution of blood flow assuring the brain and heart a constant supply of oxygen by reducing oxygen consumption in other tissues, thereby prolonging apneic (and thus diving) time.
		Her experiments also strongly indicate that the diving response does not depend on the absolute water temperature but on the difference between ambient and water temperature: as long as this is sufficiently large, bradycardia readily occurs (Schagatay and Holm 1996).
	users.ugent.be /~mvaneech/Report.html (3743 words)

	Ergonomics In The News: Anatomy dictates efficency of underwater propulsion
		Diving mammals are able to propel themselves through the aquatic environment very efficiently.
		Techniques for surface swimming, without diving gear, and for breath-hold diving among humans are quite different than those of the mammalian breath-hold divers.
		The anatomy of the axial and appendicular skeletal systems of diving mammals has advantages for movement as well as for heat and energy conservation in the aquatic environment.
	www.usernomics.com /news/2005/02/anatomy-dictates-efficency-of.html (244 words)

	WHY WHALES STRAND! (Site not responding. Last check: )
		These injured mammals would be constantly pushed downstream by the flow of the current until the day came that they were too weak to avoid being trapped by a sandy beach.
		The volume of air in the enclosed air spaces of a diving mammal underwater is in direct relationship to the pressure in the water.
		Neither would the flesh and bones of diving mammals be affected since this part of their anatomy is mostly water allowing the pressure to travel through the body and back into the water without much fuss.
	www.deafwhale.com /stranding (6414 words)

	Breath-holding, Larynx, and Diving Reflex
		Breath-holding, the descended larynx, the diving reflex, and the AAT/H
		Although there is a diving bradycardia, it is often complicated by the development of idioventricular foci producing ectopic beats.
		They also have relatively large lungs which, compared to other marine mammals, are twice as large as expected and are the reason for the sea otter's large rib cage.
	www.aquaticape.org /bhdr.html (3123 words)

	How Sea Mammals Take Their Deep Plunges
		The researchers studied the deep- diving behavior of Weddell seals in the Antarctic, a blue whale swimming off the California coast, a northern elephant seal in Monterey Bay and a Navy-trained bottlenose dolphin diving in the waters off San Diego.
		In the research, reported last week in the journal Science, Williams and her colleagues learned that the marine animals were able to pick up speed for each dive by first swimming powerfully with anywhere from six to 60 strokes of their flippers per minute and then gliding into a steep dive.
		With each dive the animals collapse their lungs progressively as they go deeper and deeper and the pressure of the water increases around them.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2000/04/10/MN14193.DTL&type=science (854 words)

	SCUBA Diving Safety
		For daily information on diving conditions, as well as the local beach and weather report, call (619) 221-8824.
		Diving here is recommended for experienced divers only, due to the depth of the canyon.
		Before diving always check the conditions and be prepared to cancel your dive upon arrival at the dive site if the conditions are hazardous.
	www.sandiego.gov /lifeguards/safety/scuba.shtml (352 words)

	Scientists reveal mysteries of deep diving marine mammals 03/2000
		Fuiman, a behavioral ecologist with UT Austin's Marine Science Institute at Port Aransas, said previous estimates of how much oxygen the marine mammals can store in their bodies "is less than how much oxygen they would be expending if they were swimming the whole time they were submerged.
		Another possibility is that they might be lowering their overall metabolic rate (hypometabolism), that is, lowering the rate their bodies expend energy, possibly shutting down kidneys, intestines, or other organs that wouldn't be used during the dive.
		This equipment allowed the scientists to study locomotor strategies during the deep dives, including frequency and amplitude of flipper strokes, glide sequences and swimming modes.
	www.utexas.edu /opa/news/00newsreleases/nr_200004/nr_mammals000405.html (677 words)

	ABC of oxygen: Diving and oxygen -- Wilmshurst 317 (7164): 996 -- BMJ
		A dive to 30 m for 20 minutes puts the scuba diver at risk of nitrogen narcosis and decompression illness.
		For dives deeper than 66 m the gas mixture should contain less than 21% oxygen to avoid the risk of acute oxygen toxicity.
		dive the gas in a bulla increases as ambient pressure is reduced.
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/317/7164/996 (2100 words)

	Dr. Paul Webb
		Marine mammals are the top of the trophic levels, and many of the contaminants have bioaccumulated in their food sources.
		Given their deep diving and spatial distribution, the response of northern elephant seals to a severe El Niño should provide important clues to both the scale and the impact of rapid ecosystem change on a large marine predator.
		Episodes of concentrated diving were not associated with specific bathymetric features and the diel pattern of diving suggested foraging on prey in the deep scattering layer.
	faculty.rwu.edu /pwebb/abstracts.html (4565 words)

	How whales, dolphins, seals dive so deep: Science News Online, April 8, 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Scuba diving scientists have managed to swim with animals for only about the first 30 meters of the drop.
		Morphologist Ann Pabst of the University of North Carolina at Wilmington praised the new study for being "so broadly comparative." She points out that the dolphin is only about one-tenth the length of a blue whale, but the gliding strategy still works.
		Also, she says, the similar underwater diving routines of the four species must have evolved in at least two separate lines of mammals.
	www.sciencenews.org /20000408/fob4.asp (714 words)

	Corpus Christi Caller Times Caller.com - Dolphins take plunge into marine research
		By attaching video cameras to the animals' backs, a team of marine biologists learned that ocean mammals exceed their apparent aerobic capacity by starting their dives with a few powerful swimming strokes, then gliding for most of the rest of the descent in a relaxed position with their lungs somewhat compressed.
		But the researchers found that marine mammals take advantage of a change in their buoyancy that occurs with increasing pressure and depth.
		The groundbreaking and somewhat controversial research could not have been done without the help of a trained bottlenose dolphin diving near San Diego, a 100-ton blue whale of the Northern California coast, Weddell seals hunting beneath the ice in the Antarctic and a northern elephant seal diving in Monterey Bay.
	www.caller2.com /2000/april/07/today/national/4437.html (274 words)

	Killer Whale Predation on Sea Otters Linking Oceanic and Nearshore Ecosystems
		The amount of blood flow to peripheral areas is reduced during diving to conserve oxygen, this also limits the amount of blood available for heat dissipation.
		The mammalian dive response to exercise involves a redistribution of blood to the skin, in marine mammals this response is complicated by the circulatory adjustments associated with diving.
		Important components of the mammalian dive response are bradycardia and decreased peripheral blood flow as found by Scholander 1940.
	kingfish.coastal.edu /marine/375/f2000apkt.htm (675 words)

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