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Topic: Division (logical fallacy)

	Encyclopedia: Logical-fallacy
		Amphibology or amphiboly (from the Greek amphibolia) is, in logic, a verbal fallacy arising from ambiguity in the grammatical structure of a sentence.
		The fallacy of the single cause, also known as joint effect or causal oversimplification, is a logical fallacy of causation that occurs when it is assumed that there is one, simple cause of an outcome when in reality it may have been caused by a number of only jointly sufficient...
		The logical fallacy of affirming a disjunct occurs in a disjunctive syllogism when an argument takes the form: Either A or B (this is the disjunct) A (Affirming the middle term) Therefore, not B The fallacy lies in concluding that B must be false because A is true; in fact...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Logical_fallacy (4622 words)

	Logical fallacy - Wikipedia
		A fallacy is a way that an argument can go wrong and thereby fail to be valid, sound, or otherwise fail to properly support its claim.
		In the opposite direction is the fallacy of argument from authority.
		Typically, logical fallacies are invalid, but they can often be written or rewritten so that they follow a valid argument form; and in that case, the challenge is to discover the false premise, which makes the argument unsound.
	nostalgia.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logical_fallacy (797 words)

	Logical fallacy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A logical fallacy may mean nothing more than a fallacy or it may mean an error in deductive reasoning, i.e., a formal fallacy.
		In the latter case, it is a flaw in the structure of a deductive argument as opposed to an error in the premises.
		Recognizing fallacies in everyday arguments may be difficult since arguments are often imbedded in rhetorical patterns that obscure the logical connections between statements.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logical_fallacy (867 words)

	Logical fallacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In logical parlance, the inference is invalid, since under at least one interpretation of the predicates it is not validity preserving.
		Fallacies are used frequently by pundits in the media and politics.
		By definition, arguments with logical fallacies are invalid, but they can often be (re)written in such a way that they fit a valid argument form.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/logical_fallacy (1863 words)

	Logical Consequence, Philosophical Considerations [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		The concept of logical consequence is one of those whose introduction into a field of strict formal investigation was not a matter of arbitrary decision on the part of this or that investigator; in defining this concept efforts were made to adhere to the common usage of the language of everyday life.
		Such constants are called logical constants, and we say that the logical form of a sentence is a function of the logical constants that occur in the sentence and the pattern of the remaining expressions.
		The status of the deductive-theoretic approach to logic is not clear for, as Tarski argues in his (1936), deductive-theoretic accounts are unable to reflect the fact that, according to the common concept, logical consequence is not compact.
	www.iep.utm.edu /l/logcon.htm (6498 words)

	Fallacy of division -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A (A misconception resulting from incorrect reasoning) fallacy of division occurs when one reasons (The branch of philosophy that analyzes inference) logically that something true of a thing must also be true of at least some of its constituents.
		The converse of this fallacy is called (Click link for more info and facts about fallacy of composition) fallacy of composition; it arises when one fallaciously attributes a property of some part of a thing to the thing as a whole.
		If a system as a whole has some property that none of its constituents has (or perhaps, it has it but not as a result of some constituent having that property), this is sometimes called an (Click link for more info and facts about emergent) emergent property of the system.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/f/fa/fallacy_of_division.htm (177 words)

	Logical fallacy -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A logical fallacy is an error in (The methodical process of logical reasoning) logical argument which is independent of the truth of the (A statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn) premises.
		Recognizing fallacies in practical arguments may be difficult since arguments are often structured using (Study of the technique and rules for using language effectively (especially in public speaking)) rhetorical patterns that obscure the logical connections between assertions.
		Fallacies are used frequently by (Someone who has been admitted to membership in a scholarly field) pundits in the (Click link for more info and facts about media) media and (The study of government of states and other political units) politics.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/L/Lo/Logical_fallacy.htm (3598 words)

	Fallacy of distribution - tScholars.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A fallacy of distribution is a logical fallacy occurring when an argument assumes there is no difference between a term in the distributive (referring to every member of a class) and collective (referring to the class itself as a whole) sense.
		Division - assumes what is true of the class is true of its members
		While fallacious, arguments that make these assumptions may be persuasive because of the representativeness heuristic.
	www.tscholars.com /encyclopedia/Fallacy_of_distribution (171 words)

	The Atheism Web: Logic & Fallacies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This fallacy is an argument of the form "A implies B, B is true, therefore A is true." To understand why it is a fallacy, examine the truth table for implication given earlier.
		This fallacy is the reverse of the Fallacy of Accident.
		This fallacy is an argument of the form "A implies B, A is false, therefore B is false." The truth table for implication makes it clear why this is a fallacy.
	www.infidels.org /news/atheism/logic.html (5794 words)

	Logical fallacy: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Logical fallacy
		A fallacy is a way that a logical argument can go wrong and thereby fail to be valid or sound, or otherwise fail to properly support its claim.
		For example, the argumentum ad hominem, or personal attack, is used when instead of refuting an statement, the person who made that statement is attacked.
		Sometimes, however, an appeal to an authority is best construed not as a fallacy but as an appeal to expert testimony[?]—a type of inductive argument.
	www.encyclopedian.com /lo/Logical-fallacy.html (735 words)

	Fallacy of Division
		The fallacy of division is the reverse of the fallacy of composition.
		Like the fallacy of composition, this is only a fallacy for some properties; for others, it is a legitimate form of inference.
		Note that an argument with the same logical form but inferring from the fact that a computer is smaller than a car that every part of the computer is smaller than a car would not be fallacious; such arguments are only sometimes fallacious.
	www.logicalfallacies.info /fallacyofdivision.html (140 words)

	Logical fallacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A logical fallacy is an error of argument; it is a mistake in the way that the propositions (in the argument) are inter-related.
		While an appeal to authority is always a logical fallacy, it can be an appropriate rational argument if, for example, it is an appeal to expert testimony—a type of inductive argument.
		By definition, logical fallacies are invalid, but they can often be written or rewritten so that they follow a valid argument form; and in that case, the challenge is to discover the false premise, which makes the argument unsound.
	www.portaljuice.com /logical_fallacy.html (719 words)

	Fallacy of division - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A fallacy of division occurs when one reasons logically that something true of a thing must also be true of at least some of its constituents.
		For example, if from the fact that a Boeing 747 can fly unaided across the ocean I infer that one of its jet engines can fly unaided across the ocean, I am guilty of the fallacy of division.
		The converse of this fallacy is called fallacy of composition; it arises when one fallaciously attributes a property of some part of a thing to the thing as a whole.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Division_(logical_fallacy) (169 words)

	Logical Fallacies
		The ability to identify fallacies in the arguments of others, and to avoid them in one’s own arguments, is both valuable and increasingly rare.
		Fallacious reasoning keeps us from knowing the truth, and the inability to think critically makes us vulnerable to manipulation by those skilled in the art of rhetoric.
		The ‘No True Scotsman’ fallacy, for example, could be classified as a fallacy of ambiguity (an attempt to switch definitions of “Scotsman”) or as a fallacy of presumption (it begs the question, reinterpreting the evidence to fit its conclusion rather than forming its conclusion on the basis of the evidence).
	www.logicalfallacies.info (849 words)

	Sinclair Community College
		An understanding of logical fallacy is important to the academic writer for two reasons. First, during the research phase of the writing project, the writer will read and critically evaluate a variety of resource documents.
		Logical operators can be improperly used in an argument to distract the reader from a false conclusion.
		Thus, an author commits a fallacy when he or she treats a statistical generalization as though it were always true.
	www.sinclair.edu /centers/wc/LogicalFallacy/index.cfm (898 words)

	New Page 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Each of these fallacies is characterized by the illegitimate use of a logical operator in order to distract the reader from the apparent falsity of a certain proposition.
		This fallacy is sometimes also called the "Appeal to Emotion" because emotional appeals often sway the population as a whole.
		An author commits the fallacy when it is assumed that because one thing follows another that the one thing was caused by the other.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /users/malam/logical_fallacy.htm (2607 words)

	Constructing a Logical Argument (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The fallacy of division is the opposite of the Fallacy of Composition.
		This fallacy is an argument of the form "A implies B, A is false, therefore B is false".
		This is the "fallacy fallacy" of arguing that a proposition is false merely on the grounds that it has been presented as the conclusion of a fallacious argument.
	www.virtualschool.edu /mon/SocialConstruction/Logic.html (4282 words)

	Fallacy of the single cause September 11, 2001 attacks causation false dilemma logical fallacy joint effect school ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Fallacy of the single cause September 11, 2001 attacks causation false dilemma logical fallacy joint effect school shooting
		The fallacy of the single cause, also known as joint effect or causal oversimplification, is a logical fallacy of causation that occurs when it is assumed that there is one, simple cause of an outcome when in reality it may have been caused by a number of only jointly sufficient causes.
		fallacy of composition post hoc fallacy fallacy of single causation cause-and-effect fallacy 3.
	en.powerwissen.com /RXu8LtxmpiXxq2iBdv%2BT8w%3D%3D_Causal_oversimplification.html (315 words)

	Logical Fallacy
		This fallacy operates upon the belief that because someone is knowledgeable in one field, he or she is a scholar in all fields.
		Many people who are not effective in expressing themselves fall prey to this logical fallacy because they do not specify the topic they are addressing and leave their audience to "figure it out" or assume "they [the audience] get what I'm saying" or are unaware there are other interpretations of the term they are implementing.
		A fallacy when irrelevant material is introduced to the issue being discussed, such that the audience's attention is diverted away from the points being made and toward a different conclusion.
	cstl-cla.semo.edu /gurnow/semo/EN140/logical_fallacies.htm (3275 words)

	Economics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		An example of a model which illustrates both of these aspects, is the classical mathematical formulation of the Keynesian system involving the consumption function and the national income identity.
		This process of reasoning (see the articles on informal logic, logical argument, fallacy) may or may not involve advanced mathematics.
		It is not the identical to what is often referred to as mathematical economics; this includes, but is not limited to, an attempt to set microeconomics, in particular general equilibrium on solid mathematical foundation.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/e/ec/economics_1.html (4807 words)

	internet culture
		The general Heideggerian idea of a value inherent in technology is instanced in the statement that the high technology of factory farming, or ``agribusiness,'' is inseparable from a bad way of relating to nature, understanding it and treating it simply as something to be processed in wholesale fashion for satisfaction of human appetites.
		Call this the Frame Fallacy, after the mistake of inferring from the fact that a movie is made up of discrete frames, to the conclusion that the experience of watching a movie is the experience of a series of discrete frames.
		That this is a fallacy is evident from the fact that the computer does not force the user to jump around in the manner that it enables.
	www.brandeis.edu /pubs/jove/HTML/V6/iculture.html (8643 words)

	Composition (logical fallacy)
		The logical fallacy of composition ascribes properties of a components of something to the thing itself.
		In a way it is the reverse of the division fallacy.
		The atoms in this chemical compound are invisible, so the compound must also be invisible.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/co/Composition_(logical_fallacy).html (80 words)

	logical fallacy framework (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		a set of training wheels that can help detect logical fallacies when they are not obvious.
		Most errors in logic can be identified by associating a writer's reason with an element of the framework.
		Most logical fallacies consist of taking an element or type of argument to an extreme, exaggerating or misrepresenting information, or using it inappropriately, and/ or creating a false or misleading impression.
	www.accd.edu /sac/english/mgarcia/writfils/framework.htm (3208 words)

	Logical Fallacy: Improper Transposition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This fallacy bears the same type of similarity to Denying the Antecedent as Commutation of Conditionals bears to
		Like all of these conditional fallacies, it is most plausible when the converse of the premiss is also true.
		Sharpton is confusing necessary and sufficient conditions, which are logically similar enough that the audience may not notice that he has pulled a logical "bait and switch".
	www.fallacyfiles.org /imptrans.html (242 words)

	Mtbr.com Forums - Logical Fallacy Lesson: Shifting the Burden of Proof
		Since recently there has been campaign on this board to promote ignorance of common rational argumets in favor of name calling, misquotes, and logical fallacies, I think it would be helpful for some of us to begin to educate ourselves.
		As a matter of fact that statement is itself a logical fallacy, for if someone asserts a positive, attempting to prove it false would be an attempt to prove a negative.
		It is only logical that Jm was tring to assert a much stronger bias on Al Jazeera's part.
	forums.mtbr.com /showthread.php?t=54252 (2842 words)

	Market Power: New Logical Fallacy
		I'd like to propose a new logical fallacy which I would like to call the "Collective Field of Dreams Fallacy": if the public doesn't build it, they won't come.
		It's the fallacy invoked when the various supporters of public funding for stadiums/arenas come forth.
		The other part of the fallacy is to assume that if the stadium/arena isn't built with public funds, then it won't get built.
	marketpower.typepad.com /market_power/2005/04/new_logical_fal.html (727 words)

	Introduction To Activistic Atheism
		In this fallacy, the premise, the Bible's statement that God exists, derives its authority from the attempted conclusion, the existence of the God who allegedly wrote the Bible.
		A popular form of this ruse is the fallacy of negation, the notion that if we discredit one side of an argument, the observer is forced to accept the other.
		If someone describes his opponent's position in a way that sounds patently absurd (something that no one in their right mind would believe), making his own position sound too good to be true, check to see if that is the opponent's actual position.
	www.positiveatheism.org /faq/faq1114.htm (4049 words)

	Games Fresh : Article 'Correlation implies causation (logical fallacy)' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		One observation about it is that the fallacy ignores the possibility that the correlation is coincidence.
		In that case, the fallacy ignores the possibility that there is a common cause of eating chocolate and having acne.
		The above argument commits the cum hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy, because in fact the explanation is that high temperatures increase crime rates (presumably by making people irritable) as well as ice-cream sales.
	www.games-fresh.net /DisplayArticleFull59767.html (656 words)

	Business Software Review : Article 'Logical fallacy' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		From the point of view the interlocutor, James commits the logical fallacy of begging the question.
		Informal Fallacies (http://www.kcmetro.cc.mo.us/longview/ctac/fallacy.htm) by Michael Connelly, contributed to the Critical Thinking Across the Curriculum Project.
		Papers on fallacies and argumentation (http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~walton/p_and_p.htm) by Douglas N. Walton.
	www.business-software-review.org /DisplayArticleFull44306.html (1932 words)

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