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Topic: Division of labor

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	TN Department of Labor & Workforce Development
		The Division of Labor Standards is responsible for the enforcement of the Child Labor Act, the Wage Regulations Act, and the Prevailing Wage Act.
		The Child Labor Act prohibits the employment of a minor in certain occupations in which conditions are hazardous.
		The Division of Labor Standards conducts a survey of wages paid to building and highway construction workers in Tennessee.
	www.state.tn.us /labor-wfd/lsdiv.html (322 words)

	division of labor. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Division of labor is closely tied with the standardization of production, the introduction and perfection of machinery, and the development of large-scale industry.
		The classic example is that given by Adam Smith, advocate of free trade (of which the division of labor is the underlying principle), in which 10 men, each performing one or more of the 18 operations necessary to make a pin, together produce 48,000 pins a day, whereas working separately they could not make 200.
		Problems created by the division of labor include the monotony of concentration on routine tasks, technological unemployment for people whose skills are not in demand, and eventually chronic unemployment if the economy does not expand quickly enough to reabsorb the displaced labor.
	www.bartleby.com /65/di/divis-lab.html (288 words)

	Glossary of Terms: Di
		Division of labour is as old as labour itself, stretching back to the birth of the human race.
		Prior to the rupture of society into classes, the social division of labour was almost exclusively based on kinship relations, within a relatively closed circle, wherein the character of an individual’s labour was determined by their age, sex and position within the family.
		This division of labour based on kinship relations continues up to the present day, but with the collapse of tribal society and the formation of social classes there began a new kind of division of labour, based on class relations, including the division between mental and manual labour.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/terms/d/i.htm (5186 words)

	[No title]
		This may be in part because those authors, who see the advantages of division of labor as deriving primarily from the concentration of time, experience, and ingenuity on part of individuals on a narrower range of tasks, are looking simply for all the differentiations of functions that the expansion of markets will allow.
		Workers cannot pool their labor power, as the capitalists pool their physical capital, in order to hire the machines at a rental that would leave the joint rent going to the workers of the labor-managed firm.
		Sokoloff's data suggest that, for non-mechanized factories deriving their competitive advantage solely from the division of labor, economies of scale would tend to be very nearly exhausted already in the size-range of 6-15 employees and totally exhausted at 20.
	www.sp.uconn.edu /~langlois/axel.html (7512 words)

	Untitled Document
		Before him, according to Franz Borkenau, it was a great increase in division of labor occurring around 1600 that introduced the abstract category of work, which may be said to underlie, in turn, the whole modern, Cartesian notion that our bodily existence is merely an object of our (abstract) consciousness.
		Twenty years later Schiller recognized that division of labor was producing a society in which its members were unable to develop their humanity.
		The reason, obviously, that he ignores division of labor is that it is inherent in production; he does not see that it is nonsense to speak of liberation and production in the same breath.
	www.insurgentdesire.org.uk /division.htm (775 words)

	Division of labour - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Division of labour is generally speaking the specialization of cooperative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase efficiency of output.
		In 1893 he published "The Division of Labor in Society", his fundamental statement of the nature of human society and its social development.
		Ali Rattansi, Marx and the Division of Labour.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Division_of_labor (2515 words)

	divisionoflabor
		The division of labor is simply the separation and specialization of work among people.
		Labor has never before been as specialized as it is now, and the current trend is toward even further increased specialization.
		The division of labor is not without problems of course, and an industrial utopia does not form simply out of interdependence, for specialization has been seen to set people not only apart, but against each other.
	durkheim.itgo.com /divisionoflabor.html (1013 words)

	SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY
		In this chapter, Durkheim asks what the division of labor (DOL) in society is. First, he states that since the DOL increases both the reproductive capacity and skill of the workman, it is the necessary condition for the intellectual and material development in societies (12).
		The DOL is a necessary consequence of the growth of volume and density of society.
		The DOL is typically a normal phenomenon, but from time to time it enters a pathological state (291), In certain points of the social organism, certain functions are not adjusted to one another.
	ssr1.uchicago.edu /PRELIMS/Theory/durkheim.html (11107 words)

	Adam Smith and the Division of Labor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Growth, according to Smith, is rooted in the increasing division of labor.
		Division of labor also implies assigning each worker to the job that suits him best.
		Eventually Smith settled on labor as the source of value: The number of hours labor that a good can be exchanged for constitutes its inherent worth.
	www.victorianweb.org /economics/division.html (401 words)

	Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, V.1, Entry 381, DIVISION OF LABOR: Library of Economics and Liberty
		—It is plain that the division of labor is both a consequence and a cause of the development of nations, and of the progress which they make in all branches of human knowledge.
		The division of labor tends constantly to increase, and is checked only by the limited extent of the market, that is to say, by the limitation which the wants of the population put to the possible sale of each kind of product.
		In the manufacture of artificial flowers the division of the labor of workmen and of manufacturers into departments is carried to quite as great an extent.
	www.econlib.org /library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy381.html (1212 words)

	Inequality, Introduction, The Division of Labor
		Despite the enormous emphasis on specialization and the division of labor in the Wealth of Nations, much of Smith's discussion was misplaced and misleading.
		In the first place, he placed undue importance on the division of labor within a factory (the famous pin-factory example), and scarcely considered the far more important division of labor among various industries and occupations.
		In Book I, the division of labor is hailed as responsible for civilization as well as economic growth, and is also praised as expanding the alertness and intelligence of the population.
	www.mises.org /fipandol/isec5.asp (801 words)

	West Virginia Division of Labor: Wage & Hour Overview
		This division is designated the responsibility to provide the administrative and field enforcement for and on behalf of the Contractor License Board.
		For teenagers who want to work, the Child Labor Law requires that minors 14 and 15 years of age obtain work permits, and those 16 and 17 years of age (upon request of the employer) obtain age certificates from the Boards of Education in the counties in which they live.
		A copy of the permit or certificate is forwarded to the Division of Labor who is charged with the responsibility of assuring the minor is not working in an unsafe environment or performing duties not suitable to their age.
	www.labor.state.wv.us /wage/default.html (864 words)

	Labor Studies
		As a program, labor studies is designed to enable participants to serve more effectively as members and leaders in their organizations.
		A minor in Labor Studies requires the completion of 15 credit hours in labor studies courses consisting of 6 credit hours from our list of core courses and 9 additional credit hours to be determined through consultation with the campus faculty.
		All application materials should be forwarded to the Division of Labor Studies office on the campus where the applicant intends to enroll.
	www.iusb.edu /~acadaff/bulletin/bulletin2000/labor.html (2682 words)

	Division of Labor and Industry
		he Division of Labor and Industry protects and promotes the health, safety, and employment rights of Maryland citizens.
		Major components of the Division's mission include preventing accidents and incidents which result in fatalities and injuries; preventing work-related illnesses; protecting employee wages and rights; and, assisting regulated industries and employers in complying with Division laws and regulations.
		The Farm Labor Contractors Law requires all farm labor contractors who work in Maryland to be licensed by the Commissioner of Labor and Industry.
	www.dllr.state.md.us /labor (204 words)

	South Dakota Department of Labor - Labor and Management
		The Division of Labor and Management is responsible for administering the state's labor laws.
		Staff in the division help settle problems between employers and workers; enforce wage and hour and child labor laws, answer questions about state and federal unemployment laws, and administer the state's workers' compensation system.
		Petition for Unfair Labor Practice (May be filed if you work for state or local government, are a union, or represented by one, and your right to be in a union or bargain fairly through a union is being affected.
	www.state.sd.us /applications/LD01DOL/default.asp?navid=407 (404 words)

	Chapter VIII. Human Society: The Division of Labor
		The fundamental social phenomenon is the division of labor and its counterpart human cooperation.
		division of labor increases output per unit of labor expended.
		The increase in productivity brought about by the division of labor is obvious whenever the inequality of the participants is such that every individual or every piece of land is superior at least in one regard to the other individuals or pieces of land concerned.
	www.mises.org /humanaction/chap8sec3.asp (571 words)

	Emile Durkheim’s Division of Labor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Division of labor extends beyond the economic world (political, administrative, judicial, aesthetic, philosophical, and scientific).
		division of labor) – was one of moral conflict that required explanation and resolution (synthesis).
		It is an outcome of this “natural law” that division of labor is established and that division of labor creates moral linkages (via mechanical social solidarity, “collective conscience”) as it simultaneously differentiates individuals (via organic solidarity).
	employment.education.uiowa.edu /lalowe/034_201_ePortfolio/Division_of_Labor.htm (1451 words)

	New York State Department of Labor - Worker Protection Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Division of Labor Standards protects the rights of private sector employees at their workplaces through outreach, training and enforcement of the New York State Labor laws.
		The Division of Labor Standards also protects the employers of New York State by providing educational seminars and access to written materials concerning the state Labor laws.
		It is the goal of the Division of Safety and Health (DOSH) to help our customers to experience the full realization of this statement by providing guidance through regulations, training and consultation, and evaluations and enforcement.
	www.labor.state.ny.us /workerprotection/wp_index.shtm (295 words)

	Division of Labor
		It is the great multiplication of the productions of all the different arts, in consequence of the division of labor, which occasions, in a well-governed society, that universal opulence which extends itself to the lowest ranks of the people." (pp.
		The division of labor into different trades is also an aspect (and perhaps the more important aspect) of the division of labor, according to Smith.
		This division of labor is so characteristic of modern society that we may fail to notice it, as a fish fails to notice the water in which he swims.
	william-king.www.drexel.edu /top/prin/txt/Intro/Eco111g.html (870 words)

	The Business of America is Business: Division of Labor
		He has overseen a politically stronger labor movement, but the unionized share of the workforce has continued to decline, falling to 12.5 percent overall last year, and 7.9 percent in the private sector.
		Unfortunately, as the economy moves to one where knowledge and information, rather than raw materials and physical labor, are the valuable factors of production, union membership will continue to decline.
		Add on top of that ever greater competition from low cost manufacturers from overseas and the fact that most information and knowledge workers have no interest in what unions have to offer (and rightly so), and we'll be looking at 5% representation in another ten years.
	www.thebusinessofamericaisbusiness.biz /2005/10/division_of_labor.html (534 words)

	Division of Labor - An Educator's Reference Desk Lesson Plan
		Several groups of five students will work according to the division of labor system, with each student specializing in only one of the five steps.
		The division of labor assembly lines will compete with each other and with the solitary cottage system to see who can complete the greatest number of balloons.
		For the division of labor group divide number of balloons by number of workers involved to get a number per worker.
	www.eduref.org /Virtual/Lessons/Social_Studies/Economics/ECO0003.html (691 words)

	Durkheim - Division of Labor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In determining the principal cause of the progress of the division of labor, we have at the same time determined the essential factor of what is called civilization.
		It can explain neither the existence nor the progress of the division of labor, since it has, of itself, no intrinsic or absolute value, but, on the contrary, has a reason for existing only in so far as the division of labor is itself found necessary.
		As the constitutive parts of the animal are more numerous, their relations are no longer the same, the conditions of social life are changed, and it is these changes which, in turn, determine both the division of labor, polymorphism, and the concentration of vital forces and their greater energy.
	www2.pfeiffer.edu /~lridener/courses/DIVLABOR.HTML (4602 words)

	Notes on the Division of Labor
		Durkheim notices that the fact of a division of labor is universal across societies.
		Thus, the division of labor is held together by a set of interdependencies.
		IF we leave out of account the various forms that the division of labor assumes according to the conditions of time and space, the general fact remains that the division of labor develops regularly as history proceeds.
	www.sociology.ohio-state.edu /classes/soc782/moody/class_6.htm (6002 words)

	USNews.com: There's a new doc in town. He 's an obstetrician, and you'll no doubt be in labor the first time you meet
		Since they are employed by the hospital, their malpractice premiums are covered, and there are no back-office expenses like those of an outside practice.
		Laborists can also be a plus for the new mother, since the limited hours keep them fresher and less prone to errors, and their job description focuses on attending to her during labor.
		It also may be a better deal for private obstetricians, who can opt to hand over labor supervision and the delivery--although many OBs still prefer to deliver their patients' babies.
	www.usnews.com /usnews/health/articles/051205/5labor.htm (565 words)

	Departmental website: Indiana University South Bend
		Labor Studies views working people and their efforts to achieve justice and equity as central to the development of our nation, and, indeed all countries.
		As a program, labor studies enables participants to serve more effectively as members and leaders in their organizations.
		In the Labor Studies program you will learn skills that you can apply to your day-to-day activities at your workplace, in your union and in the community.
	www.iusb.edu /~sblabor (397 words)

	IU Northwest: Division of Labor Studies
		The Indiana University Division of Labor Studies (DLS), part of the School of Continuing Studies, provides educational resources to workers and unions in Indiana and elsewhere.
		Organized in 1946, the division has grown to become one of the largest and most highly respected university labor education programs in the country.
		The purpose of the labor studies program is to promote a better understanding of the labor movement and its functions in the larger society.
	www.iun.edu /~labornw (120 words)

	Adam Smith: The Division of Labor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		But in consequence of the division of labor, the whole of every man's attention comes naturally to be directed toward some one very simple object.
		A great part of the machines made use of in those manufactures in which labor is most subdivided, were originally the inventions of common workmen, who, being each of them employed in some very simple operation, naturally turned their thoughts toward finding out easier and readier methods of performing it.
		The woollen coat, for example, which covers the day laborer, as coarse and rough as it may appear, is the produce of the joint labor of a great multitude of workmen.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/ENLIGHT/WEALTH1.HTM (2425 words)

	Gender and division of labour
		Women are involved in every stage of food production and, although there is a gender-based division of labour, women do tend to shoulder the larger share.
		In addition to food production activities, women have the responsibility of preparing and processing the food while fulfilling their fundamental role of nurturing and caring for children and tending to elderly members of the household.
		The division of labour between genders still remains poorly understood.
	www.fao.org /Gender/en/lab-e.htm (646 words)

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