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Topic: Doctrine of double effect

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	Effect
		Doctrine of double effect The doctrine of double effect (DDE) is a thesis in Aquinas.
		Flywheel effect The flywheel effect is the continuation of oscillations in an capacitive elements in the oscillator.
		Nocebo Effect The Nocebo effect is the inverse of the Placebo effect.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/effect.html (2807 words)

	Principle of double effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The principle of double effect (PDE) or doctrine of double effect (DDE), sometimes simply called double effect for short, is a thesis in ethics, usually attributed to Aquinas.
		The doctrine of double effect claims that the first action is morally worse than the second, all other things being equal.
		The good effect must be at least as directly an effect of the action as the bad effect is. In particular, the good effect must not be caused by the bad effect, which would be prohibited.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Doctrine_of_double_effect (651 words)

	Double Effect, Double Intention, and Asymmetric Warfare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Effects of the action consequent to the achievement of the goals; effects that the actor does not seek to bring about, but which she recognizes to be inevitable or likely byproducts of the action.
		As a revision of the doctrine of double effect, he proposes that we think of the principle of discrimination in terms of a double intention.
		Apparently, the doctrine of double effect is sufficient to satisfy the combatant’s duty because the civilians who are at risk of harm from his actions are enemy civilians, not fellow citizens.
	atlas.usafa.af.mil /jscope/JSCOPE04/Lee04.html (6470 words)

	Doctrine of Double Effect
		The doctrine (or principle) of double effect is often invoked to explain the permissibility of an action that causes a serious harm, such as the death of a human being, as a side effect of promoting some good end.
		Double effect might also be part of a secular non-absolutist view according to which a justification adequate for causing a certain harm as a side effect might not be adequate for causing that harm as a means to the same good end under the same circumstances.
		A third common misinterpretation of double effect is to assume that the principle assures agents that they may do this provided that their ultimate aim is a good one that is ordinarily worth pursuing, the proportionality condition is satisfied and the harm is minimized.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/double-effect (3480 words)

	Terrorism and the Philosophers - Can the ends ever justify the means? By Jim Holt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A second problem with double effect (raised by the English philosopher Jonathan Glover) is identifying the class of evil acts that can never be justified by their good effects.
		Defenders of the doctrine of double effect appeal to Kant's categorical imperative: A person is always to be treated as an end, never merely as a means.
		All of which suggests an empirical counterpart to the doctrine of double effect: To act knavishly in a good cause is to act foolishly.
	slate.msn.com /?id=2064544 (1355 words)

	COBRA Issue Guide: The Doctrine of Double Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The doctrine of double effect "can be summarised crudely as saying that it is always wrong intentionally to do a bad act for the sake of good consequences that will ensue, but that it may be permissible to do a good act in the knowledge that bad consequences will ensue".
		the removal of a pregnant mother's cancerous womb in order to save her life that has the side effect that the foetus dies and the crushing of the head of the foetus that the mother is trying to deliver in order to save the mother's life.
		The doctrine of double effect is commonly held to permit the former act of each example and to prohibit the latter acts.
	www.nuigalway.ie /faculties_departments/philosophy/cobra/double-effect.html (477 words)

	Collateral
		The DDE, besides establishing the permissibility of John's response, entails the impermissibility of Bill's defense and, it seems, an implicit moral obligation to sacrifice himself for John.
		In accidental violence, the unintended effect is unforeseen and reasonably unexpected.(7) Second, concerning liability: as the agents of both forms of violence infringe the claim of a non-liable human being, both may be liable to be injured/killed, all things being equal, in self/other defense (especially in cases where the threat is serious and immediate).
		As the secondary effect of an act of collateral violence is foreseen and as probable an occurrence as is the primary effect, the agent may not be exempt from moral criticism and condemnation.
	www.svaphilosopher.com /Collateral.html (2110 words)

	BBC - Religion & Ethics - Euthanasia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Many doctors use this doctrine to justify the use of high doses of drugs such as morphine for the purpose of relieving suffering in terminally-ill patients even though they know the drugs are likely to cause the patient to die sooner.
		For the doctrine to apply, the bad result must not be the means of achieving the good one.
		If you do think that a quicker death is better than a slower one then the Doctrine of Double Effect shows that a doctor who intended to kill the patient is morally superior to a doctor who merely intended to relieve pain.
	www.bbc.co.uk /religion/ethics/euthanasia/euth_double_effect.shtml (727 words)

	IAHPC Jan 2004 Hospice and Palliative Care Newsletter
		They state, for instance, "the doctrine of double effect is used as an ethical justification for the specific risk of foreseeable life shortening as a result of medical treatment" (p.
		And the principle of double effect helps to discern the cases in which the use of these drugs is morally legitimate.
		Nevertheless, applying the ethical principle of double effect to this issue, we realize that it is not morally legitimate to directly intend the mind-altering effect of these drugs.
	www.hospicecare.com /newsletter2004/january04/page3.html (935 words)

	Determining what types of acts are morally permissible in war has been debated throughout history and still remains an ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		When the four conditions of the DDE do not provide a clear judgment for a particular case due to proximate means or closeness, it is necessary to appeal to the DDE’s foundational principles, and the duties and rights produced by these principles.
		The first condition of the reformulated DDE is that the intended end of an action should not be the intentional harming of a noncombatant.
		By ‘acceptable moral distinction’ I mean that the DDE is able to serve as a principle that, when applied to a case, allows one to determine if an act is morally permissible.
	atlas.usafa.af.mil /jscope/JSCOPE03/Mayer03.html (7982 words)

	End of Life: Roundtable
		In today's issue of the New England Journal of Medicine, the principle of double effect is the subject of a critique written by Dr. Timothy Quill, professor of medicine and psychiatry at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry.
		So the double effect rule places a premium of importance on the physician's intentions, but really a much lesser role of the patient's will, their informed consent, which is a much more important consideration.
		And that would be stopped by the principle of double effect anyway, because the intention that's shared in both cases is that the patient should die.
	www.npr.org /programs/death/971211.death.html (1220 words)

	Josheeka - Xanga Premium! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Firstly double effect states that for certain actions there are two effects, one being the intended good/moral effect the other being an unintended but foreseen, unwanted/undesired effect.
		Double Effect does not, however, allow for the killing of the fetus during a craniotomy.
		This simplifies the double effect by taking the two effects and places the label “doing” on the intended effect and “allowing” as the foreseen but unintended effect.
	www.xanga.com /skin.asp?user=Josheeka (1139 words)

	Doctrine of double effect -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		An agent promotes some good in such a way that harm is caused as a foreseen (Click link for more info and facts about side-effect) side-effect.
		The administration of a high dosage of (A medicine used to relieve pain) painkillers is sometimes allowed for the relief of pain in cases of (Click link for more info and facts about terminal illness) terminal illness, even when this will cause death as a side effect.
		Some hold that this is morally different from deliberate (The act of killing someone painlessly (especially someone suffering from an incurable illness)) euthanasia for the relief of pain.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/d/do/doctrine_of_double_effect.htm (322 words)

	Brad DeLong's Semi-Daily Journal: A Weblog: Grading: Fontana Labs Gives Self a D (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		One of the modern understandings of the doctrine of double effect is in order for us to claim to be operating under it, we accept for ourselves a higher level of danger.
		Posted by: Andrew Cory at December 18, 2004 02:52 PM Phillippa Foot is one of the most famous modern discussers of double effect, in her article "The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of Double Effect." That article introduced the closely related trolley problem--see this good wiki (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolley_problem) and this APA-approved parody (http://home.sprynet.com/~owl1/trolley.htm).
		The torture of the child in Ivan's hypothetical fails the doctrine of double effect: you are instrumentally using the torture of a child to achieve a good end.
	www.j-bradford-delong.net /movable_type/2005-2_archives/000041.html (5360 words)

	The Maltese Conjoined Twins
		He asserted that the doctrine of the sanctity of human life, to which he held the law to be committed, required one to acknowledge the "ineliminable value and dignity" of Mary's life.
		What one can require, however—as the doctrine of double effect does require—is that, when one could refrain from an action that will foreseeably cause a bad effect, one should do so unless one is warranted in acting to secure some sufficiently important good.
		Hence the death of the child is not "intended," as that term is used in the doctrine of double effect.
	www.parkridgecenter.org /Page1544.html (5395 words)

	Arch Intern Med -- Abstract: Sedative Use in the Last Week of Life and the Implications for End-of-Life Decision ...
		double effect has been introduced as an ethical defense.
		to explore the applicability of the doctrine of double effect.
		doctrine of double effect may have been implicated.
	archinte.ama-assn.org /cgi/content/abstract/163/3/341 (342 words)

	Practical Pointers - July 2000
		The Doctrine of Double-effect states that a harmful effect of treatment, even resulting in death, is permissible if it is not intended, and occurs as a side-effect of a beneficial action.
		The doctrine of double effect need not be invoked to provide symptom control at the end of life.
		Recognition of the adverse effects of isolated systolic hypertension and the benefits of treatment is one of the greatest advances in therapeutics over the past 10 years.
	www.practicalpointers.org /2000/jul2000.html (12974 words)

	Rejection of Pascal's Wager: Abortion: The Roman Catholic Church and Abortion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The one seeming exception, that for ectopic pregnancy, is explained away using the fallacious doctrine of double effect.
		In effect, the absolute inviolability of innocent human life is a moral truth clearly taught by Sacred Scripture, constantly upheld in the Church's Tradition and consistently proposed by her Magisterium.
		Yet his use of the double effect doctrine is impeccable: it was not his intention to pollute the river, it was his intention to save the jobs of his workers and to reduce the cost of living of his customers.
	www.geocities.com /paulntobin/abortion.html (3700 words)

	Catholic Community Forum Discussion Groups - View Single Post - Vatican ends debate - no communion for dissenters
		The direct intention of the agent must be to achieve the beneficial effects and to avoid the foreseen harmful effects as far as possible, that is, one must only indirectly intend the harm;
		Test #3 fails because the "beneficial effect" (not having a child) is achieved by evil means - deliberately killing an innocent human being.
		Although the Principle of Double Effect precludes direct abortion in every instance, it can also be used to argue the licitness of the so-called "indirect abortions".
	www.catholic-forum.com /forums/showpost.php?p=1409&postcount=8 (886 words)

	Describe the teaching about abortion and the Sanctity of Life, which is found in the Bible
		However, one useful issue in the argument of whether an abortion is morally acceptable is the 'doctrine of double effect'.
		The doctrine of double effect states that it may be justifiable to perform a good act with the knowledge that bad consequences will follow, but that it is always wrong to intentionally perform a bad act for the sake of good consequences that will follow.
		The fact that someone dies as the result of your action is in any case bad, but directly to intend their death appears worse than directly to intend some benefit, but with the knowledge that death may be hastened by this.
	www.coursework.info /i/9031.html (746 words)

	The Doctrine of Double Effect (DDE)
		Quinn’s version deals with Kagan’s complaint that the DDE is too weak, since his version does not say that unintended harm is defensible.
		Kagan’s converse complaint is that the DDE is too strong, since it says that intended harm is indefensible.
		Quinn can deny Kagan’s claim that only unjustified harm involves disrespect. The disrespect Quinn is concerned with is a matter of whether the agent recognises another person’s right not to be sacrificed for purposes he does not share; not whether the agent has good reasons for wanting to sacrifice him for these purposes.
	www.st-andrews.ac.uk /~ea10/topic4.htm (717 words)

	ProfessorBainbridge.com: Schiavo, Divorce, and Double Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Her breathing is affected by the pain reliever, and she dies a little sooner than might otherwise have been the case.
		In this way, with their work of assisting and reconciling persons who are going through a marital crises, lawyers truly serve the rights of the person and avoid becoming mere technicians at the service of any interest whatever.
		So either I'm misapplying the doctrine of double effect or there's some other relevant doctrine that I've overlooked, because I still don't see how you can reach this result consistently with the first and third conditions of the doctrine.
	www.professorbainbridge.com /2005/03/schiavo_divorce.html (1152 words)

	On Protecting Civilian Life in War by Jeffrey Tiel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Saddam’s troops are now trying to use our adherence to the principle of double effect against us by deliberately confusing the combatant/noncombatant distinction in all of the ways we have come to know over the last few days.
		Consider again the principle of proportionality: the harm caused by the bad effect (the noncombatant casualties or the loss of historical buildings) must be weighed against the good caused by the good effect (destroying Saddam’s bunker, e.g.).
		And that shift in Iraqi doctrine will be occasioned only by our refusal to allow the doctrine of double effect to be misused against us.
	www.ashbrook.org /publicat/guest/03/tiel/civilians.html (956 words)

	Intro to Philosophy: Good Essay
		The argument employs what is known as the 'doctrine of double effect'.
		Indeed, the very considerations that counted against the employment of the doctrine of double effect, count in its favour.
		The doctrine of double effect holds that it is sometimes permissible to bring about some outcome as an unintended but foreseen consequence of an action, whilst it would not be permissible to intentionally bring about that outcome.
	homepages.ed.ac.uk /rholton/write/goodessay.html (916 words)

	Doctrine of the Double Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		I've been thinking about the doctrine of the double effect, which we talked about on Tuesday.
		Basically, for those of you who weren't able to make it to class, the DDE has four criteria we are to use in evaluating an action.
		By the first three premises, you would be okay, for you had correct intention, you were trying to do good, and you did nothing evil as a means to save the victim's life.
	www.class.uidaho.edu /ngier/_disc4/0000002e.htm (400 words)

	SSRN-It's Not the Thought that Counts by Deborah Hellman
		One common answer to this question is that it is the intentions of the actor who adopts or enacts a law, policy or decision that are crucial.
		The article begins in Part I by drawing an analogy to a debate in the philosophical literature about the Doctrine of Double Effect in order to press the point that the focus on intentions confuses assessment of the wrongfulness of the action with assessment of the moral blameworthiness of the actor.
		The article goes on to argue that when we look more closely at instances of discrimination, we see that it is not the aims of the actor that render the action wrongful, rather it is what the actor does, whether intentional or unintentional, that matters.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=741245 (496 words)

	IPPC Curriculum: Analyzing Ethical Challenges in Pediatric End-of-Life Decision Making
		Explain the doctrine of double effect (DDE) and its use as ethical and legal justification for the use of titrated opioid medications to relieve refractory symptoms near the end of life, even in cases where these medications may hasten death.
		Recognize that the doctrine of double effect also provides ethical and legal justification for sedation in cases where no other options will relieve severe pain and suffering near the end of life, even if sedation is likely to hasten death.
		State the criteria that must be met in order for the doctrine of double effect to be applied to cases where proposed treatments have some risk of hastening death.
	www.ippcweb.org /mod3_act7.asp (311 words)

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