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Topic: Dominance hierarchy

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	Wolf Status and Dominance in Packs -Alpha Status
		Dominance interactions, i.e., the number of times individual wolves dominated others or were submitted to, among breeders and yearlings in the Ellesmere Island wolf pack in 1993 (no pups were present, and parents were as shown in Table 1).
		Dominance interactions, i.e., the number of times individual wolves dominated others or were submitted to, among breeders and yearlings in the Ellesmere Island wolf pack in 1988 (pups present and breeding male was the same, as in 1990-1996).
		Even the much-touted wolf dominance hierarchy is primarily a natural reflection of the age, sex, and reproductive structure of the group, with the breeding male dominating all others posturally and the breeding female garnering food from the male while she is tending young pups.
	www.mnforsustain.org /wolf_mech_dominance_alpha_status.htm (5559 words)

	Dominance Hierarchies
		It is usually assumed that a high position in a dominance hierarchy increases the chances of survival and also increases reproductive output.
		For dominant females the equivalent figures were 32 and 33 percent.
		For example, a dominant male may obtain a territory which is more resource-rich than that of a subordinate, but it may have to spend much more energy to protect it.
	www.stanford.edu /group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Dominance_Hierarchies.html (837 words)

	Today's Horse - The Biological Basis of Submission
		In natural dominance hierarchies, animals occupy their various levels in the hierarchy; it is a relatively harmonious existence, and if the leader is strong and consistent, then harmony reigns beneath.
		Dominant mares tend to produce dominant foals, simply because of the protection a dominant mare affords, and the early experiences for the foal of being able to invade the space of others with impunity, gives him a head start in the climb up the hierarchy.
		An important feature of dominance in the horse is that it is dependant, not on body size but on internal factors including vigour and robustness, psychological factors such as how successful you have been in the past, and who was the first occupier of the patch of ground.
	www.todayshorse.com /Articles/BiologicalBasisofSubmission.htm (2419 words)

	Detecting Patterns in Dominance Hierarchies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Dominance refers to a consistent bias in the outcomes of interactions between two animals; the animal that consistently wins interactions is called dominant.
		For the purposes of describing dominance hierarchies, Landau (1951) introduced a ‘hierarchy index’, h, which is a scalar measure of the position of any group with respect to the extremes of order, from equality (h=0) to a linear hierarchy (h=1).
		In studies of social dominance the dominance structure is replicated at the level of the group, so it is more likely that studies incorporating multiple replicate groups can gain meaningful insights into social structure in different regions or ecological conditions.
	biology.uky.edu /ceeb/eeb/profs/crowley/dompatms.htm (3821 words)

	Behavior Helpline
		Where each dog ranks in the dominance hierarchy is determined by the outcomes of interactions between the dogs themselves.
		How dominance is established: Dogs usually establish their dominance hierarchies through a series of ritualized behaviors that include body postures and vocalizations that don't result in injury.
		Dominant dogs can, and should, be allowed to take toys away from subordinate dogs, to push in to receive attention and petting from the owner, to control favorite sleeping places, toys and other valuable resources (from the dogs' point of view).
	www.hsmo.org /m_obedience/behavior/dogrival.html (992 words)

	Police Department - Animal Services - Dog Behavior - Bringing Home a Second Dog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		When a new dog is brought into the family, the hierarchy is upset because the newcomer's and the resident's place in that hierarchy is unclear.
		Dominant dogs can and should be allowed to take toys away from more subordinate dogs, to push in and receive attention from the owner, to control favorite sleeping places, toys and other valuable (from the dog's point of view) resources.
		If the dominant dog thinks that the subordinate dog is receiving special attention that he is not, it may undermine the dominance hierarchy and cause a fighting problem.
	www.city.palo-alto.ca.us /police/animal/behavior/fidopalymate.html (1312 words)

	Dominance hierarchy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A dominance hierarchy or social hierarchy is an organizational form by which individuals within a community control the distribution of resources within the community.
		Dominance hierarchies can be simple linear structures, which often arise from the physical differences among individuals in a group in relation to their access to resources.
		Thus, dominance hierarchies can also be observed in human societies and are important phenomena to understand the organization of family, tribe or clan, work organizations, politics, etc. in normal and abnormal social situations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dominance_hierarchy (513 words)

	Neuropolitics.org
		Humans are indeed imprisoned by their primate dominance legacy, and while the more modern-day variations of democratic government may hint at a human metamorphosis, this latter-day democratic awakening simply supports the wide variety of transient linear and nonlinear dominance hierarchies necessary to sustain economic production and technological change.
		A linear dominance hierarchy is a chain of dominance that starts from an alpha, which is able to displace any of the other group members from their territory and positions in the order of food consumption and sexual rights.
		Chickens develop stable linear dominance hierarchies in groups of ten and under, but when subordinate chickens are injected with testosterone, they become rather disruptive to the hierarchy, especially if isolated from their flock many days before returning.
	neuropolitics.org (7468 words)

	AGGRESSION TOWARD FAMILY MEMBERS
		The concept of dominance hierarchy is used when describing social relationships within groups of animals.
		Dominance challenges between owner and pet usually begin with prolonged eye contact and maybe growling and/or snarling (lifting of the lip exposing teeth usually without noise) over resources such as food, resting places, moving the dog and perhaps body handling.
		Dominant dogs will usually have eye contact, may be "stiff", or tense and standing tall with their tail usually up.
	www.asah.net /behavior_topics_14.htm (1858 words)

	NPWRC :: Alpha Status, Dominance, and Division of Labor
		The concept, nature, and importance of the dominance hierarchy or pecking order (Schjelderup-Ebbe 1922) itself in many species are in dispute (summary in Wilson 1975).
		Dominant wolves assume the classic canid standing posture with tail up at least horizontally, and subordinate or submissive individuals lower themselves and "cringe" (Darwin 1877).
		Dominance interactions, i.e., the number of times individual wolves dominated others or were submitted to, among breeders and a post-reproductive female in the Ellesmere Island wolf pack in the summers of 1990 and 1991 (pups were present and the male parent was the same as in all other years in the study except 1998).
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/mammals/alstat/domsub.htm (1599 words)

	The Rigged Shell Game of Domination Hierarchy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Interspecies acceptance of social dominance hierarchy would be impossible, at least in part because the multitudinous species involved would not be able to understand each other's conventional symbols of rank: rituals, signs, language.
		The dominance hierarchy in a group of social beings is based on a system of signs and signals which, whether the individuals learn them or are born with the knowledge or both, are usually fully understood and acted upon by all concerned.
		If indeed "dominance" is manifested and hierarchy maintained at least as much by the actions of compliant individuals as by the actions of Alpha — perhaps more so — then the failure of nonhuman Nature to receive our message of superiority, to accept our dominion, and to act accordingly creates a genuine problem.
	trumpeter.athabascau.ca /content/v7.4/livingston.html (1803 words)

	Behavior Helpline
		A position within the dominance hierarchy is established by each member of the group, based on the outcomes of interactions between themselves and the other pack members.
		Sometimes even hugging, petting or grooming can be interpreted as gestures of dominance and, therefore, provoke a growl or snap because of the similarity of these actions to behaviors that are displayed by dominant dogs.
		Nevertheless, a dominant dog may still be very affectionate and may even solicit petting and attention from you.
	www.hsmo.org /m_obedience/behavior/dogdomin.html (1161 words)

	Aggression: Sibling Rivalry ~ Pawprints and Purrs, Inc.
		The dog that is the more dominant in a relationship needs to be supported in his position and the more subordinate must be taught to accept the relationship.
		If the more dominant dog approaches or challenges the subordinate dog and the subordinate dog assumes a subordinate posture, the guardians are not to intervene as long as the dominant dogs stop.
		This could be due to a challenge to the hierarchy as a younger dog matures, as an older dog becomes sick or aged, when a new dog is introduced into the home, or when one dog is not clearly dominant to the other.
	www.sniksnak.com /doghealth/aggression2.html (2158 words)

	Lecture social relationships
		Dominance relationships can be measured by the result of fights in aggressive encounters among two individuals or the direction of threats or submissive gestures.
		In many primate species, adult females establish dominance relationships among themselves but it is usually not possible to know at first hand by looking at their physical appearance who is the dominant and who is the subordinate.
		By linear we mean that if A is dominant to B and B is dominant to C then A is dominant to C. By stable we mean that the position of the animals in the dominance hierarchy remain constant for long periods of time.
	life.bio.sunysb.edu /bio359/4_26_02.html (2611 words)

	Dominance in Dogs
		A dominant dog may greet another member of the group with an elevated tail and erected ears, while a submissive animal is likely to lower its head, neck, tail, flatten back its ears and sometimes, attempt to touch the corners of the mouth of the dominant individual with its nose.
		If a submissive approaches a dominant one with an elevated tail and a direct stare, this would be perceived as a threat by the dominant one and a fight would occur.
		Dominant behavior in dogs is a result of the owner's inability to raise the dog properly.
	www.moordair.com /jnckc/dominance_in_dogs.html (1702 words)

	Journey North Whooping Cranes
		Young cranes sometimes fight to figure out their dominance hierarchy, but as soon as everyone knows exactly where they fit in, they can settle their disputes in a surprisingly peaceful way.
		Hierarchy can change, but much of it is reinforced during exercise.
		As the hierarchy works out among the birds in each cohort, and between the two cohorts, the birds will find their "place in line" for following the ultralight.
	www.learner.org /jnorth/tm/crane/PeckingOrder.html (1146 words)

	[No title]
		In the wild, iguanas form complicated dominance hierarchies in which each iguana in the social group gets to push around and bully the lower iguanas, and is in turn pushed around and bullied by those higher in the hierarchy.
		At the top is the dominant alpha male, who always gets first choice at the best food, access to all the available females, and the best basking and sleeping spots.
		It is also used by dominant male iguanas to warn others from their territory, and to keep subordinates in their place.
	www.geocities.com /lflank/dominancehierarchies.html (1913 words)

	Beyond Plutocracy - Direct Democracy for America, Ch 1, Dominance and Plutocracy
		Although it is not the case for all primates, for both chimpanzees and humans what is called by primatologists a “male dominance hierarchy” serves as the principal social organizing mechanism.
		While male and female roles may be changing, the dominance hierarchy itself remains at the center of human social organization.
		The principle of social organization by dominance may have been a successful evolutionary strategy for the survival of chimpanzees, certain other primates, and early human groups, but today, with our huge, complex societies and war capabilities, it has become a liability and our single greatest source of self-created pain and misery.
	www.beyondplutocracy.com /chap01.htm (3013 words)

	Animal Planet :: Yelpline Dog Behavior Tips
		Dominance Aggression: Dominance aggression is motivated by a challenge to a dog's social status or to his control of a social interaction.
		Dogs are social animals and view their human families as their social group or "pack." Based on the outcomes of social challenges among group members, a dominance hierarchy or "pecking order" is established.
		The most common reason for dogs in the same family to fight with each other is instability in the dominance hierarchy.
	animal.discovery.com /fansites/e-vets/dogbehavior/aggressive.html (396 words)

	SPCA of Central Florida
		If you've got a dog who likes to boss you (or others) around, chances are you've got a dominance aggression problem in your household-a problem that could endanger you, your family, and others.
		Sometimes even hugging, petting, or grooming can be interpreted as gestures of dominance and, therefore, provoke a growl or snap-and this is true even though your dog may still be very affectionate and often solicit petting and attention from you.
		For your home to be a safe and happy place for pets and people, it's best that the humans in the household assume the highest positions in the dominance hierarchy, particularly with dominant dogs.
	www.ohs-spca.org /dominant_dogs.htm (1121 words)

	Papers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Many experts have said that in the wild the dominant bird is the one highest in the tree and the other birds’ rankings in the hierarchy are displayed by how high, or low, they sit in the tree.
		In fact, most of the researchers have said that if there was a dominant bird in a flock of parrots it certainly would not sit in the top of the tree farther away from food and most vulnerable to predators.
		Anyone who has studied birds in the wild will surely know that height dominance is not something that occurs in wild parrots and I believe it does not exist in captivity.
	www.naturalencounters.com /ais.html (4684 words)

	THE BRAIN FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
		The functional hierarchies in living organisms do not work the same way as the hierarchies of values or social classes in human societies.
		The main effect of this hierarchy is that every individual strives to rise to higher levels to obtain better access to the scarce resources.
		The corollary is that a dominant individual who is isolated and deprived of his or her usual sources of support will quickly be overthrown by a coalition of subordinate individuals.
	thebrain.mcgill.ca /flash/a/a_01/a_01_s/a_01_s_fon/a_01_s_fon.html (612 words)

	City of Austin - Town Lake Animal Center
		In order to understand why your dog is acting "dominant," it’s important to know some things about canine social systems.
		While it’s sometimes possible to successfully resolve aggressive behavior problems related to dominance, this is not a process that can be done by our staff and volunteers.
		Very detailed questioning to obtain a complete behavioral history, plus direct observation of your pet in his own environment, is necessary before recommendations to resolve the problem can be made.
	www.ci.austin.tx.us /tlac/dominance.htm (1046 words)

	ClickerSolutions Training Articles -- The Macho Myth
		When the framework of a successful hierarchy is viewed in a developmental context, it becomes apparent that 'subordinance hierarchy' is a more descriptive term for canine social structure.
		Maintenance of an existing hierarchy depends on the underlings respect of the position of higher-ranking individuals.
		Misunderstandings about the relationship between rank, dominance and aggression tend to exacerbate fighting problems, which are largely the product of asocialization and the mixing of socially-unprepared adult dogs.
	www.clickersolutions.com /articles/2001/macho.htm (1571 words)

	Individual differences versus social dynamics in the formation of animal dominance hierarchies -- Chase et al. 99 (8): ...
		Solid-headed arrows show dominance relationships in intransitive triads; all the fish in an intransitive triad share the same rank.
		Table 1 shows the proportion of groups in which the two hierarchies were identical, i.e., in which all fish had the same
		An animal dominates all those listed below it except as indicated by heavy arrows; three fish in an intransitive triad sharing the same rank are placed on the same level in a hierarchy.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/99/8/5744 (4739 words)

	Care & Training Tips - Canine Rivalry
		Remember, this ranking is based on the behavior of the dogs, and not what ranking you prefer.
		Make sure that all of the humans in your household occupy the top of the dominance hierarchy by practicing "Nothing in Life is Free" (see the page: "Nothing in Life is Free").
		This provides stablility at the top of the dominance hierarchy, which will help the dogs sort out their lower places in the pecking order more peacefully.
	www.idahohumanesociety.com /caretrain/rivalry.html (927 words)

	Legacy Boxer Rescue - Serving the Dallas-Ft. Worth (DFW Metroplex) and Austin areas of Texas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A dominant boxer may stare, bark, growl, snap or even bite when you give him a command or ask him to give up a toy, treat or resting place.
		Sometimes even hugging, petting or grooming can be interpreted as gestures of dominance and, therefore, provoke a growl or snap because of the similarity of these actions to behaviors that are displayed by dominant boxers.
		Nevertheless, a dominant boxer may still be very affectionate and may even solicit petting and attention from you.
	www.savetheboxers.com /behavior2.php?behaviorID=10 (1022 words)

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