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Topic: Domoic acid

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	[No title]
		Domoic acid is a naturally occurring excitatory neurotoxic amino acid that is structurally related (an analog) to the much studied glutamic acid(3).
		Since domoic acid is not destroyed by cooking the contaminated shellfish, avoidance is the key to prevention of illness and deaths.
		Domoic acid is minimally soluble in methanol and ethanol and insoluble in petroleum ether and benzene(20).
	extoxnet.orst.edu /tics/domoic.asc (2251 words)

	MBNMS: Domoic Acid Toxicity In California Sea Lions (Zalophus Californianus) Stranded Along The Central California ...
		Domoic acid, a biotoxin produced by a diatom, was detected in serum of 3 of 7 animals, urine of 7 of 14 animals, and feces of 3 of 9 animals.
		Domoic acid was detected in urine of two of these animals by the microplate assay.
		Domoic acid was first reported as a cause of toxicity in humans in 1987, when four people died and approximately one hundred were clinically ill following ingestion of contaminated mussels on the Prince Edward Island, Canada.
	bonita.mbnms.nos.noaa.gov /research/techreports/trgulland.html (1309 words)

	CalSpace/SIO/Earthguide-Diatoms-Pseudo-nitzschia/Domoic Acid-California Current
		Domoic acid has been found in fish and shellfish off both coasts of North America, posing a threat to people who consume contaminated seafood.
		In the spring of 1999, the recreational razor clam season off Washington State was postponed indefinitely due to elevated levels of domoic acid in razor clams.
		Although species that produce domoic acid may be abundant in waters of the California Current System, these organisms do not always produce the neurotoxin, and are thus not always harmful.
	earthguide.ucsd.edu /diatom/d9b.html (462 words)

	Monterey County Health Department - Domoic Acid Health Alert
		Even though elevated levels of domoic acid have not been detected in clams, mussels, scallops and oysters, consumers are advised not to eat these bivalves if they have been sport-harvested because they also are known to accumulate the toxin.
		Domoic acid was first identified in California in 1991 in anchovies harvested from Monterey Bay.
		There are no known cases of human domoic acid poisoning from this toxin in California, but CDHS has included testing of domoic acid in its routine biotoxin-monitoring program.
	www.co.monterey.ca.us /health/HealthAlerts/030922DomoicAcid.htm (347 words)

	Domoic acid (PIM 670)
		Domoic acid is an excitatory amino acid containing the structure of glutamic acid and resembling kainic acid (Todd, 1989).
		The toxicity of domoic acid on the nervous system is known to occur on excitatory amino acid receptors and on synaptic transmission.
		The excitatory neurotoxin domoic acid was subsequently detected in the mussels associated with this mass intoxication.
	www.intox.org /databank/documents/chemical/domacid/pim670.htm (4446 words)

	WDFW -- Razor Clam Resource Affected By Domoic Acid
		In 1991, a relatively new marine toxin, domoic acid, was first detected on the West Coast of the U.S. When this marine toxin was discovered in certain West Coast fish and shellfish, recreational and commercial fisheries were closed.
		Since the 1991 discovery of domoic acid along the Washington coast, regular samples of both razor clams and Dungeness crab are collected by Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) staff in cooperation with the Quinault Indian Nation.
		The level of domoic acid determined to be unsafe for human consumption by the Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is 20 ppm in shellfish meat tissue.
	www.wdfw.wa.gov /fish/shelfish/razorclm/domacid.htm (837 words)

	Domoic Acid Sickens Sea Mammals - Daily Nexus Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Rather, it was the result of the birds’; consumption of shellfish tainted with domoic acid, a poison that has assailed the sea mammals of California for the past several years.
		Domoic acid was first identified as the cause of the strandings five years ago.
		Domoic acid is produced by a neurotoxic phytoplankton by the name of Pseudo-nitzschia australis, which occurs naturally in California’s waters.
	www.ucsbdailynexus.com /science/2003/5335.html (1091 words)

	General Chemistry Online: The Poisoned Needle
		Some scientists insisted that domoic acid could not be responsible for the poisonings, because it had been used as a folk remedy for intestinal worms in Japan for many years.
		Domoic acid's structure is obviously similar to glutamic acid.
		Identification of domoic acid, a neuroexcitatory amino acid, in toxic mussels from eastern Prince Edward Island.
	antoine.frostburg.edu /chem/senese/101/features/domoic.shtml (2388 words)

	Domoic Acid Responsible For Dolphin Die Off In Florida
		Domoic acid has been blamed for several marine mammal deaths on the West Coast, she said.
		Domoic acid is a neurotoxic tricarboxylic amino acid structurally related to kainic and glutamic acids.
		Canadian scientists found that domoic acid had entered the food chain when the mussels fed on a toxic algal bloom of the pennate diatom _Pseudonitzschia pungens_ forma multiseries.
	www.rense.com /general50/acid.htm (206 words)

	Jonathan Clayden - more details on research areas
		Naturally-derived kainic acid itself - the main tool available for activation at the kainate receptor - is becoming scarcely available, and a general and practical route to this class of compounds is becoming an urgent necessity.
		We are currently investigating a route to domoic acid based upon the route outlined below, and we aim to extend this route to the synthesis of the rare isodomoic acids.
		In the domoic acid route we aim to employ Eschenmoser fragmentation, carbometallation and Pd-catalysed couplings to develop a versatile route to this compound class.
	clor2.ch.man.ac.uk /moredetails/researchdetails.htm (1506 words)

	Domoic acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Domoic acid, which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), is an amino acid phycotoxin (algal toxin) found associated with certain algal blooms [1].
		Domoic acid is also produced by diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia[3][4].
		Domoic acid poisoning was the most likely cause of a 1961 invasion of thousands of frantic seabirds in Santa Cruz, California.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Domoic_acid (530 words)

	:: SCRIPPSNEWS : SCRIPPS RESEARCHERS IDENTIFY NEUROTOXIN IN SAN DIEGO SEAWATER FOR THE FIRST TIME
		The domoic acid is transferred to seabirds and marine mammals by small prey fish, such as anchovies, which themselves may be unaffected by the toxin.
		Domoic acid was first recognized in California after a dramatic seabird kill in 1991.
		Though this is the first time domoic acid has been found in San Diego seawater, the Department of Health Services has detected low concentrations of domoic acid in the tissue of mussels on previous occasions dating back to 1992.
	scrippsnews.ucsd.edu /article_detail.cfm?article_num=628 (1012 words)

	ODA - Story of the week
		Domoic acid is a naturally occurring toxin produced by marine phytoplankton or algae.
		The domoic acid is no longer in the ocean at this time, but it will still be awhile before the clams can purge the toxin.
		Domoic acid levels must be lower than 20 ppm for two consecutive sampling periods.
	www.oda.state.or.us /information/news/2003/030423domoic.html (902 words)

	Tidepool \| News
		The level of domoic acid considered safe by the federal government is 20 ppm in shellfish.
		Domoic acid, caused by microscopic marine diatoms, can sometimes lead to severe illness resulting from human consumption.
		More than 50 of these sea lions died from domoic acid poisoning, apparently by eating anchovies and sardines which had high levels of domoic acid in their systems.
	www.tidepool.org /derek/domoic.html (633 words)

	Domoic Acid in Shellfish (Amnesic Shellfish Poison)- WA State Dept. of Health
		Domoic acid is a naturally occurring toxin produced by microscopic algae, specifically the diatom species Pseudo-nitzschia.
		In the fall of 1991, domoic acid was detected in razor clams off the coast of Washington.
		Razor clams accumulate domoic acid in the edible tissue (foot, siphon and mantle) and are slow to rid themselves of the toxin.
	www.doh.wa.gov /ehp/sf/Pubs/DomoicAcid.htm (511 words)

	The Whale Rescue Team
		Domoic acid, a naturally occurring marine biotoxin, produced by marine diatoms which are members of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia, forced pregnant sea lions to beach themselves suffering major seizures, foaming from their mouths, the whites of their eyes bloody red and many of the sea lions, paralyzed from the toxin had blood excreting from their nipples.
		Luckily for the citizens the domoic caused most of the sea lions to be very incoherent to their surroundings.
		Domoic blooms are usually seen in the summer months, after the pupping season.
	www.whalerescueteam.org /domoic_acid_rescue.html (1458 words)

	MAMMAL, BIRD DIE-OFF, DOMOIC ACID (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Regarding the domoic acid toxicosis event in the Pacific Ocean off [the coast of] California this past spring, to date we have been unable to verify classic histopathologic lesions of domoic acid toxicosis in dolphin brains.
		The classic lesion of domoic acid (and other excitotoxins) toxicosis is necrosis of the hippocampal neurons.
		Domoic acid may have caused the deaths of these animals.
	www.whoi.edu /redtide/notedevents/ASP/Domoicacid_7-8-02.html (471 words)

	Surfrider Foundation USA - Coastal A-Z page template
		A naturally-occurring neurotoxin called domoic acid has been responsible for the deaths of hundreds of sea lions in southern California during the last few years.
		Domoic acid is a chemical that is produced by algae or plankton when it blooms.
		Domoic acid was not discovered until the late 1980s, and scientists still don't understand why or when the algae blooms occur, nor can they predict which blooms will produce toxins and when they will impact wildlife.
	www.surfrider.org /srui.aspx?uiq=a-z/domoic_acid (287 words)

	Sea mammals infected with domoic acid toxicity are stranding themselves
		Domoic acid toxicity is a naturally occurring biotoxin released in algae blooms.
		Cordaro has not received a positive test result yet for domoic acid toxicity but said that judging by the symptoms there is little doubt he will.
		Though domoic acid toxicity is not contagious, the mammals still pose a risk to humans.
	www.eurocbc.org /page999.html (559 words)

	MAMMAL, BIRD DIE-OFF, DOMOIC ACID - CALIFORNIA
		One of the leading suspects is domoic acid, a potent toxin attacking the brain.
		The link between the acid and human illness was discovered there in 1987 after more than 100 islanders became ill and several died from eating tainted mussels.
		Canadian scientists found that domoic acid had entered the food chain when the mussels fed on a toxic algal bloom of the pennate diatom Pseudonitzschia pungens forma multiseries.
	www.whoi.edu /redtide/notedevents/ASP/Domoicacid_5-26-02.html (781 words)

	Domoic acid
		Domoic acid, also called Amnesic Shellfish Poison (ASP) is an acid sometimes found in algal blooms (of phytoplankton).
		The acid can bio accumulate in marine organisms that feed on plankton, such as shellfish, anchovies and sardines.
		In humans it can cause short term memory loss, brain damage and death in severe cases.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/do/Domoic_acid.html (62 words)

	The Marine Mammal Center
		Domoic acid poisoning (also known as red tide) is suspected as the cause of death for at least 100 sea lions that have stranded from Long Beach to Santa Barbara coastal areas according to Joe Cordaro, biologist with the National Marine Fisheries Service.
		Similar increases in the number of stranded animals with domoic acid were seen in 2002 and in 2000.
		The Marine Mammal Center is currently studying the lethal effects of domoic acid poisoning and is investigating possible connections between algal blooms and marine mammal mortalities.
	www.tmmc.org /learning/comm/domoicacid.asp (371 words)

	Exposure to toxin domoic acid might negatively affect unborn children
		First detected in the U.S. on the Washington coast in 1991, domoic acid is produced by microscopic algae, specifically the diatom species called Pseudo-nitzschia.
		Fisheries are closed when domoic acid levels reach 20 parts per million (ppm) in the animals' tissues, the level at which the FDA deems the toxin unsafe for human consumption.
		Rats with a history of domoic acid exposure showed greater initial activity in a maze test than control rats, followed by a rapid decline.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=13015 (792 words)

	NOAA Fisheries--Domoic Acid in Bay Scallops
		This project was successful in providing some background information regarding the uptake of domoic acid in the Nantucket Bay scallop, Argopecten irradians, and it demonstrated that domoic acid accumulates in the soft tissues of the bay scallop fed on Pseudonitzschia pungens f.
		Preliminary data suggest that domoic acid does not accumulate when the scallops' metabolic activity and feeding activity are reduced.
		Uptake of domoic acid by bay scallops when feeding on toxic diatoms was demonstrated for the first time.
	www.nmfs.noaa.gov /mb/sk/saltonstallken/domoic.htm (145 words)

	B-G-02-11E (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Domoic acid is a toxin produced by certain microscopic single-celled plants (phytoplankton) called diatoms.
		This is the first time there has been a closure in P.E.I. due to domoic acid in the spring and the first time ever in eastern New Brunswick and in Québec.
		Pseudo-nitzschia seriata is the likely source of domoic acid that has previously contaminated molluscs in the Magdalen Islands and other locations in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (1998-2000) and on the south shore of Nova Scotia (1995-1998).
	www.glf.dfo-mpo.gc.ca /comm-comm/nr-cp/2002/b_fi_g02011-e.html (784 words)

	DFG News: Return of Domoic Acid Could Result in High Mortality Rates of Marine Life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A naturally occurring marine toxin called "domoic acid" has returned to the state's marine environment and could once again be the cause of death of marine mammals and seabirds washing ashore in southern and central California.
		Domoic acid is a nerve toxin produced by a particular species of microscopic algae.
		Domoic acid can also cause severe human illness or death, if ingested in large quantities.
	www.dfg.ca.gov /news/news03/03045.html (930 words)

	Pathology of Domoic Acid Toxicity in California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus) -- Silvagni et al. 42 (2): 184 -- ...
		Domoic acid (DA) is a neurotoxic analog of the excitatory neurotransmitter
		Berman FW, Murray TF: Domoic acid neurotoxicity in cultured cerebellar granule neurons is mediated predominantly by NMDA receptors that are activated as a consequence of excitatory amino acid release.
		Brown JA, Nijjar MS: The release of glutamate and aspartate from rat brain synaptosomes in response to domoic acid (amnesic shellfish toxin) and kainic acid.
	www.vetpathology.org /cgi/content/full/42/2/184 (3468 words)

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