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	Don Cossacks - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Don Cossacks (Russian: Донские Казаки) were Cossacks who settled along the lower and middle Don River, Russia.
		Since 1786 the territory was officially called Don Voisko Lands, and was renamed Don Voisko Province (Russian: Oblast’ Voyska Donskogo) in 1870 (presently shared by the Rostov, Volgograd, and Voronezh regions of the Russian Federation as well as Luhansk and region of Ukraine).
		Interior of Don Cossacks house in stanitsa Karginskaya, Rostov oblast
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Don_Cossacks (213 words)

	Cossacks - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The first Cossack companies were formed in the 15th cent., when Ukraine, then part of the unified Polish-Lithuanian state, took independent measures to defend itself against the devastating Tatar raids.
		The Cossacks gave shelter to refugees from Poland and Russia and took part in peasant revolts in Ukraine and Russia in the 17th and 18th cent.
		Although the Cossack communities were incorporated into the Soviet administrative system, their traditions and customs survived, notably on the Don and Kuban rivers.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-cossacks.html (565 words)

	History of the Cossacks - text in English
		Sometimes, the Cossacks are considered to be the direct descendants of the non Slavian tribes (Khasares, Cossogens, Tcherkesses, a.o.), who settled in some of the areas of southern Russia, in the period of the desintegration.
		Cossacks, who, due to their talents and audacity, were awarded in particular, since the beginning they had been elected to the Council of Elders and hereby gained a priviliged position in the forces.
		Cossacks were increasingly put into action for military reasons outside of their own territories, which caused changes within the interior law-and-order of the Cossacks communities.
	www.face-music.ch /inform/history_cossacks.html (2166 words)

	Horses - The Don - Horse and Pony Breeds on Equiworld - Online Equestrian Information
		The Don was an ideal Cossack horse and it used to be in great demand by the Cossacks, who joined the Cossack force with their own horses.
		Since the 14th century Cossacks settled on the Don river, at first as fugitives from serfdom, and then as defenders of the Crown against the hordes of nomads who were sweeping through the southern Russian steppes.
		In continuous skirmishes and raids Cossacks confronted light nomad horsemen, and so the Cossacks had to have, besides their mastery of all the steppe martial arts (see Jighitovka), equine companions that were more than a match to the mounts of their steppe opponents.
	www.equiworld.net /uk/horsecare/Breeds/don (1144 words)

	Don Cossacks - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Don Cossacks Cossack settlers (see Cossacks) who in the 16th cent.
		Among prominent Don Cossacks in modern times is Mikhail A. Sholokhov, author of several novels about the Don Cossacks.
		The Don Cossacks are famous for their songs and choirs.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-DonCossa.html (467 words)

	Miscellaneous Axis Military Formations of WWII.
		He was permitted by the local German commanders to establish a squadron of Cossack troopers composed of deserters and volunteers from among the prisoners-of-war, to be used for front-line raiding and reconaissance operations.
		The Cossack formation was not idle and it did perform numerous venturesome raids behind Soviet lines where it preoccupied itself with extermination of Stalinist commissars and collection of their tongues as "war trophies"; it was also involved in several skirmishes with Soviet cavalry detachments.
		Following its formation (in the summer of 1943), the 1-st Cossack Division was composed of seven regiments (two regiments of Don Cossacks, two regiments of Kuban Cossacks, one regiment of Terek Cossacks, one regiment of Siberian Cossacks, and one mixed reserve regiment).
	members.tripod.com /~marcin_w/index-3.html (2936 words)

	Republic of Kalmykia \| Cossacks
		Cossacks are original communities of people united by the ethnic closeness, customs, principle of self-organization and special status in the society.
		Cossack community formed in the steppe part of Russia and was initially characterized by the traditions of self-government ascending to the military democracy.
		The Cossack Union was reorganized into the All Russian Cossack Organization that restored practically all the traditional Cossack military associations and unions in regions where Cossacks did not live before and where they got after the deportations, evictions or intrinsic migration.
	kalm.ru /en/cossacks.html (1245 words)

	Don Horse Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		to the grassy, treeless plains that bordered and fed it, to the Cossacks who inhabited the area and to the remarkable breed of horse that developed from this symbiotic relationship between a people whose lives came to depend on horses and the horses who thrived in the harsh conditions of the arid steppes.
		The Don Cossacks did not become farmers and were not rooted to the land; their life determined the kind of horse they most valued and they played a major role in defining the traits of their horses.
		By mid-century over half the horses in the Don steppes were direct descendants of the original Don horses; that number dropped by half by the end of the century.
	www.imh.org /imh/bw/don.html (868 words)

	RUSNET.NL :: Encyclopedia :: D :: Don Cossacks
		Although the Don Cossacks gave allegiance to the tsar of Russia in 1614, their self-government was recognised by the tsar in 1623 and they continued to govern themselves throughout the 17th century.
		Following the October Revolution of 1917, the Don Cossacks sought to regain their political autonomy and even strove for independence.
		The Soviet regime abolished Don Cossack army units until World War II, when they were reactivated to fight the Germans.
	www.rusnet.nl /encyclo/d/print/don_cossacks.shtml (246 words)

	Don Cossacks. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Cossack settlers (see Cossacks) who in the 16th cent.
		The host of the Don Cossacks was governed by a popular council, the Rada, and by an elected chief, called ataman.
		Although the Don Cossacks gave allegiance to the czar of Russia in 1614, their self-government was recognized by the czar in 1623 and they continued to govern themselves throughout the 17th cent.
	www.bartleby.com /65/do/DonCossa.html (303 words)

	Cossacks history
		Cossacks were proud of their arms, often passed from grandfather to father, and from father to son, and of their horses.
		These Cossacks were different in their appearance, facial characteristics, and even in the uniforms they wore; but in the main they were the same; they cherishrd theier free and easy way of life; they knew that they were born for war; they were proud to be Cossacks.
		Those Cossacks who had remained in Russia after their defeat in 1920, the families, the kin of those few who had managed to escape, and all those who had been in the ranks and whose regiments were cut off from the ports of embarkation, had to live under the stiff yoke of their conquerors.
	www.armymuseum.ru /kaz1_e.html (8984 words)

	JewishJournal.com
		And although a minority of the Don Region’s population is technically Cossack, Kozitsyn says, affection for the swashbuckling, leather-booted, horse-riding warrior caste is on the rise nationwide.
		Cossacks are first mentioned in the 15th century as freedom-loving ex-serfs, Tatars and descendants of Scythian warriors living on the open plains of southern Ukraine and Russia’s Don River basin.
		The Don Cossacks had their own independent republic for most of the 17th century, and in 1835 reached an agreement with the Russian czar, according to which they would provide him with highly trained soldiers in return for land and special privileges.
	www.jewishjournal.com /home/preview.php?id=12842 (874 words)

	Don Cossacks’ flags (Russia) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Officially the oldest cossack army in Russia is Don army (founded 1570).
		The flag of Don Cossacks is a blue/yellow/red tricolour, which dates back to the flag of the “Omnipotent Don Army”.
		The colours stood for the Don, the Kalmyks and the Russians respectively.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/ru_cdon.html (203 words)

	EW: Cossacks - Units (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The largest Cossack associations were formed at Dniepro (Zaporizhzhya Sich), Don and Yaik (river Ural).
		As the Russian monarchy grew stronger in the 19th century, Cossacks gained the status of a regular army.
		A Cossack used no armour except for the occasional light chain mail, and wore a long caftan without buttons and a tall fur cap.
	www.cossacks.de /english/encyclopedia/un_cav_don_cossacks.htm (143 words)

	Massacre of Cossacks at Lienz
		The Staff of the Cossacks and a part of the administrative units were billeted within the city limits of the town of Lienz.
		The Cossack regiments (disarmed) camped on adjoining territory in tents, while the noncombatants, the aged, the women and children, found quarters in the camp Peggetz, about two miles outside the city.
		In the capacity of the acting Don Ataman, I believe it to be my direct duty to remind the Cossacks of this monstrous catastrophe, and of its victim, the distinguished Don Ataman and White leader, Cavalry General Peter Nikolaevich Krasnov.
	members.tripod.com /~shtyetz_john/lienz-cossacks.html (1657 words)

	Cossacks - The Warriors of the Don
		The Cossacks are a warrior caste found on the banks of the Don and the Dneiper in Russia.
		The relationship of the Cossacks with the Russia swung from loyalty to outright rebellion.
		Cossack associations were formed in traditionally Cossack regions in 1990.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/cultures_of_world/55807 (400 words)

	Cossacks. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Following the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), the majority of the Cossacks fought against the Soviet armies in the civil war of 1918–20.
		In 1936, however, the Cossack party regained status, being allowed to form several cavalry divisions in the Russian army.
		Although the Cossack communities were incorporated into the Soviet administrative system, their traditions and customs continue to survive, notably on the Don and Kuban rivers.
	www.bartleby.com /65/co/Cossacks.html (448 words)

	Don Cossack Chorus Serge Jaroff
		In 1924 the Don Cossacks performed their first concerts in Germany, in Munich, Hamburg and other cities, then moved on to Belgium, Holland, England, and in 1926 to France.
		Before some of the crowned heads were robbed of their thrones, the Don Cossack Choir performed concerts in royal palaces: at first for King Boris of Bulgaria in the period from 1921 to 1923, then for King George of Greece in 1924.
		The Original Don Cossacks Choir is probably the most famous choir of the world, and Serge Jaroff, its conductor und founder, the guarantor for a constantly maintained musical standard, is the spirit of the choir, which he conducts by slight gestures and controls completely.
	russia-in-us.com /Music/Collections/Zingg/k_jubil.htm (1093 words)

	[No title]
		The Cossacks acquired clothing and weapons both by raiding Turkish and Krimtartar villages on the coast of the Sea of Azov, and by attacking merchant caravans that traveled along the banks of the Don and the Volga.
		Throughout the centuries, Russian rulers were well aware of the substantial military role the Cossacks had played: freeing the Russians from the tight grip of the Tartars, winning wars against the Turks, and dislodging Napoleon and his troops were possible largely because of the Cossacks.
		The cradle of all Don Cossacks is on the river Don.
	www.don-cossacks.com /history.html (948 words)

	Don Kozakkenkoor
		After World War, I the Cossacks who fought for Tsar Nicolaj II were sent to the Tschillinger Camp.
		He did his utmost to restart the Don Cossacks Choir with a number of very enthusiastic singers in the The Hague region.
		Immediately after the restart he became the conductor of the new Don Cossacks Choir in The Netherlands.
	www.donkozakkenkoor.nl /english.php (413 words)

	Cossacks, Historical Reenactments - JRL 8-29-03
		The cossacks were suppressed by the Communists after many sided with the Whites in the Russian Civil War.
		The Cossacks' own past is chequered but Ataman Nikolai Gankin from Kamchatka in the Far East believes their revival and the revival of Russia, will go hand in hand.
		The Cossacks believe the rugged steppe of the south is theirs, steeped in the blood of their ancestors.
	www.cdi.org /russia/johnson/7306-4.cfm (713 words)

	Glossary of Terms: Do
		Russian Cossacks inhabiting the Don region of Russia.
		When the R.S.F.S.R. was established, the Cossacks would not recognise the new government, refusing to let their newly acquired land be nationalised by the Soviet Land Decree.
		Pro-Bolshevik partisan units in the Don Region combined with the Red Army to defeat the Don Cossacks by 1919, forcing them to disarm and split the land they owned among the peasants of the Don region.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/terms/d/o.htm (513 words)

	History Forum > Cossacks; Kazaks; Qazaq's
		All Cossacks who were active soldiers (recognizable by their scalp locks) gathered at their headqaurters (sich) and voted for an Ataman, known in Ukrainian as Hetman.
		Russian Tsars used Cossacks as a frontier defense force in the west, and frontier expanders in the east.
		The registered Cossacks distinguished themselves in a Polish and Moscow war and thus Batory in recognition of their achievements gave them the lands in Ukraine and told to increase the register up to 600 soldiers.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/lofiversion/index.php?t1413.html (3503 words)

	Don Cossacks — Infoplease.com
		1671, Don Cossack leader, head of the peasant revolt of 1670.
		82,000), SE European Russia, a port on the Don River delta near the Sea...
		Byron's Don Juan as a global allegory.(Lord Byron)
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0815851.html (362 words)

	Classical Net Review - Choir of the Don Cossacks - Greatest Hits
		Fortunately, the Don Cossacks Choir was founded anew in 1992.
		The typical sound of the all-male Don Cossack Choir is a soloist (sometimes a bass-baritone, sometimes a tenor) accompanied by the impressive sound – part drone and part vocalise – of the choristers.
		On this CD, the Don Cossack Choir is accompanied – as it often is - by the Moscow Festival Ensemble, six players who play traditional instruments such as the domra, the gusli, the bayan, and the balalaika.
	www.classical.net /~music/recs/reviews/k/kch31726a.html (410 words)

	Cossacks’ flags (Russia) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Several Cossack regions were recognized by the Tsars; these were abolished by the Bolsheviks and their populations dispersed.
		The revival in Cossack traditions and history has resulted in the revival of the flags of the Don Cossacks and the Kuban Cossacks.
		«The “Cossack Renaissance” is an old ambition of this people, which always felt as an act of tyranny the imposition of sickle-and-hammer flags and now it has restored the old standard bearing Archangel Gabriel with unsheathed sword and unfolded wings».
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/ru_coss.html (174 words)

	Don KosakenChor Russland - History
		Just imagine if the Cossacks had decide to turn against the Russians—the Cossacks were truly loyal to only one person, their appointed chief, the Ataman!
		The proud Cossacks were give only two choices—flee the new Russia as emigrants or renounce their heritage.
		These Cossack settlements, called stanitsas and headed by chiefs called atamans, represent the return of the Cossacks to the Russian homeland.
	www.donkosak.com /en/history.html (956 words)

	Land of the Cossacks and Tatars aboard the Litvinov Russia Cruise Ship
		Travel from Rostov-on-Don, at one time a Greek colony, later a Turkish settlement, and finally the capital of the Don Cossacks, to Moscow with its familiar onion-domed St. Basil’s Cathedral, Red Square, the Kremlin and the Bolshoi Theatre.
		This is a truly exceptional trip to a world of exotic history, beautiful traditions and breathtaking scenery – to the Land of the Cossacks.
		We spend the day cruising the Don River, which is one of the major rivers of Russia.
	www.rivercruisetours.com /russia/landofcossacks.htm (1387 words)

	Guiding Principles of Our Immediate Policy on the Don
		We shall explain to the Cossacks in words, and prove in deeds, that our policy is not one of vengeance for the past.
		The criterion in our relations with the different strata and groups of the Don Cossacks will be, in the period immediately ahead, not so much a class evaluation of the different strata (kulaks, middle peasants, poor peasants) as the attitude of the different groups of the Cossacks themselves towards the advancing Red Army.
		Although the Don middle peasant (and, even more so, the Kuban middle peasant) is richer than the kulak of Tver or Novgorod, all the same, class antagonisms are developing their effects on the Don, too, even though the proportions in terms of property possessed are different.
	www.marxists.org /archive/trotsky/works/1919-mil/ch103.htm (551 words)

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