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Topic: Dong language

	China Source
		The Dong language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family, the Kam-Dai branch, and the Kam-Sui group.
		The Dong are a very people-oriented community and tend to cluster by families or as clans in villages.
		Dong men are primarily agriculturists and grow rice and cotton.
	www.chsource.org /Dong.htm (930 words)

	China Travel Service-China Tours Packages for Beijing,Shanghai,Guilin,Xian,Yangtze River Cruise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Dong are believed to have originated from a branch of the ancient "Luo Yue" people and are known to have lived in Jiangxi and Guangdong Provinces during the end of the Eastern Han dynasty (A.D. Today the Dong may be classified into two major groups, the northern and southern branches.
		According to the Dong people of southwestern China, "Songs nourish the soul as food does the body." Dong people have long used songs as a means of recounting and preserving their history.
		The Dongs' favorite musical instrument is the Lusheng, a wind instrument with a reed that has developed a fairly sophisticated form through the efforts of several generations of Dong musicians.
	www.easytourchina.com /tour/Chinese_special_Dong.htm (1378 words)

	Ethnic Chinese: Dong People
		This language had no written form until 1958 when the central government arranged for linguistic experts to create a vocabulary using the Latin alphabet.
		The Dong are accomplished singers and believe that "songs nourish the soul as food nourishes the body." Music and song has been an important means by which these people have been able to express themselves.
		Dong opera is based on Grand Song and is enriched by the various melodies which are drawn from the different areas in which the people live.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /intro/nationality/dong (1503 words)

	Dong People Profile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		There are close to 3 million Dong in Southwest China concentrated in the juncture of Guangxi, Guizhou, and Hunan provinces.
		A romanized script was created for the Dong language in the 1950’s, but only one small area (where 6 Dong-Chinese schools exist) can read and write Dong.
		The Dong are well known for distinctive wooden architecture, particularly Wind and Rain Bridges and Drum Towers which are built without nails.
	www.infomekong.com /dong_secondary.htm (457 words)

	Bibliography for Additional Languages
		This is a bibliography of languages that could be used to fill "open" spaces on maps.
		Verheijen, Jilis A. The Sama/Bajau Language in the Lesser Sunda Islands.
		Capell, A. Grammar and Vocabulary of the Language of Sonsorol-Tobi.
	linguistics.buffalo.edu /people/faculty/dryer/dryer/atlas.bib2 (2066 words)

	Linguistics 201: The Origin of Language
		With humans, the precise form of language must be acquired through exposure to a speech community. Words are definitely not inborn, but the capacity to acquire and language and use it creatively seems to be inborn.
		There are several hypotheses as to how language might have been consciously invented by humans based on a more primitive system of hominid communication. Each hypothesis is predicated on the idea that the invention of language and its gradual refinement served as a continuous impetus to additional human mental development.
		None of the invention hypotheses I will mention is convincing and most sane linguists agree that the origin of language is still a mystery. But the inventive, sarcastic names given these hypotheses by their critics prove that even linguists can at times be creative.
	pandora.cii.wwu.edu /vajda/ling201/test1materials/origin_of_language.htm (1756 words)

	Welcom to dongpeople.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		There are great and medium and small-scale differences in Dong national festival, but no matter that kind of specification, their characteristics form a group of exchange activity, such as a group of contacts activity of large-scale knot, the most typical one is " Weix Yeek " (Dong language).
		When guests leave, each girl of the whole stockaded village gives several towels, must hang to embroider the extremely beautiful one on the towel, it is on the blue and green bamboo one.
		Liping Dong clan dress is rich and colorful, can roughly assign to the districts, each have a difference, clothing and Shangzhong in men's style of Koujiang township Yinchao village, its exquisite in workmanship figure pattern of woman style clothing of Gaibao is luxurious, can be rated as the fine works of the Dong clan dress.
	www.dongpeople.org /index5.htm (756 words)

	CONSCIOUSNESS, COMMUNICATION, LANGUAGE
		The phylogeny of language, which as any phylogeny is not immediately accessible, can be compared, in its stages etc., to developments such as child language (ontogeny), aphasia (pathogeny), language universals and typology (actogenesis), the laws of language change (homeogenesis), language creation, home-signing, autonomous languages, creoles and pidgins (cenogenesis in eugenesis), language capacities in apes (cryptogenesis).
		Iconicity in the language Helen was taught by her teacher would not have led anywhere as a start, since Helen did not in any way have sufficient access to percepts to project lexical icons on.
		the syntax of "language" in Bickerton's (1999) sense) is connected with the conditions that favoured an increasing relative influence of arbitrariness to the disadvantage of iconicity (cf.
	www.trismegistos.com /IconicityInLanguage/Articles/Koch/Koch.htm (9371 words)

	Nationalities in China
		Its language belongs to the Mongolian branch of the Altaic language family and is close to that of the Tu and Dongxiang ethnic minorities.
		The Bouyei language is of the Zhuang-Dai branch of the Zhuang-Dong group belonging to the Chinese-Tibetan family of languages.
		The Mulam language is a member of the Zhuang-Dong language group of the Chinese-Tibetan language family, but because of extensive contacts with the majority Han and local Zhuangs many Mulams speak one or both of these languages in addition to their own.
	www.chinahighlights.com /travelguide/nationalities.htm (6870 words)

	map
		This language has a standard Tai system of tonal development, the so-called 2x5 format of fives tones splitting whenever the initial voiced series was devoiced to give ten tones in the reflex language.
		This language along with Qabiao may be important in reconstructing the proto language from which the Tai Branch and the Kam-Sui Branch have descended.
		This language is a find because it demonstrates tripartition of tones and also considerable voice quality distinction, which are features not widely attested in the Mien sub-branch but are in the Mun sub-branch, and are reported here for this group for the first time known to the authors.
	ling.uta.edu /~jerry/research/map.html (2976 words)

	The Origins of Language
		Language began as an unconscious vocal imitation of these movements -- like the way a child’s mouth will move when they use scissors, or my tongue sticks out when I try to play the guitar.
		Language began as rhythmic chants, perhaps ultimately from the grunts of heavy work (heave-ho!).
		Perhaps the biggest debate among linguists and others interested in the origins of language is whether we can account for language using only the basic mechanisms of learning, or if we need to postulate some special built-in language-readiness.
	www.ship.edu /~cgboeree/langorigins.html (1324 words)

	DONG KINGMAN LITHO
		Dong Kingman hand-signed lithograph entitled "New Dawn", with a certification of the World Federation of UN Associations.
		Dong Kingman, whose watercolor paintings enrich the collections of over 50 museums and institutions in the United States, has long been recognized as one of Americaâs PREMIER watercolor masters.
		At the invitation of the Ministry of Culture, People's Rebublic of China, the retrospective was expanded and renamed âDong Kingman: Watercolor Master.â This exhibition, organized by Century Masters, Incorporated, was then held in Beijing, Hong Kong and Shanghai in 2002/2003, with major funding provided by The Starr Foundation.
	www.estates-on-line.com /personal/estate_listings_premier.cfm?orderdetailID=127327612 (339 words)

	Dong Minority - Chinese Nationalities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		About 65% of Guizhou's population is Han and the rest is a mixture of minorities such as Miao, Buyi, Dong, Yi, Shui, Hui, Zhuang, Bai, nd Gelo.
		The minority villages of Leishan, Tashi, Chejiang, Ronjiang, Maogong and Gaojin have Dong wind and rain bridges and drum towers.
		The Dong are found in Guizhou, Hunan and Gansu Provinces and also the Xizang Autonomous Region (Tibet).
	www.paulnoll.com /China/Minorities/min-Dong.html (160 words)

	Some Notes and Questions
		Language is inextricably tied up with being human: To be human is to use language, and to speak is to be a person.
		The Ding-Dong Theory: Language in the beginning was characterized by a mystic appropriateness of sound to sense in contrast to being merely imitative.
		The Yo-He-Ho Theory: Language in the beginning was made up of grunts and groans emitted in the course of group actions, and eventually those grunts and groans came to be associated with those actions.
	www.bucks.edu /~murphyd/bccc2000/notes1.htm (778 words)

	China Vitae
		Dong Yunmei presided over and was founder of, the development of China's first practical advanced software language BCY and computer-related coder in the early and mid 1960s.
		Dong later participated in formal language theory and compiling techniques and in 1979 proposed the parameter graphics method of using computers to design quality Chinese character patter and he solved the related realization technique.
		Dong is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
	www.chinavitae.com /biography_display.php?id=892 (125 words)

	Springboard Prayer November 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Dong language is a Thai related language.
		The Dong are well known for their distinctive wooden architecture, particularly Wind and Rain Bridges and Drum Towers that are built without nails.
		There are less than 20 known Christian workers among the Dong and less than 10 known churches committed to praying for the Dong.
	www.infomekong.com /prayer_november01.htm (424 words)

	hudak (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		One of the earliest in-depth treatments of the Kam language was the Concise Kam-Chinese Dictionary [Dong-Han jianming cidian], which was followed by the Concise Chinese-Kam Dictionary [Han-Dong jianming cidian].
		Their aim was clearly stated in the introduction: although they were not experts in language research and materials, they hoped to provide a reference both for those studying Kam and for those involved in research, editing, teaching, and translating.
		In conversations over the past several years, he and I reached the conclusion that, as the original dictionary was difficult to find, a new publication would be a benefit to linguists as well as to general scholars.
	www.asu.edu /clas/pseas/pseas_publications/hudak.htm (1132 words)

	Tai-Kadai languages - TheBestLinks.com - Laos, Sino-Tibetan languages, Southeast Asia, Thailand, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Tai-Kadai languages are a language family found in Southeast Asia and southern China.
		The Tai-Kadai languages originated in southern China, which is home to most of the Tai-Kadai subfamilies.
		Speakers of the Tai languages subgroup moved south into Southeast Asia in historic times, founding the nations that later became Thailand and Laos.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Tai__MM__Kadai_languages.html (169 words)

	Language/language origins of kandolf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Anyway: i've heard three theories, plus two more with equally silly names that i can't remember at the moment, proposed as theories for the _origin_ of language, i.e., why we humans picked up this strange habit of talking in the first place.
		Take the "bow-wow" theory, for example, that language originated by humans imitating the sounds of the world around them.
		As for me, i have no idea why language was invented, but i strongly suspect it caught on because it was an effective way to spread gossip and tell nasty jokes about the tribe on the other side of the river.
	tafkac.org /language/language_origins_of_kandolf.html (263 words)

	Language Development \| SIL, Mahidol University and UNESCO
		The seminar included a presentation on the current situation with respect to language development efforts and a discussion of issues relating to the use of Iranun in formal education in the community.
		The purpose of this session, therefore, will be to raise awareness on issues relating to languages in the classroom and to plan concrete steps to tackle the problems relating to implementing multilingual education programs.
		Parents and local leaders in the communities in which the materials are to be introduced have responded very positively to plans for implementing the multilingual education programme.
	www.sil.org /asia/ldc/current_projects_asia.html (1438 words)

	Korea - History - The Independence Army
		They banned the teaching of the Korean language and history while laying greater emphasis on the teaching of Japanese language and history.
		These dailies spread the use of the Korean language and made significant contributions in the traditional fields of literature, drama, films, music and fine arts, and also in the dissemination of information from abroad.
		As the war intensified, the education of Koreans under the Education Decree of March 1943 was increasingly geared to the Japanese war establishment.
	www.asianinfo.org /asianinfo/korea/history/independence_army.htm (5205 words)

	Asian Language, Literature, Studies Graduate Programs outside U.S.A.
		The GSIS is open to students of all nationalities, and all courses are taught in either English or, in the case of area studies, in the relevant language.
		The object of comparing Indo-European languages is to determine the relationship between these languages; changes in the phonological, morphological and syntactic structure of these languages are studied in their historical continuity.
		Eventually, scholars hope to succeed in reconstructing the language that must have been at the basis of the many separate languages of the Indo- European language family.
	www.gradschools.com /listings/out/asian_out.html (1550 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		First, the difference between stochastic parsing and language modelling is made clear and it is explained how both disciplines can benefit from each other.
		We then give a survey of the recent literature on psycholinguistics, language modelling and stochastic parsing from the perspective of structured language models.
		As an illustration we present a language model based on a context-sensitive lexicalized grammar and a dynamic-programming stochastic Earley parser with left-corner factorization.
	ilk.kub.nl /clin2000/abstracts/vanuytsel.txt (202 words)

	Korean Practice
		The Korean language is classified as a member of the Ural-Altaic family (other members of this family include the Mongolian, Finnish, and Hungarian languages.) Until the early 1400s, most documents were written in classical Chinese characters (known in Korean as Hanja).
		King Sejong, the 4th ruler of the Joseon dynasty (1392-1910), set up a special committee of scholars in 1443 to create a new writing system specifically suited to the Korean language.
		To truly learn the language, you should enroll in any of the numerous courses offered by Korean universities and private organizations.
	www.lifeinkorea.com /Language/index.cfm (408 words)

	Asia Times: Foreign comics rule the roost in Vietnam
		Vietnam was soon swept with Doraemon fever and local publisher Kim Dong has since been kept busy churning out volumes of the series by the hundreds of thousands of copies.
		Refusing to be left behind, other major publishing houses such as Dong Nai and Tre have introduced other comic-book series - mostly from Japan, China and some Western countries - to vie for children's attention, as well as their pocket change.
		To encourage Vietnamese authors to produce children's books with attractive pictures and entertaining language, Kim Dong has raised standard fees for children's books from 2 million dong to 5 million dong per title.
	www.atimes.com /se-asia/DC06Ae01.html (1091 words)

	Islam Online- News Section (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		On Sunday Dong Zong or the United Chinese School Committees Association of Malaysia, stressed that the use of English for extra classes in the Chinese independent schools was welcome.
		The Dong Zong was called anti-English and anti-progress by the Malaysian government.
		The failure to implement BM as the principal language in all types of schools in Malaysia resulted in the division of the races into specific components, this to the detriment of Malaysia, one teacher told IslamOnline.
	www.islamonline.net /english/News/2002-08/19/article05.shtml (853 words)

	The Dong Yi heritage of Han Chinese - China History Forum, online chinese history forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This era, the eastern Chinese population(the Dong Yi descendants) were still relatively pure due to little outside mingling as well as lack of migration.
		If the Dong Yi truly migrated to Korea before a Chinese identity was formed, they would have brought the bronze age with them as well as other proto-Chinese cultural relics with them.
		But according to all the other evidence (linguistic-the author says the Yi spoke an Austronesian language, cultural practices, etc.), it was the author's conclusion that the Yi were related to the people of southern China and South East Asia, while the Koreans are descended from the Wei-Mo.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=1635 (2938 words)

	Yu Ren Dong
		Dong, Y. Non-native graduate students' thesis/dissertation writing in science: Self-reports by students and their advisors from two US institutions.
		Paper presentation, entitled "The impact of native language literacy on ESL college freshmen's writing of argumentative essays." National Conference of American Association for Applied Linguistics (AAAL), Seattle, WA.
		Dong, Y. PSC-CUNY Research Grant, entitled "Meeting the challenge: Using an integrated approach to teach biology to ESL high school students." City University Committee on Research.
	qcpages.qc.cuny.edu /SEYS/faculty/dong/index1.htm (524 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:kmc
		68% of the 1,463,000 Dong speakers speak Southern Dong.
		Speakers of Northern Dong are more bilingual than those of Southern Dong.
		'Kam' is their own name, 'Dong' is the Chinese name.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=kmc (189 words)

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