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	China - Ancient Naxi Dongba Literature Manuscripts: UNESCO-CI
		As a consequence of this culture being handed down through religion, and of the priests of this religion being called “Dongbas”, this ancient culture acquired the name of “Dongba culture” and this religion was called “Dongba religion”.
		Thus, all the pictographic characters, scriptures, ritual dancing, and artworks and utensils related to this culture are prefixed by the word “Dongba”.
		The Dongba literature, except for that which is already collected and stored, is on the brink of disappearing.
	portal.unesco.org /ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=7260&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html (307 words)

	Nakhi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The dress of the Dongba lamas resembles that of the Bön priests of Tibet; they wear conical hats like those of the lamas of the Black Hat sect, with a piece of red cloth.
		Dongba religion was rooted in the beliefs of the Tibetan Bön religion; the word "Dongba" literally means "wise man" in the Nakhi language.
		By the early 19th century, the Dongba priests had created a huge religious vocabulary accompanied by a variety of rituals, and had largely displaced the Llü-bu.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Naxi (2730 words)

	Dongba Encyclopedia Article, Information, History and Biography @ AlienArtifacts.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Dongba, also known as wise men, are believed to be the priests of the Bön religion.
		This can be evidenced from the fact that the core of the Dongba religion is the based on the belief that both man and nature are two half-brothers born of two mothers and the same father.
		The Dongba script, also known as Tomba or Dto-mba is an ideographic writing system used by the Dongba.
	www.alienartifacts.com /encyclopedia/Dongba (480 words)

	Yunnan Tourism - dongba culture and Destination Guide of lijiang (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Dongba Culture originated from the Primary Naxi Religion, and believes in the super natural gods and their rule over the world.
		Dongba shaman, which means "wise man", is a witch doctor, scholar, craftsman as well as an artist.
		The Dongba scriptures are a series of more than 20,000 books written in Naxi pictographs with more than 2000 hieroglyphs, a form of writing invented by the Naxi people more than a thousand years ago.
	www.yunnantourism.com /lijiang/lijiang_dongba.html (231 words)

	Beijing Scene - Feature Story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Dongba shamans are also well-versed in medicine, literature, arts and crafts, and have the crucial responsibility of passing on the traditions of the Naxi culture to future generations.
		The open embrace of the mountains surrounding the village, the soft caress of the wind, the old dongba's face filled with rivulets of wrinkles chanting sacred scriptures during the ceremonies was an epiphany.
		Considered Modern Dongba painting, a relatively new style begun by contemporary Naxi artists, her pieces are abstract in content and infused with vibrant colors used to represent the harmony between gods, humanity and nature.
	www.beijingscene.com /v07i005/feature.html (2110 words)

	Telegraph \| News \| Chinese shaman struggles to save ancient religion
		At the apex of the Dongba religion is the ceremony of worshipping heaven which is held once a year.
		A forlorn-looking man in a Dongba costume rouses himself into a smile for a tourist with a camera while, inside, a cacophony of horns and cymbals is building.
		Dongba culture has become a valuable selling point for the Naxi of Lijiang which has become one of the top tourist destinations in China.
	www.portal.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/07/29/wdon29.xml (924 words)

	Hieroglyphic Script Fights for Life
		The dongba script is just one among hundreds of minority languages and cultures battling for survival in Asia.
		Peasant priests, or dongba, whose title was passed from father to son, led religious ceremonies that linked the Naxi, who were spread across small villages high in the Himalayas.
		The greatest dongba epics have only a few symbols in each sentence, relying on the reader's memory to fill in the blanks.
	www.wiedenhof.nl /ul/chtk/nieuws/dongba (875 words)

	Ford Foundation Report
		Dongba priests and Baishaxiyue musicians were forced to suspend their activities for fear of persecution.
		In a courtyard at the Dongba Institute, away from the clamor of downtown Lijiang, five young men are dedicating their lives to absorbing the knowledge of the world's last surviving master Dongbas.
		When the Dongba Institute opened its doors in Lijiang 20 years ago, He Jigui was one of 10 master Dongbas invited to the institute to help translate Dongba jings-holy manuscripts written in pictographic script-before their meanings were lost to history.
	www.fordfound.org /publications/ff_report/view_ff_report_detail.cfm?report_index=335 (2213 words)

	Black Dragon Pool Park, Lijiang, Regent Tour China
		Dongba culture originated in the primary polytheistic Naxi religion, which incorporated elements of Lamaism, Buddhism, and Daoism.
		The Dongba scriptures comprise a series of more than 20,000 books done in Naxi pictographs along with more than 2,000 hieroglyphs--a form of writing invented by the Naxi people more than 1,000 years ago.
		The name itself, Dongba, is the name applied to the shamans of this culture--wise men who combined the functions of witch doctor, scholar, craftsman, and artist.
	www.regenttour.com /chinaplanner/lzj/lj-sights-pool.htm (295 words)

	Lijiang Old City (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Dongba Church is a primitive religion of Naxi nationality, believing mutigods and deeply influenced by Benism, Buddhism and Taoism.
		Its believer "Dongba" (means "the intelligent") is a combination of witch, doctor, scholar, artisan and craftsman and an important successor of the traditional culture.
		Dongba Sutra consists of a large number of volumes and there are still over 1,500 kinds and over 20,000 volumes till now, which are collected in the libraries and museums of Lijiang, Kunming, Nanjing, Beijing and Taiwan in China as well as other foreign countries such as, the United States, Britain, Germany and France.
	www.chinarundreisen.com /stadt/lijiang/naxidongbaculture.htm (469 words)

	Dongba Culture, Lijiang, Yunnan, China, Tour Lijiang, Tour Yunnan, Kunming, Xishuangbanna, Dali, Lijiang, Shangri-La, ...
		Dongba Culture refers to ancient Naxi culture, which is given the name because it has been passed down by "dongbas".The Dongba hieroglyphs, the Dongba Scriptures, and the Dongba painting, music and dance compose in the aggregate the Dongba culture.
		Dongba culture originated from the Primary Naxi Religion, and believes in the supernatural gods and their rule over the world.
		It is reported that a volume of dance notation called "Cuo Tang", which records the Dongba dance, is the only hieroglyphic choreography hitherto discovered in the world, and is held in high regard by the scholars of the world.
	www.yunnantrip.com /pages/cities/yunnan/lijiang/dongba.htm (415 words)

	Naxi scripts (Dongba, Geba and Latin) and language
		It is used exclusively by the Dongba (shamans/priests) as an aid to the recitation of ritual texts during religious ceremonies and shamanistic rituals.
		A newspaper was published during the 1980s printed in the Dongba script and the Latin alphabet in an attempt to increase the level of literacy among the Naxi people in their own language.
		The phonetic values of Geba symbols are not fixed, instead each user (usually a dongba, or priest) tends to prefer one set of readings over another, and symbols can have various phonetic values, or one phonetic value can be signified by a number of different graphs.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/naxi.htm (513 words)

	[Yunnan] Dongba culture at crossroads - Culture News - News Brief - Newsgd
		In 2003, the young man, as a new student, performed Dongba rituals at Whitman College in the United States, at the invitation of the Freeman Foundation.
		According to tradition, Dongbas are supposed to preside over sacrificial, marital and burial ceremonies and provide offerings to the gods.
		The Dongba manuscripts, the core of the culture, are in peril.
	www.newsgd.com /culture/culturenews/200508050010.htm (1257 words)

	First Bend on the Changjiang (Yangzi) River (Stone Drum Town)---Tiger Leaping Gorge
		Dongba culture is an integral part of Naxi culture, referred to as the ancient culture of the ethnic Naxi.
		Dongba script, a kind of pictograph, possessing more than 1,400 characters, is believed to be the only well preserved living pictographic language in the world.
		The Dongba dance chart, recorded in Dongba pictographs, is among the earliest of its king in the world.Dongba paintings are chiefly of three kinds: woods board painting, paper board painting and scroll painting.
	www.chinarundreisen.com /stadt/lijiang/whtsdayan_town.htm (458 words)

	Dongba Definition / Dongba Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Dongba script (a.k.a Tomba or dto-mba) is an ideographic writing system used by the Dongba.
		Dongba is a primeval, pantheistic religion observed by the Naxi people.
		Dongba is the ancient written language of the Naxi people in Yunnan South China.
	www.elresearch.com /Dongba (110 words)

	Naxi
		Dongba which stands for sages, are responsible for passing down the Dongba culture to successive generations.
		The Naxi culture is derived mainly from the Dongba culture, then their art forms such as music, dance, painting are a replica of the old original Dongba''s culture.
		The Dongba priests used this form of character to record the Naxi’s civilization.
	www.autef.com /Trips/Yunnaxi.html (623 words)

	Cina Oggi
		Dongba è un termine che nel dialetto Naxi vuol dire "uomo saggio" (o più precisamente colui che canta le scritture nei villaggi montani) inteso nell'accezione di "sciamano".
		La parola Dongba fa riferimento ad una complessa cultura basata su una scrittura a geroglifici (1300 circa), tuttora oggi in uso tra gli anziani dei villaggi, che fortemente risente di influenze di altri popoli che abitavano le regioni vicine.
		In origine il dongba era dunque colui che doveva mettere in contatto, tramite la recitazione di sacre scritture, il suo popolo con il Cielo, le forze naturali e altre divinità.
	www.cinaoggi.it /arte/vario/Dongba.htm (403 words)

	JOURNEY_CHINA.CO.LTD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		It was Dongba priest-scribes who, 1,000 years ago, began carving etchings of gods, men, mountains and the heavens into soft bark parchments to create what is now the world''s only living pictographic writing system.
		The Dongbas have no established church, but rather usually work independently, and pass their art down from father to son, according to author Peter Gorllart, a Russian who studied Lijiang''s Dongbas for a decade.
		Although the Dongbas have for centuries performed rites designed to protect Lijiang, a new spectre is haunting the city: the spectre of the Dongbas'' own disappearance.
	www.journeychina.com /news/newdetail.asp?new_id=21 (980 words)

	Dongba
		The word Dongba is used for the religious cult and script of the Naxi.
		The priests, also known as Dongba (sage), are the only ones who can read and write the script, which is over a thousand years old and consists of around 1400 individual pictographs.
		Although a few young people have taken it upon themselves to become Dongba priests, with an apprenticeship of up to ten years, it is unsure whether the the Naxi Dongba cult can be handed down in time and continue to exist.
	www.peopleandplaces.de /english/dongba_english.htm (812 words)

	News Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The nearby Baisha Village is a place you cannot afford to miss as it is a living showcase of ancient Dongba culture.
		Dongba is the name of Naxi¡¯s indigenous religion.
		In Naxi dialect, Dongba means ¡??a wise person.¡??These people are often knowledgeable about astronomy, geography, agriculture, medicine and etiquette and are also very good at singing folk songs and dancing.
	www.yunnantourism.net /new/new_index.asp?news_id=229 (535 words)

	Lijiang
		Houses are built according to the terrain of the hills and the flow of the water.
		The most amazing feature of Lijiang is the Dongba writing, handed down through generations in the Lijiang area.
		Dongba is the world's only living language using hieroglyphics, and many of the Dongba works are now in libraries and museums in China and other countries.
	www.sino-cs.ac.uk /html/Heritage/h_lj.htm (1430 words)

	PVI-Lakeside School Collaborative Program: Dongba Culture and Gender Dynamics in Lijiang
		The written Dongba language was traditionally not taught to the general Naxi population; its study and preservation were kept within a patrilineal priesthood.
		The director went on to explain the Institute’s mission to preserve the Dongba culture as modernization wears at traditions, and the numbers of “true” Dongba priests dwindle.
		Though the morning at the Dongba Institute was also informative, He Hong and Li Lifen went more in depth with their answers to our questions, providing for a really meaningful discussion.
	www.pacificvillage.org /villagevoices/lakeside05/archives/000923.html (540 words)

	Dongba Dance Steps
		In the seminar of Dongba and Daba held in Lijiang in 1983, more than 60 Dongba and Daba old people performed the Dongba sorcerer's dance in a trance.
		The God Dance describes the gods' adventures to establish their sublime position; the Instrument Dance manifests the power of ritual instruments and weapons; the Animal Imitation Dance portrays various birds and animals; and the Battle Dance defeats demons to protect the religious power, etc. These are representatives of the most common types of sorcerer's dance.
		The Dongba Dance step is really a precious heritage in the history of the Chinese dance culture.
	www.chinaculture.org /gb/en_artqa/2003-09/24/content_38324.htm (239 words)

	Art and Culture
		The Dongba culture denotes the old traditional cultures of the Naxi Nationality.
		Dongba in the Naxi dialect is " wise men".
		The Dongba characters are also called the Naxi pictographic characters.Each line, each symbol,and each drawing has a special meaning.
	www.china-ehotels.com /yunnan/art/culture.html (369 words)

	Dongba Culture to Get Protection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The word "Dongba" refers to a collection of legends, sculptures, clothing, paintings and religion that were uniquely developed by the Naxi ethnic group, now living in compact communities in the Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County in Yunnan.
		Featuring a language of purely hieroglyphic characters that are still in use, Dongba culture has become a major draw for tourists in Lijiang.
		According to a new series of stipulations, any Dongba relics in the possession of individuals or public institutions should be registered with local administrative organizations, and any form of transaction related to them are prohibited.
	www.investchina.com.cn /english/2001/Jun/14793.htm (233 words)

	Package china (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Dongba Culture The ethnic Naxi minority is noted for its long-standing history and culture.
		As early as more than 1,000 years ago, the Naxi people had created the world-famous Dongba culture, the gems of which are pictographs, murals and Dongba culture, the gems of which are pictographs, murals and Dongjing music.
		Consisted of over 3,000 words and characters, the Dongba pictographs are made up by ideograms, phonetic symbols and additional signs, and are the rare ones in the world which are still being used by people.
	www.mkways.com /china/lijiang.html (863 words)

	Planet Ark
		In 1980, at least 10 Dongba kept the thousand-year-old tradition alive, performing regular rituals and hurriedly translating the collected wisdom of their predecessors from ancient pictographs into modern Chinese.
		Most of the Dongba scriptures were written at the height of the Tang dynasty (618-907) and represent the collected wisdom of the ancient Naxi tradition, including works on philosophy, history, medicine, folklore and literature.
		Now, the surviving Dongbas are all in their late 70's and are slowly dying off.
	www.planetark.com /avantgo/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=48 (757 words)

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