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	Dongba
		The word Dongba is used for the religious cult and script of the Naxi.
		The script is reminiscent of the hieroglyphic scripts of earlier cultures and is perhaps the only pictographic script left in the world which survives true to its original form and which can still be written and read.
		Instead the script is used to recount the myths and legends, religious beliefs and history of the Naxi, and it is used to guide the rituals.
	www.peopleandplaces.de /english/dongba_english.htm (827 words)

	Hieroglyphic Script Fights for Life
		Almost no general subject textbooks have been written using the script, and the language was suppressed during the the Cultural Revolution, which declared war on teaching a language and traditions that were considered superstitious.
		The dongba script is just one among hundreds of minority languages and cultures battling for survival in Asia.
		Use of the script was discouraged after the 1949 Communist Revolution and actively suppressed during the Cultural Revolution.
	www.wiedenhof.nl /ul/chtk/nieuws/dongba (875 words)

	Naxi Information - Online Prescription Medication Directory
		The dress of the Dongba lamas resembles that of the Bön priests of Tibet; they wear conical hats like those of the lamas of the Black Hat sect, with a piece of red cloth.
		The earliest script used by the Nakhi, Dongba is an intriguing pictographic script developed by the Nakhi.
		Dongba religion was rooted in the beliefs of the Tibetan Bön religion; the word "Dongba" literally means "wise man" in the Nakhi language.
	www.prescriptiondrug-info.com /drug_information_online.asp?title=Naxi (2829 words)

	Nakhi\|tibiet\|tibet travel\|china travel\|sichuan travel\|china travel service\|west china
		The Dongba religion was believed to be rooted in the beliefs of the Tibetan Bön religion of Tibet, and word Dongba literally means wise man in the Nakhi language.
		Anthropologists claimed that many of the Dongba rituals showed strong influences from the Tibetan Bön religion and not native in origin, owing to the fact that many of them were believed to be the Bön lamas who had settled down among the Nakhi as farmers and began to practice exorcist rituals.
		The Dongba customs are related to the concept of "Nature and Man", specifically pointing to the concept of Nature and Human, who are two brothers born to the same father and different mothers, which deeply reflected in Dongba Religion.
	www.china-panda.com /chinatravel/Html/20056116247-1.html (3079 words)

	Naxi scripts (Dongba, Geba and Latin) and language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		It is used exclusively by the Dongba (shamans/priests) as an aid to the recitation of ritual texts during religious ceremonies and shamanistic rituals.
		A newspaper was published during the 1980s printed in the Dongba script and the Latin alphabet in an attempt to increase the level of literacy among the Naxi people in their own language.
		The Geba script is structurally similar to Chinese and contains a mixture of symbols derived from Chinese characters, independently invented symbols and simplified pictographs taken from the Dongba script.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/naxi.htm (514 words)

	Lijiang Old City (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Dongba Church is a primitive religion of Naxi nationality, believing mutigods and deeply influenced by Benism, Buddhism and Taoism.
		Its believer "Dongba" (means "the intelligent") is a combination of witch, doctor, scholar, artisan and craftsman and an important successor of the traditional culture.
		Dongba Sutra consists of a large number of volumes and there are still over 1,500 kinds and over 20,000 volumes till now, which are collected in the libraries and museums of Lijiang, Kunming, Nanjing, Beijing and Taiwan in China as well as other foreign countries such as, the United States, Britain, Germany and France.
	www.chinarundreisen.com /stadt/lijiang/naxidongbaculture.htm (469 words)

	The History of Indigenous Papermaking
		This writing system was used exclusively by the Dongba (Naxi ritual specialists) to transcribe sacred texts, thus its name ‘Dongba script' in foreign languages.
		Dongba literature was labeled as ‘feudal superstition' and ‘witchcraft' for political reasons following the 1949 foundation of the People's Republic of China, and many Dongba scrolls were burned, rituals banned and transmission of traditions interrupted.
		In the 1980's, a renewal in interest in research on Dongba culture prompted scholars, mostly of Naxi descent, to re-evaluate the importance of Dongbas and Dongba papermaking in Naxi culture, and to encourage a revival of papermaking traditions.
	cbik.org /papermaking/en/when/ethical.htm (1184 words)

	Travel Yunnan China:Cities:Lijiang:Dongba Culture
		Dongba culture is an integral part of Naxi culture, referred to as the ancient culture of the ethnic Naxi.
		Dongba script, a kind of pictograph, possessing more than 1,400 characters, is believed to be the only well preserved living pictographic language in the world.
		The Dongba dance chart, recorded in Dongba pictographs, is among the earliest of its king in the world.
	www.travelchinayunnan.com /city/lijiang/dongbaculture.htm (273 words)

	Asia Society Visible Traces - Ethnic Minorities
		Naxi pictographic script on upper register of each leaf, divided into 4 horizontal rows; each row is subdivided at irregular intervals with single or double lines; Chinese translation on lower register in 5 to 8 horizontal rows
		Naxi pictographic script, said to have been invented by King Moubao Azong in the thirteenth century, is made of tiny stylized drawings of people, animals, plants, and so forth.
		dongba (priests) to aid in the recitation of ritual texts during funerary rites, religious ceremonies, and shamanistic rituals as it did not have the tonal shortcomings of the earlier phonetic script.
	www.askasia.org /features/VISIBLE_TRACES/ethnic/ec10.html (300 words)

	The Chinese Script (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		The simpliest version is the invention of script by Cangjie or Cang Jie åé ¡, a minister of the Yellow Emperor (Huang Di or Huangdi é»å¸) who saw the traces of bird feet in the mud and used these imprints as example for a pictorial script.
		The Xixia script is known from several multi-lingual steles with inscriptions in Chinese, Uighurian, Mongolian, Sanskrit, and Xixia.
		From the 15th century on, the Uighurian script was superseded by the Arabian alphabet.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /Literature/script.html (6755 words)

	Connecticut College China Yunnan/Mekong Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		She is known for her expressive, beautifully natural approach to singing Naxi traditional folk songs and ancient poems as well as for her skill on the Chinese guzheng (zither).
		Dongbas are religious priests, and play a major role in Naxi culture, preaching harmony between man and nature.
		The succession of Dongba Masters in the Yang family went into decline and was eventually cut off at the time of Yuhua’s father, Yang Xing, who was born after the foundation of the People’s Republic of China.
	www.conncoll.edu /events/yunnan/artist.html (2357 words)

	Dongba Culture - Lijiang destination guide-Yunnan Tour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		These pictographic script gave instructions for the performance of the ritual and contained the myths, legends and history of the Naxi people.
		Naxi native religion was based around the ritual specialist called the dongba, who conducted the rites honouring Heaven, various deities and natual forces.
		The originality and figures of the mural paintings reflect the different religious cultures and artistic forms of Buddhism, Lamaism, Daoism and the Naxi Dongba religion, as developed in a Naxi school.
	www.yunnantour.com /lijiang/dongba.htm (369 words)

	WIA 3-05:Ethnic Minority People in Yunnan: Naxi Culture and the Role of Women (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Dongba is the ceremonial master of sacred rituals celebrated by the Naxi.
		A saying goes that "A Dongba does not pass on his knowledge to women, but only to men." But, ironically enough, there is a female saint honored in each and every Dongba script.
		She is studying the Naxi culture and the Dongba pictographic script with her father; has conducted independent research in Lijiang; and has worked with the Nature Conservancy in the region.
	www.isiswomen.org /pub/wia/wia3-05/naxi.html (1974 words)

	Smurgle’s Dragon Lair
		In order to understand the nature of "Dongba", we must first understand it is a part of the Naxi culture primarily from the province of Yunnan in China.
		Written in the pictographic script, it describes the various aspects of life of the Naxi people.
		Sorcerers, called "Dongba," were invited to chant scriptures at weddings, funerals, the New Year Day and other festivals.
	www.mc.maricopa.edu /dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/legacy/dongba/index.html (993 words)

	The Dongba Photo Gallery by ziva santop at pbase.com
		The Dongba are the elders (shamens) of the Naxi minority group.
		Dongba is the ancient written language of the Naxi people similar to hieroglyphs in the sense that it written in Naxi picto-graphs.
		Only a handful of Naxi people can read and write the dongba script, and all of them are over 70.
	www.pbase.com /ziva/dongba (93 words)

	Christian Communications Inc. of USA
		The Dongbas￠wpriests of the Dongba religion￠wused the ancient pictographic script known as the Dongba script to record the Dongba Scriptures.
		Dongbaism is a primitive religion; its followers believe in polytheism and animism and practice ancestor worship.
		Dongbaism has a wide influence on all aspects of the lives of the Naxi.
	www.cc-us.org /usa/PC48-3.htm (1162 words)

	Planet Ark - China's forgotten Shamans fade into sunset
		In 1980, at least 10 Dongba kept the thousand-year-old tradition alive, performing regular rituals and hurriedly translating the collected wisdom of their predecessors from ancient pictographs into modern Chinese.
		Dating back at least 3,000 years, the Dongba script is pictographic and bears a striking resemblance to ancient Chinese characters.
		Most of the Dongba scriptures were written at the height of the Tang dynasty (618-907) and represent the collected wisdom of the ancient Naxi tradition, including works on philosophy, history, medicine, folklore and literature.
	www.planetark.com /avantgo/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=48 (766 words)

	Shop
		Dongba is the name of the religious cult of the Naxi, an ethnic minority in the province Yunnan in Southwest China.
		Hitherto unknown to the West, the Naxi Dongba cult was discovered in the 1920s by the Austrian-born explorer Joseph Rock, who wrote the first scientific studies on a culture which later during the Cultural Revolution would almost be extinguished.
		His collection of original documents and scripts and his two volume dictionary of the Dongba pictographic script, as well as his writings on Naxi religion and history, remain a lasting record and tribute to a people whose religion has now all but vanished.
	www.peopleandplaces.de /english/shop_english.htm (1269 words)

	Asia Society Visible Traces Website - Curriculum
		Naxi religious leaders, called Dongba, have long used a unique form of picture writing to record the stories and myths central to their religious teachings.
		This script, known as Dongba writing and said to have been invented by King Moubao Azong in the thirteenth century, is made up of tiny stylized drawings of people, animals, and plants representing concepts instead of sounds or words.
		However, the Dongba script continues to be a powerful symbol of Naxi ethnicity.
	www.askasia.org /features/VISIBLE_TRACES/curriculum/identity.html (586 words)

	China Ethnic Minority: Naxi People (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Naxi ethnic group created its own hieroglyphic "Dongba" script more than 1,000 years ago, which is still used occasionally by some Naxi people.
		Most Naxi people believe in the Dongba religion, which is a form of Shamanism, and also in Lamaism.
		The Dongba Scripture (Dongba Jing), a religious work written in the Tang Dynasty in pictographic script, describes the various aspects of Naxi people during their long transition from slavery to feudalism.
	www.muztagh.com /china-information/nationality/naxi.htm (566 words)

	Naxi - Wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Naxi have used a variety of scripts in the past, however they eventually developed an intriguing pictographic script of their own.
		In the past, the Dongba[?] (Naxi scholar-priests) learnt the script, and would pass it on to future generations.
		The ancient Naxi town of Lijiang[?] is now a major tourist destination, and its cobbled paths and running waters are extensively photographed by tourists.
	wikipedia.findthelinks.com /na/Naxi.html (295 words)

	Dongba painting (d010), 100% handcraft
		According to the legend, the founder of the Dongba Religion, with his supernatural abilities learned from the deities, killed the monster and the ghosts, bringing peace to the local people.
		The Dongba Culture in turn fostered the world-renowned Dongba Civilization, as can be found in the Dongba Script reputed as the only surviving hieroglyph in the world.
		Various aspects of the Dongba Civilization such as the appealing Dongba music, the vivid and romantic Dongba literature, the unique Dongba paintings and the wild and warm Dongba dances are all evidence to its profoundness.
	www.loudfrog.com /itemdetail.aspx?detailID=64151 (999 words)

	The Chinese Academy of Sciences
		They created pictographic characters called the "Dongba" script about 1,000 years ago, and produced hand-made paper to record their beautiful folklore, legends, poems and religious classics.
		The experts believe that it is necessary to prevent the complete loss of the papermaking skill as a major medium for the Dongba culture by teaching the young generations the traditional technique of papermaking.
		It is discovered that the Dongba paper is made from two endemic stringbush plants Wikstroemia delavayi and W.
	english.cas.ac.cn /english/news/detailnewsb.asp?infoNo=25450 (624 words)

	About dongba
		One of the most popular and distinctive expressions of Naxi culture is the Dongba script of this minority in Lijiang, an extraordinary system of hieroglyphs that was used by the Naxi shamans called Dongba.
		These interesting symbols depicted here are called Dongba pictographs, and represent a unique form of writing, being in fact the only hieroglyphic writing system still in use today.
		Naxi Dongba pictographs differ from Chinese characters and may be compared to Egyptian or Mayan hieroglyphs.
	www.naxidongba.com /edongba/En/Dongba.html (288 words)

	AAS Abstracts: China Session 155 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Dongba writing system was a sacred script used by specialists of the Dongba religion, the traditional shamanic religion of the Naxi people of China.
		More than twenty thousand manuscripts have been written with this script which was still in use at the beginning of the twentieth century.
		For decades, the origin of this script has been a controversial issue in Naxi studies.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/1995abst/china/csess155.htm (634 words)

	Dongba
		Dongba is the ancient written language of the Naxi people in Yunnan South China.
		The most famous collection is the Dongba Scriptures with more than 20.000 books.
		Dongba was developed around 1000 years ago and was clearly linked to religion.
	www.fischer-mellbin.com /HAL9000/Deep_Space/Dongba/dongba.html (123 words)

	Browse Category items page
		Dongba shamans, belonging to the Naxi minority in China’s Yunnan province, used not only the pictographic Dongba script to entrust their cultural heritage and animistic beliefs to a medium.
		The Dongba language belongs to the Tibeto-burman languagegroup and was out of use since the 1950s.
		The Dongba language belongs to the Tibeto-burman languagegroup and was out of use scince the 1950s.
	www.bouwmanbooks.com /browse_cat_items.php?id=6 (668 words)

	Nikkei Net Interactive - Nikkei Asia Prizes
		The Dongba script, the world's last remaining pictographic writing system, was created and is still used by the Naxi, an ethnic minority in China.
		Guo Dalie, a Naxi himself and a leading scholar of the history of the Naxi people, has made his life's work preserving the Dongba script and Naxi culture.
		Ethnic minorities around the globe struggling to keep their indigenous cultures amid relentless globalization can learn from the approach of Guo and his wife - utilizing the education system and creating businesses that take advantage of the culture to ensure its survival.
	www.nni.nikkei.co.jp /FR/NIKKEI/inasia/prizes/2005/2005prize_dalie.html (461 words)

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