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Topic: Dopamine hypothesis of psychosis

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	Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia or the dopamine hypothesis of psychosis is a theory that argues that the unusual behaviour and experiences associated with schizophrenia (sometimes extended to psychosis in general) can be fully or largely explained by changes in dopamine function in the brain.
		Some researchers have suggested that overactivity of dopamine systems in the mesolimbic pathway may contribute to the 'positive symptoms' of schizophrenia (such as delusions and hallucinations), whereas problems with dopamine function in the mesocortical pathway may be responsible for the 'negative symptoms', such as avolition, flat emotional response and alogia.
		This is often referred to as 'amphetamine psychosis' or 'cocaine psychosis', but may produce experiences virtually indistinguishable from psychosis associated with schizophrenia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dopamine_hypothesis_of_psychosis (738 words)

	Psychosis - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Psychosis is usually considered by mainstream psychiatry to be a symptom of severe mental illness.
		Psychosis is a descriptive term for a complex group of behaviours and experiences and as such is not a medical explanation in itself.
		Psychosis may be the result of an underlying mental illness such as Bipolar disorder (also known as manic depression), and schizophrenia.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Psychosis (2801 words)

	Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia or the dopamine hypothesis of psychosis is a theory that argues that the unusual behaviour and experiences associated with schizophrenia (sometimes extended to psychosis in general) can be fully or largely explained by changes in dopamine function.
		dopamine receptor family seemed to be correlated with the reduction of psychotic symptoms.
		Phencyclidine (also known as PCP or 'Angel Dust') is known to cause psychosis in some people, but largely works on glutamate receptors, further suggesting that psychosis and schizophrenia cannot fully be explained in terms of dopamine function.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/dopamine_hypothesis_of_schizophrenia (766 words)

	Dopamine - Biocrawler definition:Dopamine - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Dopamine can be supplied as a drug which acts on the sympathetic nervous system, producing effects such as increased heart rate and blood pressure.
		Certainly dopamine is released (particularly in areas such as the nucleus accumbens and striatum) by naturally rewarding experiences such as food, sex, use of certain drugs and neutral stimuli that become associated with them.
		Cocaine is acting as dopamine transporter blocker to competively inhibit dopamine uptake to increase the lifetime of dopamine, while amphetamine is acting as a dopamine transporter substrate to competively inhibit dopamine uptake and increase the dopamine efflux via dopamine transporter.
	www.biocrawler.com /biowiki/Dopamine (1011 words)

	Articles - Dopamine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		As a member of the catecholamine family, dopamine is a precursor to epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) in the biosynthetic pathways for these neurotransmitters.
		Dopamine is synthesized in the body (mainly by nervous tissue and adrenal glands) by the decarboxylation of DOPA by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase.
		Shortage of dopamine, particularly the death of dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway, causes Parkinson's disease, in which a person loses the ability to execute smooth, controlled movements.
	www.crunner.com /articles/Dopamine (897 words)

	Encyclopedia: Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Dopamine is a chemical naturally produced in the body.
		The dopamine receptors are a class of G-protein coupled receptors with dopamine as their endogenous ligand.
		Functional neuroimaging is the use of brain imaging technology to measure an aspect of brain function, often with a view to understanding the relationship between activity in certain brain areas and specific mental functions.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Dopamine-hypothesis-of-schizophrenia (1481 words)

	Psychosis Article, Psychosis Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Psychosis is usually considered by mainstream psychiatry to be a symptom ofsevere mental illness.
		The term psychosis should be distinguished from the concept of insanity, which is a legal term denoting that a person should not be criminally responsible for his actions.Similarly, it should be distinguished from psychopathy, a personality disorder often associated with violence, lack of empathy and socially manipulative behaviour.
		In particular, the dopamine hypothesis of psychosis has been influential and states that psychosisresults from an overactivity of dopamine function in the brain, particularly in the mesolimbic pathway.
	www.anoca.org /brain/psychotic/psychosis.html (2751 words)

	Amphetamine psychosis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is thought to be largely due to the increase in dopamine activity in the mesolimbic pathway of the brain caused by amphetamine-like drugs, although other factors such as chronic sleep deprivation may also play a part.
		The link between amphetamine and psychosis is one of the major sources of evidence for the dopamine hypothesis of psychosis.
		One particular manifestation of psychosis associated with amphetamine use is delusional parasitosis or Ekbom's syndrome, where a person falsely believes themselves to be infested with parasites.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Amphetamine_psychosis (413 words)

	Psychosis - The Doctors Lounge(TM)
		Psychosis is usually considered by mainstream psychiatry to be a symptom of severe mental illness, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder (manic depression).
		Patients who are undergoing brief reactive psychosis due to drugs or stress generally appear with the same symptoms as a person who is psychotic as a result of a mental illness, and this fact has been used to support the notion that mental illness has a biological basis.
		The first brain image of person with psychosis was completed as far back as 1935 using a technique called pneumoencephalography1 (a painful and now obsolete procedure where cerebrospinal fluid is drained from around the brain and replaced with air to allow the structure of the brain to show up more clearly on an X-ray picture).
	www.thedoctorslounge.net /psychiatry/diseases/psychosis.htm (2427 words)

	Dopamine
		The positive symptoms of psychosis are a result of excess dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway.
		Evidence for this hypothesis is that blockade of D2 receptors decreases auditory hallucinations and delusions.
		A dopamine precursor which crosses the blood-brain barrier, is actively taken up by neurons in the substantia nigra and converted to dopamine.
	www.uchsc.edu /sm/psych/ppfr/dopamine.htm (371 words)

	eMedicine - Alcohol-Related Psychosis : Article Excerpt by: Michael Larson, DO
		Alcohol-related psychosis is often an indication of chronic alcoholism; thus, it is associated with medical, neurological, and psychosocial complications.
		Although distinguishing alcohol-related psychosis from schizophrenia through clinical presentation often is difficult, it is generally accepted that alcohol-related psychosis remits with abstinence, unlike schizophrenia.
		Psychosis is not considered a symptom in uncomplicated alcohol withdrawal in patients who are not dependent on alcohol.
	www.emedicine.com /med/byname/alcohol-related-psychosis.htm (558 words)

	mesolimbic pathway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is one of the four major pathways where the neurotransmitter dopamine is found.
		It is thought to be involved in producing pleasurable feeling and is often associated with feelings of reward and desire, particularly because of the connection to the nucleus accumbens which has also been associated with these states.
		Although poorly understood, disruption to dopamine function (particularly, an excess of dopamine) in this area has been linked to psychosis and the 'positive symptoms' of schizophrenia (particularly delusions and hallucinations).
	encyclopedia.mysleepcenter.com /mesolimbic_pathway.htm (233 words)

	Psychosis - sgForums.com :: Singapore's Online Discussion Network
		For example, R. Laing has argued that psychosis is a symbolic way of expressing concerns in situations where such views may be unwelcome or uncomfortable to the recipients.
		Pneumo- encephalogram of person with psychosis, 1935Modern brain imaging studies, investigating both changes in brain structure and changes in brain function of people undergoing psychotic episodes have shown mixed results.
		A 2003 study investigating structural changes in the brains of people with psychosis showed there was significant grey matter reduction in the cortex of people before and after they became psychotic2.
	psychosis.sgforums.com /?action=thread_display&thread_id=118085 (2281 words)

	eMedicine - Alcohol-Related Psychosis : Article by Michael Larson, DO
		Twins studies have shown concordance rates for alcohol-related psychosis to be 17.3% in monozygotic twins and 4.8% in dizygotic twins.
		Alcohol-related psychosis itself does not have specific morbidity or mortality; instead, it correlates with a cluster of risk factors that indicate higher morbidity and mortality in patients with alcoholism.
		Alcohol-related psychosis is a symptom of alcohol withdrawal and should be treated in the context of alcohol withdrawal.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic3113.htm (5000 words)

	Schizophrenia - Interview with Dr. Philip Seeman
		For this purpose, I examined the brain striatum (which consists of the putamen and caudate nucleus), because it contained dopamine and because it was known that haloperidol and other antipsychotic drugs elicited a Parkinson-like or dopamine-deficient-like syndrome of tremor and rigidity.
		While dopamine dysregulation probably leads to the psychotic episode, further research needs to uncover underlying mechanisms that predispose the brain to the dysregulation of the dopamine system.
		Although the dopamine hypothesis remains the best explanation for the origin and treatment of clinical signs and symptoms of psychosis, the new principles, some of which are mentioned above, are now leading to effective medications essentially free of the old side-effects.
	www.esi-topics.com /schizophrenia/interviews/dr-philip-seeman.html (1089 words)

	Mind Hacks: Psychosis and modern-day hysteria
		It is now thought that these sorts of problems occur on a continuum of medically unexplained symptoms and that milder forms are a significant part of a doctor's caseload.
		The second part of the programme discusses the dopamine hypothesis of psychosis, that argues that delusions and hallucinations can be largely explained by dysfunction to the dopamine systems in the brain.
		My impression is that the discussion is a little uncritical of this over-simplified theory of the complex experience of psychosis, but is valuable as a clear explanation of the approach none-the-less.
	www.mindhacks.com /blog/2005/06/psychosis_and_modern.html (243 words)

	Arch Gen Psychiatry -- Abstract: Long-term pimozide pretreatment differentially affects behavioral responses to ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Further exploration of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia, March 1982, van Kammen et al.
		Further exploration of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
		psychosis and activation may be regulated by different mechanisms.
	0-archpsyc.ama-assn.org.library.lanecc.edu /cgi/content/abstract/39/3/275 (166 words)

	Dopamine supersensitivity and hormonal status in puerperal psychosis -- Meakin et al. 166 (1): 73 -- The British ...
		Dopamine supersensitivity and hormonal status in puerperal psychosis -- Meakin et al.
		Dopamine supersensitivity and hormonal status in puerperal psychosis
		We examine the dopamine receptor supersensitivity hypothesis of
	bjp.rcpsych.org /cgi/content/abstract/166/1/73 (249 words)

	Articles - Psychosis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Psychosis is considered by mainstream psychiatry to be a symptom, but not a diagosis.
		Drugs that have general depressant effects on the central nervous system (especially alcohol and barbiturates) do not induce psychosis during use, and can actually decrease psychotic symptoms, although withdrawal from them can induce a state of hyperactivity that is indistinguishable from psychosis.
		Short-lived psychosis triggered by stress is known as brief reactive psychosis.
	www.ranau.net /articles/Psychosis (2677 words)

	The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		We measured in vivo occupancy of striatal D(2) receptors by dopamine in 18 untreated patients with schizophrenia and 18 matched controls, by comparing D(2) receptor availability before and during pharmacologically induced acute dopamine depletion.
		Acute depletion of intrasynaptic dopamine resulted in a larger increase in D(2) receptor availability in patients with schizophrenia (19% +/- 11%) compared with control subjects (9% +/- 7%, P = 0.003).
		The increased occupancy of D(2) receptors by dopamine occurred both in first-episode neuroleptic-naive patients and in previously treated chronic patients experiencing an episode of illness exacerbation.
	www.biopsychiatry.com /schizodopamine.htm (198 words)

	Psychosis as a State of Aberrant Salience: A Framework Linking Biology, Phenomenology, and Pharmacology in ...
		of psychosis and schizophrenia, the role of dopamine, and the
		Early evidence for a role of dopamine in psychosis was the observation
		Seeman P: Dopamine receptors and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia.
	ajp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/160/1/13 (6893 words)

	Schizophrenia-Like Psychosis and Epilepsy: The Status of the Association -- Sachdev 155 (3): 325 -- American Journal of ...
		Psychosis is a direct consequence of the epileptiform disturbance.
		dopamine hypothesis of psychosis, support for which is inconsistent.
		Stevens JR: Clozapine: the yin and yang of seizures and psychosis.
	ajp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/155/3/325 (6670 words)

	The Lycaeum Forums : !becoming less real! St. Anthony's Fire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		cocaine, amphetamine, meth, schizophrenia, dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia, amphetamine psychosis
		Actually last time I was at a neurochemistry lecture the teacher claimed that the dopamine model of schizophrenia has lost weight and is no longer considered as viable as the NMDA-model.
		when dopamine is release, there is a correlational drop in GABA levels, decreasing the seizure threshold.
	forums.lycaeum.org /cgi-bin/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic&f=6&t=000928 (1128 words)

	The Dopamine Hypothesis - a theory of schizophrenia by Tom Blaise Shepherd
		Type II negative symptom patients are believed to have an underactivity of dopamine in the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex.
		Biochemical changes thus take place in which catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine) are produced in superabundance causing a hyperaroused state of waking dreams or inaccurate perceptions: illusions, delusions or hallucinations.
		The problem in using neuroleptic drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia is that the neuroleptic drugs used to lower the amounts of dopamine may adversely affect other neurotransmitters and are most likely to produce tardive dyskinesia, side-effects mimicing Parkinson's disease: tremors, pin-rolling of the fingers, shuffling gait and a masklike facial expressions.
	www.surfingman10.org /TheDopamineHypothesis.html (1688 words)

	[No title]
		All of these medications are dopamine receptor antagonists and therefore gave rise to the dopamine hypothesis of psychosis.
		The fact that all the Antipsychotic medication are dopamine receptor antagonists and psychosis can be induced by stimulating dopamine release supports this hypothesis.
		Anxiety Neurosis is a low-grade psychosis that may be brought about by stresses in a person's life like the death of a loved one or being fired from a job.
	sulcus.berkeley.edu /mcb/165_001/papers/manuscripts/_980.html (1188 words)

	DRD4 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		DRD4 is a gene which codes for a type dopamine receptor known as the D
		A specific allele of this gene (known as the 'DRD4 long' variant) has been linked to a susceptibility for developing psychosis.
		This page was last modified 15:55, 23 May 2005.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/DRD4 (62 words)

	THE ORIGINAL DOPAMINE HYPOTHESIS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The original dopamine (DA) hypothesis, formulated by Solomon Snyder in the late nineteen seventies, was based on four empirical studies that supported a link between schizophrenia and DA activity.
		First, administration of large doses of amphetamines to normal individuals caused a state of psychosis similar to that found in schizophrenics.
		However, this theory was later revised into the reconceptualized DA hypothesis.
	www.ns.purchase.edu /psych/Psychobio_of_Schizophrenia/DA%20hypothesis/original_dopamine_hypothesis.htm (167 words)

	Psychotic
		For the professional wrestler known as Psychosis, see Dionicio Castellanos.
		(2003) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieveanddb=PubMedandlist_uids=12559861anddopt=Abstract) Neuroanatomical abnormalities before and after onset of psychosis: a cross-sectional and longitudinal MRI comparison.
		(2003) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieveanddb=PubMedandlist_uids=12505813anddopt=Abstract) Untreated initial psychosis: relation to cognitive deficits and brain morphology in first-episode schizophrenia.
	www.tuxedo-shop.com /search.php?title=Psychotic (2859 words)

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