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	Dopamine and transporter
		Dopamine transporter immunohistochemistry revealed a marked decrease in the intensity of periwound sprouting in the op/op group of animals.
		The clozapine-induced increase in VMAT(2) was accompanied by a parallel increase in the membrane serotonin transporter in the prefrontal cortex and the striatum.
		Haloperidol induced an increase in the serotonin transporter in the striatum and the core of the nucleus accumbens.
	lansbury.bwh.harvard.edu /dopamine_and_transporter.htm (18875 words)

	Why Isn’t Methylphenidate More Addictive?
		The dopamine transporter, of course, is the molecule that binds to dopamine in the extracellular space and recycles the neurotransmitter by returning it to the neuronal terminal.
		The PET scans, however, confirmed that the drug continued to block the dopamine transporter, indicating that the presence or length of dopamine transporter blockade is not the essential variable for reinforcement.
		Though the concentration of extracellular dopamine is obviously influenced by the degree of dopamine transporter blockade, release of new dopamine is important as well.
	www.neuropsychiatryreviews.com /feb02/adictive.html (1908 words)

	Exploring News & Features - Illuminating amphetamine’s molecular action (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		This redistribution, and competition between amphetamine and dopamine for transport, means that the dopamine transporter no longer efficiently clears dopamine from the synapse when amphetamine is present.
		And because neurotransmitter transporters are the molecular targets not only of drugs of abuse, but also of medicines used to treat depression and ADHD, future drug development for these psychiatric disorders depends on a full understanding of how these proteins work, Galli said.
		In addition, he said, a genetic mutation of the dopamine transporter tail region that alters efflux could be associated with human psychiatric or neurologic dysfunction.
	exploration.vanderbilt.edu /news/news_galli.htm (724 words)

	High dopamine transporter levels not correlated with ADHD
		The PET scans revealed that ADHD subjects had significantly fewer dopamine transporters than control subjects in the nucleus accumbens, an area of the ventral striatum that is one of the main reward centers in the brain.
		In both groups, levels of dopamine transporters in the putamen were positively associated with scores of inattention on the self-report questionnaire: the higher the level of transporters, the higher the score of inattention.
		If ADHD subjects release less dopamine to start with, they may end up with lower levels of dopamine transporters as a result of down regulation — that is, the body's attempt to compensate for lower dopamine levels by reducing the number of reuptake proteins.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-11/dnl-hdt112906.php (1293 words)

	Science & Technology - Dopamine Transporter (DAT) - Boston Life Sciences
		Dopamine can then diffuse out of the synapse, interact with receptors, or be returned to the neuron by the dopamine transporter.
		The number of neurons that utilize dopamine as a neurotransmitter are far fewer than the other types of brain neurons constituting only one out of every one million CNS neurons.
		Following its release in the synapse of a dopamine neuron and delivery of its message to the corresponding postsynaptic neuron, extracellular dopamine is quickly reabsorbed back into the presynaptic (or sending) neuron by DAT proteins.
	www.bostonlifesciences.com /science-technology/dopamine-transporter.asp (618 words)

	Dopamine
		Dihydroxyphenylalanine is converted to dopamine by the enzyme DOPA decarboxylase (or aromatic amino acid decarboxylase) which is found in the cytoplasm.
		Dopamine also is synthesized by neurons in the ventral tegmental area, which projects to the prefrontal cortex and the basal forebrain, including the nucleus accumbens.
		Dopamine is very basic and probably exists in the protonated form in solution rendering it inaccessable to the brain.
	www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu /MBC3320/dopamine.htm (870 words)

	Exploring News & Features - The Elegant Worm: Worms hold clues to Parkinson’s disease, drug abuse
		Dopamine neurons - nerve cells that use the chemical neurotransmitter dopamine to communicate with other nerve cells - populate regions of the human brain responsible for movement.
		Transporter proteins act as miniature vacuum cleaners - after a neuron has dumped neurotransmitter into the synapse, transporters spring into action to sweep it back inside.
		The dopamine transporter is a protein target for drugs of abuse including amphetamines and cocaine.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /exploration/news/news_worm_parkinsons.htm (736 words)

	Withdrawal from repeated cocaine alters dopamine transporter protein turnover in the rat striatum - Publication - RTI ...
		In the present study, we determined that repeated pretreatment (10 days) with 20 mg/kg cocaine (i.p.) and a subsequent withdrawal period (10 days) alters the dopamine transporter turnover in the rat striatum, but not in the nucleus accumbens.
		Cocaine pretreatment and withdrawal reduced the half-life of the transporter protein from 2.1 days to 0.94 day in the striatum, but did not alter the half-life of 2.2 days in the nucleus accumbens.
		Kimmel, H.L., Carroll, F.I., and Kuhar, M.J. Withdrawal from repeated cocaine alters dopamine transporter protein turnover in the rat striatum.
	www.rti.org /abstract.cfm?pubid=1930 (236 words)

	Dopamine D1 and D2 receptors influence dopamine transporter synthesis and degradation in the rat - Publication - RTI ...
		Utilizing a technique for measuring the kinetics (synthesis, degradation, and half-life) of the dopamine transporter (DAT) protein in the rat striatum and nucleus accumbens, we have investigated the effects of systemic administration of dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists upon DAT kinetics in these brain regions.
		This effect was blocked by the dopamine D2 antagonist eticlopride, which, by itself, increased the half-life of DAT.
		The results of the present study suggest that, through dopamine receptors, dopamine indirectly influences DAT protein turnover in the striatum and in the nucleus accumbens, but in different ways.
	www.rti.org /abstract.cfm?pubid=2422 (219 words)

	NIDA NOTES - Cocaine's Pleasurable Effects May Involve Multiple Chemical Sites
		By blocking the dopamine transporter, some scientists theorized, cocaine might raise the level of extracellular dopamine in brain regions involved in the feeling of pleasure.
		If the dopamine transporter is not the crucial site for producing cocaine reward, then what is? Apparently not the serotonin transporter, because Dr. Uhl's group also studied serotonin transporter knockout mice and found that these mice also found cocaine rewarding.
		In Dr. Rocha's study, the researchers found that the extracellular dopamine level in a key brain region in the dopamine transporter knockout mice was nearly five times higher than normal because the transporters were no longer there to shuttle the dopamine molecules back inside the neurons.
	www.drugabuse.gov /NIDA_Notes/NNVol14N2/Cocaine.html (1379 words)

	Development of the Dopamine Transporter Selective RTI-336 as a Pharmacotherapy for Cocaine Abuse
		The studies are based on the hypothesis that a dopamine reuptake inhibitor is expected to partially substitute for cocaine, thus decreasing cocaine self-administration and minimizing the craving for cocaine.
		We have developed several 3-phenyltropane analogs that are potent dopamine uptake inhibitors, and some are selective for the dopamine transporter relative to the serotonin and norepinephrine transporters.
		16. Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Logan J, et al. Measuring dopamine transporter occupancy by cocaine in vivo: radiotracer considerations. Synapse. 1998;28:111-116.
	www.aapsj.org /view.asp?art=aapsj080124 (2523 words)

	Psychiatric News Main Frame
		For more than a decade, research on cocaine has converged around the hypothesis that the drug's reinforcing effects are inextricably tied to its capacity to bind directly to the dopamine transporter (DAT), thus blocking dopamine reuptake and raising extracellular concentrations of released dopamine.
		High levels of extracellular dopamine are one of the measurable effects of cocaine administration in laboratory animals and have been seen as the key to the drug's stimulating and reinforcing properties.
		The new research, however, suggests that the dopamine system, while relevant to cocaine's reinforcing effects, is but part of a more complex series of neuro-cellular systems in which serotonin plays a far more significant role than previously supposed.
	www.psych.org /pnews/98-06-19/dopamine.html (792 words)

	Dopamine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		To increase the amount of dopamine in the brains of patients with diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Dopa-Responsive Dystonia, a synthetic precursor to dopamine such as L-DOPA (levodopa) can be given, since this will cross the blood-brain barrier.
		Dopamine is therefore believed by many to provide a teaching signal to parts of the brain responsible for acquiring new motor sequences, i.e., behaviors.
		Deficits in dopamine levels are implicated as one of several possible causes for Adult attention-deficit disorder (AADD), and some types of medications used to treat Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD/ADD) such as Methylphenidate are theorized to help stimulate dopaminergic systems, leading to potentially heightened sensation, for those afflicted by it and receiving treatment for it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dopamine (2009 words)

	Dopamine transporter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The dopamine transporter or DAT is a monoamine transporter that is specific for clearing the neurotransmitter dopamine from the synaptic cleft and into a glial cell or the presynaptic neuron.
		The dopamine transporter serves to remove excess dopamine from the synaptic cleft, effectively ending the signaling of the neurotransmitter and recycling the transmitter.
		This causes an overload of dopamine in the extracellular space (synaptic cleft), since the neurotransmitter cannot be cleared away after its release.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dopamine_transporter (399 words)

	Dopamine transporter knockout mice (US5866756)
		A recombinant rodent comprises cells containing a pair of genomic dopamine transporter protein alleles, wherein at least one of said alleles is incapable of expressing endogenous dopamine transporter protein.
		The rodent may be a homozygote, where both of said alleles are incapable of expressing endogenous dopamine transporter protein, or the rodent may be a heterozygote, and one of said alleles expresses endogenous dopamine transporter protein.
		Miner et al.; Behavioral Characterization of Mutant Dopamine Transporter and Mu Opiate Receptor Overexpression in Catecholaminergic Neurons of Transgenic Mice, Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 20(1-2):921 (1994), (abstract).
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=US05866756__ (290 words)

	The Dopamine Transporter and Cocaine Medication Development: Drug Self-Administration in Nonhuman Primates -- Howell ...
		Kuhar MJ, Ritz MC and Boja JW (1991) The dopamine hypothesis of the reinforcing properties of cocaine.
		Ritz MC, Lamb RJ, Goldberg SR and Kuhar MJ (1987) Cocaine receptors on dopamine transporters are related to self-administration of cocaine.
		Wilcox KM, Rowlett JK, Paul IA, Ordway GA and Woolverton WL (2000) On the relationship between the dopamine transporter and the reinforcing effects of local anesthetics in rhesus monkeys: practical and theoretical concerns.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/298/1/1 (4085 words)

	New finding in studying dopamine transporter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Confirming findings in a previous study, Yale researchers observed an altered availability of the dopamine transporter in healthy persons with a genetic variation linked to substance abuse and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
		The levels of dopamine transporter availability were measured using SPECT imaging, and the dopamine transporter genotypes were determined by co-author Joel Gelernter, M.D. "We are not yet sure if the effects of the variant on transporter levels in our healthy subjects can be generalized to neuropsychiatric disorders," van Dyck said.
		This study replicated and expanded on a preliminary report by Leslie Jacobsen, M.D., and colleagues at Yale, although other studies of the effects of this variation on the availability of the dopamine transporter have yielded contradictory results.
	www.azomed.com /?id=10501 (192 words)

	The Antidepressant-Sensitive Dopamine Transporter in Drosophila melanogaster: A Primordial Carrier for Catecholamines ...
		The vertebrate catecholamine transporters (NET, DAT and fET) and the serotonin transporters (including dSERT) were grouped in two separate branches of the phylogenetic tree.
		Giros B, Jaber M, Jones SR, Wightman RM and Caron MG (1996) Hyperlocomotion and indifference to cocaine and amphetamine in mice lacking the dopamine transporter.
		Ancestry of neuronal monoamine transporters in the Metazoa
	molpharm.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/59/1/83 (7781 words)

	Regulated Trafficking of the Human Dopamine Transporter. CLATHRIN-MEDIATED INTERNALIZATION AND LYSOSOMAL DEGRADATION IN ...
		This phorbol ester-mediated inhibition of dopamine transport is
		Degradation of Transporter Protein after PKC Activation-- The presence of GFP-DAT in lysosomes suggested that the carrier was being targeted for degradation.
		In the MDCK cell system, essentially all of the transporter found at the cell surface is internalized in response to PKC activation.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/274/50/35794 (6246 words)

	Development and Neurobiology: Genetics of Childhood Disorders: XXIV. ADHD, Part 8: Hyperdopaminergic Mice as an Animal ...
		Because dopamine has been strongly implicated in the control of locomotion, particular attention has been given to the interaction of these drugs with the dopamine transporter (DAT).
		The elevation of extracellular dopamine levels is believed to be the primary mechanism by which psychostimulants are able to regulate locomotion.
		Of considerable interest are the recent studies that have suggested that homozygosity for the 10-repeat allele of the dopamine transporter gene may be associated with poor response to methylphenidate.
	info.med.yale.edu /chldstdy/plomdevelop/genetics/01margen.htm (1969 words)

	HHMI News: Knockout Mice Reveal Mechanism of Dopamine Regulation
		Caron and colleagues engineered the mice to mimic drug addicts by knocking out their gene for a brain protein called a "dopamine transporter." Normally, the protein regulates levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine—a potent chemical implicated in addiction, schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease.
		When the transporter is missing, dopamine lingers outside cells, stimulating them "100 to 300 times longer" than normal, Caron said.
		In the body, dopamine exerts some control over locomotion, cognition and certain social behavior, Caron said, noting that locomotion is the easiest to assess in lab animals.
	www.hhmi.org /news/caron.html (334 words)

	High Dopamine Transporter Levels Not Correlated with ADHD
		UPTON, NY - Results from a brain-imaging study conducted at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory in collaboration with Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York indicate that levels of a brain protein proposed as a diagnostic marker for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are not positively correlated with the disease.
		These positron emission tomography (PET) scans show that patients with ADHD had lower levels of dopamine transporters in the nucleus accumbens, a part of the brain's reward center, than control subjects.
		To measure dopamine transporter levels, each subject was given an injection of a radiotracer (a radioactively labeled chemical) designed to bind to dopamine transporters while lying in a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner.
	www.bnl.gov /bnlweb/pubaf/pr/PR_display.asp?prID=06-124 (1359 words)

	The Dopamine Transporter in Mesencephalic Cultures Is Refractory to Physiological Changes in Membrane Voltage -- Prasad ...
		The Dopamine Transporter in Mesencephalic Cultures Is Refractory to Physiological Changes in Membrane Voltage -- Prasad and Amara 21 (19): 7561 -- Journal of Neuroscience
		The Dopamine Transporter in Mesencephalic Cultures Is Refractory to Physiological Changes in Membrane Voltage
		The dopamine transporter (DAT) plays a crucial role in the clearance of extracellular dopamine in brain.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/abstract/21/19/7561 (403 words)

	Striatal Dopamine Transporter Binding in Neuroleptic-Naive Patients With Schizophrenia Studied With Positron Emission ...
		Striatal Dopamine Transporter Binding in Neuroleptic-Naive Patients With Schizophrenia Studied With Positron Emission Tomography -- Laakso et al.
		The dopamine transporter density was measured with PET by using
		Bannon MJ, Granneman JG, Kapatos G: The dopamine transporter: potential involvement in neuropsychiatric disorders, in Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress.
	ajp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/157/2/269 (1490 words)

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