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Topic: Dopaminergic pathways

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mesolimbic pathway

HMG CoA reductase pathway

mesocortical pathway

tuberoinfundibular pathway

neural pathways

Posterior column medial lemniscus pathway

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pathway analysis

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pentose phosphate pathway

alternative pathway

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	Dopaminergic pathways - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The mesocortical pathway transmits dopamine from the VTA to the frontal cortex.
		The nigrostriatal pathway transmits dopamine from the substantia nigra to the striatum.
		The tuberoinfundibular pathway transmits dopamine from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dopaminergic_pathways (279 words)

	[No title]
		Dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra are responsible for controlling the initiation of movement, resting muscle tone and targeted movement, and it is these cells that undergo degeneration in Parkinsons, resulting in the loss of dopaminergic input.
		Serotonin (5-HT) is an indolamine monoamine neurotransmitter synthesized by a pathway analogous to that of the catecholamines.
		The feedback inhibition from the GABA neurons of the globus pallidus and putamen to the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra is an important modulating force on the activity of the dopamine neurons.
	www.cellscience.com /CCA.htm (9601 words)

	THE BRAIN FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
		The third, nigrostriatal pathway projects axons from the substantia nigra to the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), which is involved in motor control.
		Degeneration of the neurons in this pathway is associated with the trembling and muscular rigidity symptomatic of Parkinson’s disease.
		A fourth dopaminergic pathway worth mentioning is the tuberoinfundibular pathway, which connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland, where it influences the secretion of hormones such as prolactin.
	thebrain.mcgill.ca /flash/a/a_03/a_03_cl/a_03_cl_que/a_03_cl_que.html (222 words)

	Specification of Distinct Dopaminergic Neural Pathways: Roles of the Eph Family Receptor EphB1 and Ligand Ephrin-B2 -- ...
		Dopaminergic neurons were cocultured with the ephrin-B2-expressing cells in the presence of various concentrations of the soluble ligand as indicated.
		A, Ephrin-B2 decreases the survival of the substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons.
		substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons from innervating the ligand-rich
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/19/6/2090 (6240 words)

	Dopaminergic control of angiotensin II-induced vasopressin secretion in vitro -- Rossi 275 (4): E687 -- AJP - ...
		Evidence for a stimulatory noradrenergic and inhibitory dopaminergic regulation of oxytocin release in the lactating rat.
		Dopaminergic modulation of evoked vasopressin release from the isolated neurohypophysis of the rat.
		Effects of the dopaminergic drug SKF 82426 and of forskolin on the electrically evoked vasopressin release from the isolated neurointermediate lobe (Abstract).
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/275/4/E687 (3366 words)

	Grants for Neural Circuits: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
		The output of the BG is influenced by two distinct pathways with opposing effects on movement: a direct pathway from the striatum which facilitates movement, and an indirect pathway via the subthalamic nucleus (STN) which inhibits movement.
		In those disorders, not accompanied by death of the dopaminergic neurons, it is likely that a disruption of the activity patterns of those neurons is an important component of the pathology.
		The second project examines the dopaminergic regulation of CaMKII in the MSN; this dendritically-transcribed Ca2+-dependant enzyme regulates phosphorylation of the GluRl subunit of the AMPA receptor and 2B subunit of the NMDA receptor, and is thus a key to effectiveness of excitatoty glutamatergic transmission.
	www.ninds.nih.gov /funding/research/parkinsonsweb/2003neural.htm (11991 words)

	Glutamatergic and dopaminergic contributions to rat bladder hyperactivity after cerebral artery occlusion -- Yokoyama ...
		Dopaminergic pathways from the substantia nigra are reported
		Dopaminergic modulation of glutamate-induced excitations of neurons in the neostriatum and nucleus accumbens of awake, unrestrained rats.
		Dopaminergic and cholinergic modulation of bladder reflexes at the level of the pontine micturition center in the cat.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/276/4/R935 (3811 words)

	Pulsatile Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in the Ovariectomized, Thyroidectomized Red Deer Hind Following Treatment with ...
		to dopaminergic or opioidergic analogues in the absence of gonadal
		response to dopaminergic or opioidergic analogues in the absence
		Evidence that dopaminergic neurons are not involved in the negative feedback effect of testosterone on luteinizing hormone in rams in the non-breeding season.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/59/4/960 (5837 words)

	Neuroanatomical Phenotyping in the Mouse: The Dopaminergic System -- Zeiss 42 (6): 753 -- Veterinary Pathology
		Thus, the function of the direct pathway is to release the thalamus from its pallidal inhibition and increase cortical motor activity.
		The indirect pathway: To engage the indirect pathway, striatal neurons that utilize enkephalin and GABA are activated.
		Therefore, the net effect of the indirect pathway is to decrease activity of the thalamus and, consequently, decrease activity of the cerebral cortex.
	www.vetpathology.org /cgi/content/full/42/6/753 (7045 words)

	Bozarth (ed., 1987): Assessing Drug Reinforcement, Chapter 15
		Locomotor activity, a behavior often linked to activation of dopaminergic neurons in the A nucleus of the VTA, also was observed after local application of morphine (Joyce and Iversen, 1979) or D-Ala (Broekkamp, Phillips, and Cools, 1979b) to this region of the brain.
		Given the attenuation of heroin-induced place preference by pretreatment with neuroleptics (Spyraki et al., 1983), an obvious complement was to examine the effect of 6-OHDA lesions of the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway at the level of the nucleus accumbens.
		Dopaminergic mediation of reward produced by direct injection of enkephalin into the ventral tegmental area of the rat.
	www.addictionscience.net /MARPADc15.htm (6038 words)

	Physiology of Drug Abuse
		Research into the causes and mechanisms of drug abuse have led scientists to conclude that there are distinct areas of the brain involved in the response to psychostimulant substances.
		The PRP includes the dopaminergic pathway from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NA) and extending to the prefrontal cortex.
		Dopaminergic pathways are activated by the neurotransmitter, dopamine.
	www.rnceus.com /meth/neurophys.html (501 words)

	Aapo Honkanen: Modulation of Brain Dopaminergic Neurotransmission in Alcohol-Preferring Rats by Alcohol and Opioids
		Cell bodies of the neurons forming the major ascending dopaminergic pathways are located in the brainstem, in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc, A9) and ventral tegmental area (VTA, A10) (Björklund and Lindvall 1984).
		The mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway is formed by neurons that project from the A10 area to the ventral striatum, i.e.
		However dopaminergic mechanisms are not without a role in the initiation of sensitization, since the blockade of dopamine receptors during a sensitizing treatment can block the development of sensitization (Kalivas and Stewart 1991).
	ethesis.helsinki.fi /julkaisut/mat/farma/vk/honkanen/review.html (11453 words)

	Risperidone (Risperdal) Antipsychotics
		Risperidone was approved for the treatment of schizophrenia by the FDA in December 1993.
		Conventional antipsychotic therapy was based on the assumption that overactive dopaminergic pathways contributed to schizophrenia.
		Since risperidone does not affect dopamine in the nigrostriatal pathway at present doses, extrapyramidal effects are avoided.
	www.rockford.uic.edu /jc/risperid.htm (644 words)

	Tic Disorders
		Numerous candidate genes, mostly involved in central monaminergic pathways and histocompatibility, are being characterized and there is limited evidence to support the role of some of these loci as genes of minor effect in TS (21,22,40).
		Thus far, the mesencephalic monoaminergic (dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic) projections that modulate the activity of the CSTC circuits have received the greatest amount of attention in TS and in related conditions such as OCD and ADHD.
		Dopaminergic hyperinnervation would contribute to the imbalance between the direct and indirect pathways and is consistent with the pharmacological effects dopamine synthesis inhibitors and of D
	www.acnp.org /g4/GN401000161/CH.html (5283 words)

	The Neurobiology of Substance Abuse - The Faculty
		Dr. Ehlert's lab identified the signaling pathways of M2 and M3 receptors in smooth muscle (inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis).
		Gee is a neuropharmacologist whose principal interests lie in the elucidation of mechanisms of regulation of receptor-effector coupling and in the identification of novel signal transduction-based therapeutic strategies for the treatment of disorders amenable to modulation of signal transduction pathways.
		The focus of research in this laboratory concerns the causes and consequences of injury to dopaminergic pathways of the brain.
	www.ucihs.uci.edu /pharmaco/TrainingGrant/faculty.html (2645 words)

	EPA - Endocrine \| Effects of PCBs on Cognitive Function in Rats
		Description: Given evidence that PCB-induced neurotoxicity may involve dopaminergic dysfunction, rats with a history of exposure to PCBs are being tested with two behavioral tests of attention with known sensitivity to dopaminergic manipulations.
		Dopaminergic dysfunction (in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's Disease or after treatment with dopaminergic drugs), has been shown to impede target detection in human patients and in experimental animals.
		It is hypothesized that deficits in these tasks similar to those observed after manipulations of central dopaminergic pathways will appear in rats exposed perinatally to PCB, and/or that PCB-exposed rats will show altered sensitivity to challenges with dopaminergic drugs.
	www.epa.gov /endocrine/inventory/NTD-BUSH.html (356 words)

	News - Deep brain research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The thalamus is part of the brain which controls movement and normally receives stimulation via dopaminergic pathways from the basal ganglia.
		PD causes progressive loss of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, part of the basal ganglia.
		Unlike the previously available surgery, which destroyed parts of the brain, deep brain stimulation does not damage the neuronal pathways and is reversible.
	www.parkinsonsdisease.com /news/new4_arc.htm (449 words)

	University of Fribourg - Units of Biochemistry
		Dopaminergic neurons in the substantian nigra and ventral tegmental area project to the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens/olfactory tubercle, respectively, constituting mesostriatal and mesolimbic pathways.
		EphB1 and ephrin-B2 are expressed in complementary patterns in the midbrain dopaminergic neurons and their targets, and the ligand specifically inhbibits the growth of neurites and induces the cell loss of substantia nigra, but not ventral tegmental, dopaminergic neurons.
		These studies suggest that the ligand-receptor pair may contribute to the establishment of distinct neural pathways by selectively inhibiting the neurite outgrowth and cell survival of mistargeted neurons.
	www.unifr.ch /biochem/dreyer/dreyer.php?page=03406 (216 words)

	Psycoloquy 12(002): Non-dopaminergic Pathways in Nicotine Dependence
		A review by Shoaib (1998), pointed out that if DA appears to be critical in mediating the reinforcing effects of nicotine, evidence derived from studies with local microinjections of the drug suggests that its other stimulus properties may be produced via multiple neuroanatomical substrates.
		The discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine, despite showing some modification with dopaminergic compounds, appear not to be solely mediated via the mesolimbic dopamine system.
		For this, it will be necessary to study the chronic effects of nicotine, but we are desperately in need of a realistic animal model of nicotine chronic administration that better reflects human smoking behaviour.
	www.cogsci.ecs.soton.ac.uk /cgi/psyc/newpsy?12.002 (3635 words)

	CiteULike: Differential nicotinic regulation of the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways: Implications ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The regulation and responses of the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways are often similar, but some differences do exist.
		Thus, it may be possible to stimulate the nigrostriatal pathway with selective nAChR agonists that do not significantly affect the mesolimbic pathway, and thus lack addictive properties.
		Different regulation of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways by nAChRs could be an important basis for developing novel drugs for treatment of Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.
	www.citeulike.org /user/Terkko/article/989506 (449 words)

	Dopamine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Another important dopamine pathway is from the substantia nigra pars compacta to the neostriatum.
		One of the most important CNS dopaminergic pathways projects from the substantia nigra pars compacta to the neostriatum.
		The nigrostriatal pathway degenerates in Parkinson's disease, which produces a loss of dopamine in the neostriatum, an area involved in the coordination of motor function.
	www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu /MBC3320/dopamine.htm (870 words)

	Neurobiology of schizophrenia
		The general view for some time has been that the positive symptoms are related to overactivity of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway, whereas the negative symptoms are related to alterations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and other neurotransmitter systems.
		mesocortical pathway, which projects from the brainstem (midbrain) areas to the cortex, particularly the prefrontal cortex which is involved in the temporal organization of behavior, in motivation, planning, attention and social behavior.
		Well, alterations in dopaminergic functioning could be caused by dysfunction at a number of sites: it could be related to an increase in DA release, in alterations in autoreceptors or postsynaptic receptors, or alterations in reuptake or breakdown.
	www.sci.sdsu.edu /classes/psychology/psy760/schizo.htm (3825 words)

	MDVU Resource Library - Parkinson's Disease - Pathology
		Pathologically, PD is characterized by severe loss of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic neurons, visible in brain sections as depigmentation of the substantia nigra in the midbrain.
		Of special interest are the dopaminergic pathways and the excitatory glutamatergic pathways.
		The main features are the reduced dopaminergic impulses from substantia nigra to the striatum, enhanced excitation of the subthalamic nucleus and the globus pallidus internus, and increased inhibition of the thalamus.
	www.mdvu.org /library/disease/pd/par_path.html (456 words)

	Title page for ETD etd-11302005-154325 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		THE NEUROTOXICITY OF INSECTICIDES TO STRIATAL DOPAMINERGIC PATHWAY
		Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease, which is characterized by severe loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and consequent dopamine depletion in its projecting area.
		In this dissertation, I evaluated the neurotoxicity of several classes of insecticides/drugs/neurotoxins to the striatal dopaminergic pathway and their potential relationship to Parkinsonism in the C57BL/6 mouse model, using biochemical and molecular biology methods.
	scholar.lib.vt.edu /theses/available/etd-11302005-154325 (482 words)

	Dopamine as a Prolactin (PRL) Inhibitor -- Ben-Jonathan and Hnasko 22 (6): 724 -- Endocrine Reviews
		of the dopaminergic neurons innervating the intermediate lobe
		and mesocortical dopaminergic pathways (52), whereas the hypothalamic
		PRL release is suppressed by dopaminergic agonists (92).
	edrv.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/22/6/724 (9596 words)

	Dopamine Receptors: From Structure to Function -- MISSALE et al. 78 (1): 189 -- Physiological Reviews
		This pathway is sensitive to PTX (74, 356), suggesting that G
		area, where it is expressed by dopaminergic neurons (38, 292, 463).
		on central dopaminergic neurons (22, 61, 62, 136, 428).
	physrev.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/78/1/189 (7560 words)

	The Novel Melatonin Agonist Agomelatine (S20098) Is an Antagonist at 5-Hydroxytryptamine2C Receptors, Blockade of Which ...
		Influence of agomelatine compared with melatonin upon the electrical activity of dopaminergic perikarya in the ventral tegmental area, and blockade by agomelatine of the action of Ro60,0175.
		receptors tonically suppress the activity of mesocortical dopaminergic and adrenergic but not serotonergic pathways: a combined dialysis and electrophysiological analysis in the rat.
		Millan MJ, Lejeune F, and Gobert A (2000b) Reciprocal autoreceptor and heteroreceptor control of serotonergic dopaminergic and noradrenergic transmission in the frontal cortex: relevance to the actions of antidepressant agents.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/306/3/954 (6199 words)

	Restless Legs Syndrome/Periodic Limb Movement Disorder : National Sleep Disorders Research Plan, 2003, NCSDR, NHLBI, NIH
		The etiology and pathogenesis of RLS are thought to involve alterations in efficiency of central dopamine neurotransmission, based largely on the clinical observation that dopaminergic drugs relieve symptoms.
		Similar to RLS, PLMD may involve altered central dopamine mechanisms since dopaminergic agents or other drugs that interact with dopamine mechanisms, e.g., opiates, are equally effective treatments for most patients.
		It is possible that abnormal limb movements during sleep may be associated with an unidentified neurophysiological alteration in micro-structure of the EEG sleep pattern.
	www.nhlbi.nih.gov /health/prof/sleep/res_plan/section5/section5d.html (991 words)

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