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	Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
		In 1932 Dorothy Crowfoot graduated from Somerville College at Oxford with a degree in chemistry (her interest in chemistry and crystals began when she was young and was encouraged by her parents and their associates to develop this interest).
		Hodgkin was able to determine that the insulin molecule is a six-part molecule; roughly triangular in shape, consisting of three pairs of molecules that enclose two zinc atoms within the core.
		Hodgkin continued to travel extensively and touched every possible corner of the world throughout her life despite her lifelong struggles with rheumatoid arthritis that did not respond to treatment.
	almaz.com /nobel/chemistry/dch.html (3633 words)

	IRFAN - HEALTH, SCIENCE AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE NEWSLETTER OF FANTEEN CORP.
		In 1932 Dorothy Crowfoot graduated from Somerville College at Oxford with a degree in chemistry (her interest in chemistry and crystals began when she was young and was encouraged by her parents and their associates to develop this interest).
		Hodgkin was able to determine that the insulin molecule is a six-part molecule; roughly triangular in shape, consisting of three pairs of molecules that enclose two zinc atoms within the core.
		Hodgkin inherited these ideals from her mother who was strongly opposed to war because of the deaths of her four brothers.
	www.iedit.com /profiles/news-media/irfan/283.html (3678 words)

	Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin, OM, FRS (May 12, 1910 – July 29, 1994) was a British scientist, born Dorothy Mary Crowfoot in Cairo.
		Dorothy was born in 1910 in Cairo, Egypt, to John Crowfoot, excavator and scholar of classics, and Grace Mary Crowfoot née Hood.
		Insulin was one of Dorothy Hodgkin's extraordinary quests.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin (934 words)

	Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin was born on May 12, 191 0 in Cairo Egypt.
		Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin was elected Chancellor of Bristol University.
		Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin was considered to be a warm and caring person who opened her house to all types of people.
	www.ceemast.csupomona.edu /nova/hodg.html (600 words)

	Dorothy Mary Hodgkin - Wikipedia
		Dorothy Crowfoot war die älteste von vier Töchtern eines englischen Kolonialbeamten in Kairo.
		Ab 1962 war Dorothy Hodgkin Mitglied der Pugwash-Konferenz und setzte sich aktiv für die Verständigung von Wissenschaftlern aus Ost und West ein.
		Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin war die dritte Frau nach Marie Curie (1911) und deren Tochter Irène Joliot-Curie (1935), die diese hohe Ehrung bekam.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dorothy_Crowfoot_Hodgkin (274 words)

	Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
		In 1932 Dorothy Crowfoot graduated from Somerville College at Oxford with a degree in chemistry (her interest in chemistry and crystals began when she was young and was encouraged by her parents and their associates to develop this interest).
		Through this research, Bernal and Hodgkin were able to determine that "the arrangement of atoms inside the protein molecule is of a perfectly definite kind." They also determined that protein crystals should be studied with their mother liquid surrounding them and not air-dried as was the standard of the time.
		Hodgkin was able to determine that the insulin molecule is a six-part molecule; roughly triangular in shape, consisting of three pairs of molecules that enclose two zinc atoms within the core.
	www.almaz.com /nobel/chemistry/dch.html (3633 words)

	Pugwash Review - Dorothy Hodgkin: A Life
		Ferry's book is further enriched by detailing Dorothy's deep pre-occupation with problems of war and peace that brought her to the presidency of Pugwash from 1976-1988, the period when I served as the organization's executive head.
		Dorothy was born the next year and for the first four years of her life she and her family lived the typical life of English expatriates administering the empire in its outposts.
		Dorothy developed early a passion for chemistry, and her mother fostered her interest in science in general.
	www.pugwash.org /reports/pim/hodgkin.htm (1507 words)

	Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Biography \| scit_0712_package.xml (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin was a pioneer in the use of x-ray crystallographic methods for the determination of crystal and molecular structures and is widely regarded as the founder of protein crystallography.
		Hodgkin was further honored with the position of Chancellor at Bristol University, and she served in this role from 1970-88.
		Hodgkin was not only a pioneer in x-ray crystallography and in the determination of the molecular structures of proteins, she was also a pioneer as a woman in the scientific research and academic establishments.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/dorothy-crowfoot-hodgkin-scit-0712 (605 words)

	A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Dorothy Hodgkin
		Though born in the twentieth century, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin had a typical late-nineteenth century upbringing.
		Hodgkin found an interest in chemistry and crystals, a popular hobby for women of leisure in the 1800s.
		Since her youth, Hodgkin was involved in organizations promoting peace, such as the League of Nations.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bmhodg.html (344 words)

	Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
		Hodgkin served as chancellor from 1970 to 1988.
		Dorothy Crowfoot was born in Cairo, Egypt, to English parents.
		Hodgkin served as chancellor of the University of Bristol from 1970 to 1988.
	www.chemheritage.org /classroom/chemach/pharmaceuticals/hodgkin.html (641 words)

	(IUCr) Crystallographers The Papers of Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin
		Dorothy Mary Crowfoot was born in Cairo in 1910 and educated at the Sir John Leman School, Beccles, and Somerville College, Oxford where she read chemistry 1928-1932.
		Hodgkin was elected FRS in 1947 (Royal Medal 1956, Copley Medal 1976; Tercentenary Lecture 1960, Bakerian Lecture 1972), and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964 for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances.
		The papers of Dorothy Hodgkin provide a very full record of her career, research and wider professional and public responsibilities Biographical material includes records of Hodgkin's career, honours and awards, 1928-1990, including documentation of the award of the Nobel Prize, later family and personal correspondence and drafts of an unfinished autobiography.
	www.iucr.org /iucr-top/people/crowfoot.htm (1384 words)

	Alice Stebbins Wells
		Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin was born in 1910 in Cairo, Egypt.
		Hodgkin's contributions to crystallography included solutions of the structures of cholesterol, lacto globulin, ferritin, tobacco mosaic virus, penicillin, vitamin B-12, and insulin, as well as the development of methods for indexing and processing X-ray intensities.
		Hodgkin was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1947 after publishing the structure of penicillin and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964 for her solution of vitamin B-12.
	www.hcc.cc.il.us /Staff/sharonm/bios/hodgkin.htm (246 words)

	(IUCr) Crystallographers The Papers of Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin
		Dorothy Mary Crowfoot was born in Cairo in 1910 and educated at the Sir John Leman School, Beccles, and Somerville College, Oxford where she read chemistry 1928-1932.
		Hodgkin was elected FRS in 1947 (Royal Medal 1956, Copley Medal 1976; Tercentenary Lecture 1960, Bakerian Lecture 1972), and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964 for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances.
		The papers of Dorothy Hodgkin provide a very full record of her career, research and wider professional and public responsibilities Biographical material includes records of Hodgkin's career, honours and awards, 1928-1990, including documentation of the award of the Nobel Prize, later family and personal correspondence and drafts of an unfinished autobiography.
	www.gh.wits.ac.za /iucr-top/people/crowfoot.htm (1384 words)

	Bloomfield Science Museum/Dorothy Hodgkin
		Twenty years later, Dorothy Hodgkin decided that the Bragg method was appropriate to the analysis of biological molecules, and this approach was the focus of the rest of her life's work.
		Dorothy Hodgkin's work became the basis of the field of "macromolecular crystallography" which until today is the dominant method of structural biology.
		Hodgkin was also active throughout her life in the cause of peace, perhaps impelled by the death in World War I of her mother's four brothers.
	www.mada.org.il /website/html/eng/2_1_1-17.htm (648 words)

	Malaspina Great Books - Dorothy Hodgkin (1910-1994)
		Hodgkin's contributions to crystallography included solutions of the structures of cholesterol,; lactoglobulin, ferritin,; tobacco mosaic virus, penicillin,; vitamin B-12, and insulin (a solution on which she worked for 34 years), as well as the development of methods for indexing and processing X-ray intensities.
		Hodgkin was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1947 after publishing the structure of penicillin and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964 for her solution of vitamin B-12.
		Hodgkin and her collaborators produced a more refined solution in 1988, one that took full advantage of computational techniques that can now reduce the time for protein solutions from years to months or weeks.
	www.malaspina.org /home.asp?topic=./search/details&lastpage=./search/results&ID=383 (851 words)

	Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin a British biochemist and crystallographer and was the sole winner of the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for determining the highly complex structure of the vitamin B-12 molecule.
		Hodgkin devoted her career to studying the structures of complex substances through a method called X-ray crystallographic analysis.
		In 1937 she married Thomas Hodgkin, a tutor in adult education and a historian of Africa.
	www.chm.bris.ac.uk /webprojects2003/bennett/dorothyhodgkin.htm (255 words)

	A scientist for peace
		Dorothy Hodgkin, who would be England's first woman Nobel laureate in science, was born on May 12, 1910, in Cairo - just a year before Marie Curie won her second Nobel Prize - to a school inspector, John Crowfoot, and his wife Molly.
		Hodgkin's disease was identified by one of his grand uncles; the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology was won by one of Thomas' nephews.
		Dorothy too would help the cause of these nations in her own way, and of course Bernal would be a source of support for the Hodgkin couple.
	www.hinduonnet.com /fline/fl1805/18050840.htm (2728 words)

	David and Clara Shoemaker Papers - Special Collections - Oregon State University
		Clara does, however, recall one occasion where Hodgkin became exasperated with a young man who could not seem to figure out the structure he was working on, leading Hodgkin to take it home with her in the evening and bring it back in the morning with the solution.
		Clara recalled that Hodgkin had a sister who, with her two children, lived with Hodgkin in the late fifties, helping out with the running of the household, which then consisted of three adults and five children.
		Hodgkin's husband was well-known for his Italian desserts that contained lots of eggs and Marsala wine -- a variation of zabaglione -- that he loved to whip up for guests.
	osulibrary.orst.edu /specialcollections/coll/shoemaker/document-bio-clara2.html (1156 words)

	Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Hodgkin and White were theoretically affiliated with competing pharmaceutical firms, but they ended up jointly publishing the structure of B-12 in 1957; it turned out to be a porphyrin, a type of molecule related to chlorophyll, but with a single atom of cobalt at the center.
		Hodgkin still had to wait until 1957 for a full professorship, however, and it was not until 1958 that she was assigned an actual chemistry laboratory at Oxford.
		Dorothy Crowfoot was born in Cairo, Egypt, in 1910.
	www.bookrags.com /Dorothy_Crowfoot_Hodgkin (5662 words)

	Dorothy Hodgkin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The first time I met Dorothy was in Auburn, Alabama, in the summer of 1948, when she was visiting the United States for the first International Congress of Crystallography; the second time was some eight months later, in Oxford.
		Dorothy didn't really approve of this grandiosity; in her eyes, I think, I was then and forever a typical spoiled American brat.
		But this too Dorothy taught by her example --- that being of one mind was not necessary, but that honesty was essential, and always to be respected.
	bca.cryst.bbk.ac.uk /BCA/obits/dh3.html (894 words)

	Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Dorothy was born on May 10, 1910 in Cairo, Egypt.
		Not only did Dorothy work with scientists from all over the world, one of her most famous students was the former British Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher.
		Dorothy was also known in international circles as a tireless champion of disarmament and world peace.
	www.sjsu.edu /depts/Museum/hodgki.html (452 words)

	Dorothy Hodgkin
		Dorothy Mary Hodgkin was a British scientist, born Dorothy Crowfoot in 1910.
		She studied chemistry at Oxford and Cambridge universities, before becoming a research fellow at Somerville College, Oxford in 1936, a post which she held until 1977.
		She had, among other things, discovered the structure of penicillin, vitamin B12 and insulin.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/do/Dorothy_Hodgkin.html (79 words)

	IRFAN - HEALTH, SCIENCE AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE NEWSLETTER OF FANTEEN CORP.
		Hodgkin discovered that crystals are a solid composed of atoms arranged in a regular and repeated pattern.
		Hodgkin insisted that its core consisted of three rings of carbon atoms and a nitrogen atom.
		Hodgkin inherited these ideals from her mother who was strongly opposed to war because of the deaths of her four brothers.
	iedit.com /profiles/news-media/irfan/283.html (3678 words)

	Granta: Dorothy Hodgkin: A Life
		Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin is so obvious a subject for a biography that I was astonished when I discovered, soon after her death in 1994, that none had been written.
		Dorothy Mary Crowfoot had begun her scientific career in a small private class for the children of parents of modest means and independent views.
		Although Dorothy herself identified that experience as the spark that lit the fuse of her lifelong passion for crystals, the conditions that allowed the fuse to burn were already well established.
	www.granta.com /books/chapters/20 (1323 words)

	Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin - Biography
		Dorothy Crowfoot spent one season between school and university with her parents, excavating at Jerash and drawing mosaic pavements, and she enjoyed the experience so much, that she seriously considered giving up chemistry for archaeology.
		Dorothy Crowfoot was very pleased with the idea; she had heard Bernal lecture on metals in Oxford and became, as a result, for a time, unexpectedly interested in metals; the fact that in 1932 he was turning towards sterols, settled her course.
		Dorothy Hodgkin took part in the meetings in 1946 which led to the foundation of the International Union of Crystallography and she has visited for scientific purposes many countries, including China, the USA and the USSR.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1964/hodgkin-bio.html (961 words)

	(IUCr-Crystallographers Online) Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin by M.F. Perutz
		When Dorothy Hodgkin insisted that its core was a ring of three carbon atoms and a nitrogen which was believed to be too unstable to exist, one of the chemists, John Cornforth, exclaimed angrily: "If that's the formula of penicillin, I'll give up chemistry and grow mushrooms".
		Dorothy Hodgkin's father, J. Crowfoot, was Education Officer in Khartoum and an archaeologist; her mother too was an archaeologist, with a particular interest in the history of weaving.
		Dorothy Hodgkin's uncanny knack of solving difficult structures came from a combination of manual skill, mathematical ability and profound knowledge of crystallography and chemistry.
	www.iucr.org /cww-top/his.hodgkin2.html (1611 words)

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