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Topic: Dorsal respiratory group

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	Apnea
		The neurons of the dorsal respiratory group are intermingled with the neurons of the tractus solitarius.
		The neurons of the ventral respiratory group are intermingled with the neurons of the nucleus ambiguus and retroambigualis (Figure 15.1).
		The efferent connections of the respiratory groups are with the phrenic center, alpha motor neurons of the intercostal muscles, and the cranial nerve motor neurons of the upper airway muscles.
	pediatricneuro.com /alfonso/pg15.htm (226 words)

	Dorsal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In anatomy, the dorsal is the side in which the backbone is located.
		Examples of this include the dorsal fin, dorsal root ganglion, dorsal root, dorsal nerve, dorsum sellae, dorsal arch, dorsalis pedis arteries, dorsal ramus, dorsal respiratory group, dorsal venous arch, and dorsiflexion among others.
		In neurology, dorsal is an outdated term for the medial longitudinal fasciculus in the neural arch.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dorsal (428 words)

	Dorsal -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		In (The branch of morphology that deals with the structure of animals) anatomy, the dorsal is the side in which the (The part of a network that connects other networks together) backbone is located.
		The word dorsal can also refer to a (Edge tool used as a cutting instrument; has a pointed blade with a sharp edge and a handle) knife with only one sharp side.
		The use of dorsal meaning "the back of an animal or fish" dates from the (Click link for more info and facts about 18th century) 18th century, after a (Latin used for liturgical purposes during the Middle Ages) medieval latin source meaning "back".
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/d/do/dorsal.htm (507 words)

	Involuntary control of respiration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		Bilaterally paired aggregations of neuron s called the dorsal respiratory group and the ventral respiratory group, act in inspiration and expiration (respectively), are mutually inhibitory and act with symmetry (facilitated by cross communication).
		The dorsal respiratory group is active during inspiration although they are not the source of rhythmic respiration.
		In addition to involuntary control of respiration by the respiratory center, respiration can be affected by conditions such as emotional state, via input from the limbic system, or temperature, via the hypothalamus.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Involuntary_control_of_respiration.html (933 words)

	respiratory.rhythms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		It remains to be elucidated whether the respiratory inputs are conveyed to the LRN directly from the medullary respiratory center, or indirectly via the spinal cord, or from both.
		A group of neurons located in laminae VII and VIII of the thoracic spinal cord were found to have respiratory rhythm and to ascend in the contralateral spirial cord.
		In particular, respiratory and locomotor inputs to the cerebellum may function in homeostatic adjustments of respiratory movements during locomotion, and this may he revealed as interactions between central rhythm generators of respiration and locomotion.
	webperso.easyconnect.fr /baillement/parakinesie-ezure.html (3360 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Phrenic nerve afferents elicited cord dorsum potential in the cat cervical spinal cord
		This potential appeared to be largest in the dorsal horn grey matter and is generated by a synchronous activation of a population of dorsal horn neurons that respond to stimulation of low-threshold cutaneous afferents.
		The rationale behind the CDP measurement as an assessment of sensory nerve afferent and dorsal horn neuronal functions is the phases of the CDP reflect the different population of afferent fibers activating dorsal horn neurons (Yates et al., 1982; Yates et al., 1985).
		It is therefore concluded that group Ia, group Ib, group II and possibly group III afferents elicit a CDP that is consistent with an ascending phrenic sensory pathway via the dorsal column and the dorsolateral funiculus (spinocervical tract) of the cervical spinal cord.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1472-6793/5/7 (4687 words)

	PROTOZOA - LoveToKnow Article on PROTOZOA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		Von Siebold pointed out that in the Protozoa the individual was always a single vital unit or cell, in contrast with the higher division of the animal kingdom, the Metazoa, in which the body is generally, though not universally, regarded as composed of many such units.
		In many of the corticate groups, however, there must be placed amoeboid, non-corticate forms, such as Mastigamoeba amongst the Flagellata, or the malarial parasites amongst the Sporozoa.
		Four main groups of Protozoa, of the rank of classes, are universally recognized, however they may be combined into larger categories; these are the Sarcodina, Mastigophora, Sporozoa and Infusoria.
	43.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PR/PROTOZOA.htm (10571 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		the part of the respiratory centers that is in the medulla oblongata, divided between the dorsal respiratory group and the ventral respiratory group.
		respiratory c.’s a series of centers in the medulla and pons which coordinate respiratory movements; they include the pneumotaxic center, the apneustic center, and the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups.
		a group of cells in the lateral hypothalamus that when stimulated cause a sensation of thirst.
	www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_c_20zPzhtm (2234 words)

	OC Goldmine
		It appears, therefore, that these superficial structures might be essential in driving the respiratory center in anesthetized cats in the absence of peripheral afferents.
		If it is assumed that specialized receptors on the ventrolateral surface of the medulla oblongata are capable of sensing changes in their chemical environtment, then these receptors should respond by transmitting information to the respiratory centers, thus providing the centers with the necessary input required for reflex adjustments of pulmonary ventilation.
		In this investigation, HRP, a neuronal tracer, was utilized to ascertain the possible connections between the VMS and the deeper-lying respiratory structures.
	www.oakwood.edu /ocgoldmine/adoc/faculty/apaul/index.html (1410 words)

	Untitled Document
		The rhythms in firing of the dorsal respiratory group neurons probably comes from 'pacemaker neurons' (analagous to the pacemakers in the heart) that are also located in the medulla oblongata.
		The ventral respiratory group neurons are involved in various aspects of normal as well as forced exhalations, but to keep things simple, let's concern ourselves with how they help stop the dorsal respiratory group neurons from firing and thereby act to limit the period of inhalation.
		So the dorsal respiratory group excites the phrenics (which cause inspiration) AND in the meantime, the dorsal respiratory group excites the ventral respiratory group which excites the solitary tract nucleus neurons which inhibit the dorsal respiratory group and stops inspiration.
	fog.ccsf.cc.ca.us /~rmeckler/respiratory.htm (3344 words)

	RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		The respiratory system consists of tubes that filter incoming air and transport it into the microscopic alveoli where gases are exchanged.
		The dorsal respiratory group is responsible for the basic rhythm of breathing.
		The respiratory membrane consists of the epithelial cells of the alveolus, the endothelial cells of the capillary,
	www.sirinet.net /~jgjohnso/respiratorysys.html (1401 words)

	RESTING BREATHING PATTERN and ITS PERIPHERAL MODULATION
		The functional organization of the neuro-mechanical unit is based on the 'feedback loop criteria': the respiratory neurons send impulses to the respiratory muscles and, from the periphery, information is conveyed back, mostly from specific receptors placed in the lungs and the chest [Fig.3].
		The ventral groups are associated with the region of the Nucleus Ambiguus (NA) and the Nucleus Retroambigualis (NRA), and contain both inspiratory and expiratory neurons.
		The nature of the cellular organization of the respiratory nuclei involved in the generation of respiratory activity, including those presumed involved in breathing rhythmicity, still remains one of the major mysteries of the neurophysiology of breathing.
	www.medicine.mcgill.ca /physio/resp-web/TEXT4.htm (7360 words)

	Respiratory responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone microinjected into the rabbit medulla oblongata -- Mutolo et al. ...
		Responses to TRH (10 mM) microinjections (10 nl) in the dorsal respiratory group (A), the area postrema (B), and the caudal ventral respiratory group (C).
		Respiratory neurons in the medulla of the rabbit: distribution, discharge patterns and spinal projections.
		Respiratory responses to electrical and chemical stimulation of the area postrema in the rabbit.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/277/5/R1331 (4920 words)

	IPHY 3430 Human Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		But because the respiratory pigment consists of 4 Hb units (two alpha and two beta), which interact to some extent, the loading of O2 onto the respiratory pigment resembles a sigmoidal curve, called the O2 dissociation curve.
		Respiratory pigments have two functional characteristics: 1) O2 capacity or the ml O2 carried in 100 ml of blood and 2) O2 affinity or the tendency of respiratory pigment to accept O2.
		Normal breathing is controlled an endogenous rhythmic pattern generator in the Dorsal Respiratory Group of the medulla.
	www.colorado.edu /epob/epob1220lynch/12respir.html (1248 words)

	Urban Entomology [Ebeling Chap. 9 part 3] Pests Attacking Mand and His Pets
		A group of rodents maintains the infection, and if domiciliary rats or mice come in contact with such a focus of infection, the disease may be carried to human habitations and human cases may result.
		Rickettsias are a group of microorganisms about the size of small bacteria, and on the biologic scale they lie between the viruses and the bacteria.
		The members of the suborder Trombidiformes are characterized by the respiratory system, when present, opening in the region of the gnathosoma, the portion of the body bearing the mouth and its appendages.
	www.entomology.ucr.edu /ebeling/ebel9-3.html (19692 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		a group of bacteria composed of the genera Clostridium, Mycobacterium, and Nocardia, characterized by common peptidoglycan and mycolic acid constituents in the cell walls.
		part of the medullary respiratory center running the length of the medulla oblongata, largely within the nucleus of the solitary tract; its main function is to control the basic rhythm of respiration.
		part of the medullary respiratory center running the length of the medulla oblongata within and next to the nucleus ambiguus; these neurons mainly function during strong, active respiration, moving voluntary muscles in the control of inhalation and exhalation or modifying the behavior of other respiratory motoneurons.
	www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_g_12zPzhtm (3670 words)

	Functional organization of respiratory neurones: a brief review of current questions and speculations -- Duffin 89 (5): ...
		Abbreviations: nA, nucleus ambiguus; nVII, facial nucleus; nXII, hypoglossal nucleus; nTS, nucleus of the solitary tract; DRG, dorsal respiratory group; PRG, pontine respiratory group; RVLM, rostral ventrolateral medulla; pFRG, para-facial respiratory group; VRG, ventral respiratory group; and C4, corresponding segment of the spinal cord.
		Respiratory rhythm persists after suppression of chloride-mediated inhibition by combined administration of bicuculline and strychnine, although the drugs profoundly change the activity pattern of a pre-I cell.
		Functional significance of the dorsal respiratory group in adult and newborn rats: in vivo and in vitro studies.
	ep.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/89/5/517 (5222 words)

	Involuntary control of respiration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		From within the medulla, graded action potentials are discharged in a cyclic pattern, and act to excite respiratory muscles.Bilaterally paired aggregations of neurons called the dorsal respiratory group and the ventral respiratorygroup, act in inspiration and expiration (respectively), are mutually inhibitory and act with symmetry (facilitated by crosscommunication).
		The dorsal respiratory group is active during inspiration although they are not the source of rhythmicrespiration.
		In addition to involuntary control of respiration by the respiratory center, respiration can be affected by conditions such asemotional state, via input from the limbic system, or temperature, via the hypothalamus.
	www.therfcc.org /involuntary-control-of-respiration-88457.html (563 words)

	Respiratory changes induced by kainic acid lesions in rostral ventral respiratory group of rabbits -- Mutolo et al. 283 ...
		The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the respiratory responses induced by bilateral KA microinjections.
		Respiratory rhythmicity after extensive lesions of the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups in the decerebrate cat.
		The effects of microstimulation and microlesions in the ventral and dorsal respiratory groups in medulla of cat.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/283/1/R227 (8977 words)

	Functional significance of the dorsal respiratory group in adult and newborn rats: in vivo and in vitro studies. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		The involvement of the dorsal part of the medulla (the so-called dorsal respiratory group: DRG) in the networks participating in respiratory function was investigated in newborn (in vitro) and adult (in vivo) rats.
		In the dorsal part of the medulla of the isolated brainstem of newborn rats, no respiratory neurons were found and stimulations or lesions neither modified nor suppressed the respiratory output.
		In adult rats, lesion of the DRG areas by electrocoagulation induced transient changes in respiratory timing, and resulted in a significant decrease in the amplitude of the contralateral phrenic output.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_2336178.html (208 words)

	Natural Healing
		Therefore, during non-sleep rest as well as in times of higher metabolic demand, use of the intercostal groups for ventilation is likely to raise overall arousal levels, and reduce the restorative properties of the rest, whereas relying on the diaphragm may minimize the co-stimulation of other striate musculature.
		Stimulated by "inspiratory ramp signals" from the dorsal respiratory group of the medulla oblongata, the diaphragm performs smooth and gradual contractions to cause inspiration; exhalation is achieved solely by the elastic recoil of the diaphragm, lung tissue and abdominal wall and contents.
		It is only at elevated respiratory rates that muscular effort comes into play: from the rectus abdominus and the external intercostals adding power to the exhalation, and the internal intercostals assisting the diaphragm with inspiration.
	www.bloomington.in.us /~wellness/articles.htm (11537 words)

	quiz questions and answers on respiratory system
		Access Respiratory Supply provides home delivery of respiratory medicine such as nebulizers, and the most popular albuterol products including albuterol inhaler.
		Access Respiratory Supply dispenses medications in simple, easy-to-use unit dose vials for your safety and convenience.
		Respiratory system information - Test your knowledge of respiratory tract infections with our interactive on-line quiz.
	www.asthma-treatments-direct.com /54/quiz-questions-and-answers-on-respiratory-system.html (662 words)

	Central Control of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems and Their Interactions in Vertebrates -- Taylor et al. 79 ...
		This group of vertebrates is composed of the myxinoids (e.g., Myxine, the hagfish) and the petromyzontes (e.g., Lampetra,
		for respiratory rhythmogenesis in the neonate (e.g., Ref. 523).
		the cardiovascular and respiratory responses evoked in mammals
	physrev.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/79/3/855 (11027 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		Respiratory Centers of the Brain: Medullary centers 1.
		Respiratory Centers of the Brain: the Pons 1.
		Pontine respiratory centers act to modify the activity of the DRG.
	www.calstatela.edu /faculty/plapolt/200b/lect26b.txt (460 words)

	Non-respiratory Air Movements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		The respiratory center is a poorly defined area of the brain stem.
		One group, the dorsal respiratory group controls the basic rhythm of breathing.
		The other group is the ventral respiratory group, which becomes active in forceful breathing.
	www.xecu.net /kiirenza/anatomy/nobreath.htm (273 words)

	APStracts 6:0261R, 1999. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		We investigated the respiratory role of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) input to medullary structures involved in the control of breathing in anesthetized, vagotomized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated rabbits.
		Microinjections (10-20 nl) of 1 or 10 mM TRH were performed into different regions of the ventral respiratory group (VRG), namely the rostral expiratory portion or B[diaeresis]otzinger complex (B[diaeresis]ot.
		TRH microinjections were also performed into the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and the area postrema (AP).
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/1999/regulatory/July/261r.html (265 words)

	Apnea
		Apnea may present to the physician either as a precise description of a prolonged respiratory pause in a neonate being monitored in the intensive care unit or as an imprecise description of a life-threatening episode.
		These steps include: (1) close monitoring, (2) increased level of readiness to provide respiratory support, (3) clinical and laboratory investigations to determine the cause of apnea, and sometimes, (4) empirical or specific treatment to eliminate or correct the cause of apnea based on the results from the initial clinical and laboratory investigations.
		A rational approach to determining the cause of apnea rests on clear understanding of the neuroanatomy of the breathing apparatus.
	www.pediatricneuro.com /alfonso/pg13.htm (140 words)

	DHEA, antibiotics, Weight Loss drugs, weight loss herbs, weight loss herbal formula, hair loss, hair growth, buy Rx ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-04)
		In this study we investigated the occurrence and origin of punctate nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in the neuropil of the phrenic nucleus in C3-C5 segments, supposed to be the terminal field of the premotor bulbospinal respiratory nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive pathway in the dog.
		Nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons were revealed in the dorsal respiratory group of medulla corresponding to the ventrolateral nucleus of the solitary tract and in the rostral ventral respiratory group beginning approximately 1 mm caudal to the obex and reaching to 650 microm rostral to the obex.
		Axotomy-induced retrograde changes, consisting in a strong upregulation of nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons, were found in the dorsal and rostral ventral respiratory group contralateral to the hemisection performed at the C2-C3 level.
	www.twinpharm.com /ref-nicotinamide/nicotinamide-research-abs4.131.html (1405 words)

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