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Topic: Dorsal stream

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dorsal stream

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lateral dorsal nucleus

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	Ventral stream - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The visual cortex is divided into the ventral stream and the dorsal stream.
		From caudal to rostral, the ventral stream consists of visual areas V1 (primary visual cortex), V2, V4, and the areas of the inferior temporal cortex: PIT (posterior inferotemporal), CIT (central inferotemporal), and AIT (anterior inferotemporal).
		All the areas in the ventral stream are influenced by extraretinal factors in addition to the nature of the stimulus in their receptive field.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ventral_stream (259 words)

	Dorsal stream -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The dorsal stream is one of two main pathways of the visual cortex, the other being the (Click link for more info and facts about ventral stream) ventral stream.
		It is interconnected with the parallel ventral stream (the "what" stream) which runs downward from V1 into the (That part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying inside the temples of the head) temporal lobe.
		The dorsal stream commences with purely visual functions in the occipital lobe before gradually transferring to spatial awareness at its termination in the parietal lobe.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/d/do/dorsal_stream.htm (345 words)

	Being about - Chapter 4 - Ellie Epp
		Dorsal visual areas propagating magno response are found to be directly connected to the superior colliculus and pons in the midbrain, which gives them fast access to evolutionarily early motor systems setting up reflex motion and whole body orientation.
		In the cortex, therefore, the dorsal stream has had to increase parietal and frontal structure to coordinate the new motor capabilities, and, after the addition of new parvo-based ventral structure, ventral-dorsal connections have had to be added to integrate detailed object vision with existing action-related location and motion vision.
		We've seen that dorsal vision, constantly active in organizing the muscular means both of action for purposes of perception and of action per se, is definitely a kind of perception; but at the same time, being magno-based, it is a kind of vision minimally included in the visual hyperactivity of the parvo stream.
	www.sfu.ca /~elfreda/theory/beingabout/ch4.html (14254 words)

	Visual cortex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The dorsal stream begins with V1, goes through Visual area V2, then to Visual area V3, Visual area MT (also known as V5) and to the inferior parietal lobule.
		The dorsal stream, sometimes called the "Where Pathway" or the "How Pathway", is associated with motion, representation of object locations, and control of the eyes and arms, especially when visual information is used to guide saccades or reaching.
		V4 is the third cortical area in the ventral stream, receiving strong feedforward input from V2 and sending strong connections to the posterior inferotemporal cortex (PIT).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Visual_cortex (2259 words)

	Selective dorsal and ventral processing:
		Their view of dorsal processing is supported by human neuropsychological studies and neurophysiological work in macaques, especially by single cell recordings (see Milner and Goodale, 1995).
		A related distinction was recently suggested by Jeannerod (1994) who differentiated a "semantic mode" of processing, located in the temporal lobe (ventral stream) and a "pragmatic mode", located in the parietal cortex (dorsal stream).
		Data that show the same firing rate differences in the dorsal stream with a target-distractor-configuration are currently missing (see, for dorsal attention single cell effects, Bushnell et al., 1981; Desimone and Duncan, 1995).
	www.paed.uni-muenchen.de /~deubel/POINT.HTM (7828 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, (NAS Colloquium) Neuroimaging of Human Brain Function (1998)
		The occipitotemporal pathway, or “ventral stream,” is crucial for the identification of objects, whereas the occipitoparietal pathway, or “dorsal stream,” is crucial for spatial perception (7, 8) and for the visual guidance of movements toward objects in space (9, 10).
		Areas in the dorsal stream, having primarily visuospatial functions, are shown in green, and areas in the ventral stream, having primary object recognition functions, are shown in red.
		The ventral stream in the human brain, unlike that in the monkey, is located almost entirely on the ventral surface of the temporal lobe; in addition, it does not extend as far anteriorly in the human compared with the monkey.
	www.nap.edu /openbook/0309060273/html/121.html (7758 words)

	bbsOnline - Model Commentary
		However, the ventral stream predominantly hosts representations for properties of objects expressed by objectual predicates (e.g., by adjectives like red, vertical or, in more complex cases, by nouns like square, circle), while columns in the dorsal stream predominantly represent properties of events, e.g., the direction or speed of motion.
		According to Merigan and Maunsell (1993), the dorsal stream (involving, inter alia, the thick stripes, the middle temporal (MT), medial superior temporal, lateral parietal and ventral parietal areas and area 7a) receives input predominantly from the magno pathway via lateral geniculate nucleus.
		However, the dorsal stream is predominantly occupied with the representation of events, which are dynamic in nature.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /~jim/BBSNEURO/werning.html (1315 words)

	IngentaConnect Dorsal stream activation during retrieval of object size and shap... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		We investigated dorsal visual stream involvement in the retrieval of a variety of visual attributes of common objects, using functional magnetic resonance imaging.
		Consistent with a domain-specific distributed model of semantic organization, the finding that dorsal stream activity is associated with size and shape retrieval, as compared with color retrieval, may indicate that both size and shape information are learned partly through dorsally mediated processes, such as visually guided grasping.
		These results demonstrate that both visual-processing streams (i.e., the ventral "what" pathway and the dorsal "where" pathway) are involved in the storage and/or retrieval of knowledge of object appearance but that, just as in vision, these two pathways may play different roles in conceptual processing.
	api.ingentaconnect.com /content/psocpubs/cabn/2003/00000003/00000004/art00005 (234 words)

	Section A - Behavioral with neuroscience techniques
		First, they suggest that there is a dorsal stream that goes from V1 to the parietal areas of the cortex that is used in the perception of the size, shape and location of objects.
		Secondly, they suggest a ventral stream that goes from V1 to the temporal visual areas of the cortex that is associated with object recognition.
		This proposal stems from a patient who was blind, but her dorsal stream was intact as evidenced by her being able to see "unconsciously" location, shape and size.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /~dccrow/gradcore_old/sectionA.html (942 words)

	Attention, Consciousness, and the Damaged Brain: Insights From Parietal Neglect and Extinction
		They suggest that a ventral stream, terminating in the inferotemporal cortex, is involved in maintaining an enduring, viewpoint-independent, representation of objects and their behavioural significance (the so-called "what" pathway).
		In contrast, they suggest that a dorsal stream, terminating in the posterior parietal cortex, is involved in providing an egocentric representation of objects toward which goal directed actions are planned (the so-called "how" pathway).
		Thus, although I agree with Milner and Goodale that the ventral stream, and the IPL in particular, is critical for visual awareness, I believe the reason for this may lie in its role in forming intentions to act toward particular locations in space.
	psyche.cs.monash.edu.au /v5/psyche-5-14-mattingley.html (6270 words)

	The Neural Basis of Predicate-Argument Structure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Thus, although predicates/properties are delivered by the ventral stream it would not be surprising if a few of the mental predicates available to a human being did not also correspond at least roughly to information of the type used by the dorsal stream.
		noticed the early neurological literature on ventral and dorsal streams and proposed a connection between the `where'/`what' dichotomy and the linguistic distinction between prepositions and common nouns.
		Their reasoning is that the dorsal stream provides a bare minimum of information about the location of an object (no more than is encoded by the small inventory of prepositions in a language), while the ventral stream does all the rest of the work that may be necessary in categorizing it.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /~jim/newro.htm (20003 words)

	Ventral stream (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Visual information enters theventral stream through the primary visual cortex andtravels through the rest of the areas in sequence.
		All the areas in the ventral stream are influenced by extraretinal factors in addition to the nature of the stimulus in theirreceptive field.
		Thus the ventral stream does not merely provide a description of the elements in the visualworld—it also plays a crucial role in judging the significance of these elements.
	www.therfcc.org /ventral-stream-147303.html (240 words)

	Journal of Vision - Visually-guided grasping produces fMRI activation in dorsal but not ventral stream brain areas, by ...
		Purpose: Visual processing is dissociated between a dorsal (occipitoparietal) stream for action and a ventral (occipitotemporal) stream for perceptual recognition.
		Negligible grasp-specific activation was observed in ventral stream object areas.
		The dorsal stream area that was activated is a likely human homologue of monkey AIP, an area containing neurons that code object shape and fire during grasping.
	www.journalofvision.org /1/3/194 (381 words)

	CiteULike: Dorsal and ventral streams: a framework for understanding aspects of the functional anatomy of language. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The ventral stream projects ventro-laterally toward inferior posterior temporal cortex (posterior middle temporal gyrus) which serves as an interface between sound-based representations of speech in the superior temporal gyrus (again bilaterally) and widely distributed conceptual representations.
		The dorsal stream projects dorso-posteriorly involving a region in the posterior Sylvian fissure at the parietal-temporal boundary (area Spt), and ultimately projecting to frontal regions.
		Although the proposed dorsal stream represents a very tight connection between processes involved in speech perception and speech production, it does not appear to be a critical component of the speech perception process under normal (ecologically natural) listening conditions, that is, when speech input is mapped onto a conceptual representation.
	www.citeulike.org /user/UWerplab/article/252308 (407 words)

	Michael Levine
		The dorsal stream seems to be concerned with position of objects, probably to provide direct control of visually guided movements within the near space (i.e.: hand-eye coordination).
		The ventral stream seems to be the source of the fine discriminations that enable us to recognize objects; that is, it is the gateway to cognitive awareness.
		The dorsal stream is dominated (but certainly not exclusively) by input from the magnocellular system, a collection of cells that respond best to rapid changes in time.
	tigger.uic.edu /~mikel (575 words)

	"Perception Through Action" by Vittorio Gallese, Laila Craighero, Luciano Fadiga and Leonardo Fogassi
		Milner and Goodale (1995) make two major points: (1) The dorsal stream processes visual information for motor purposes; (2) Action and perception are two completely separate domains, the latter being an exclusive property of the ventral stream.
		Summing up, within the dorsal stream, there are parallel cortico-cortical circuits, each of which elaborates a specific type of visual information in order to guide different types of action.
		Further evidence supporting the notion of the involvement of the dorsal stream in cognitive tasks is provided by an elegant neuropsychological study by Sirigu et al.
	psyche.cs.monash.edu.au /v5/psyche-5-21-gallese.html (2727 words)

	The Visual Brain
		The normal visual brain consists of two components; the dorsal and the ventral stream.
		The dorsal stream consists of the posterior parietal cortex.
		Optic ataxia is a disorder of the dorsal stream where people experience difficulty in reaching for objects in a goal oriented task.
	ahsmail.uwaterloo.ca /~kazuj/brain.htm (489 words)

	Related Studies and Evidence for the Dorsal Stream (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Destruction of the superior colliculus produced symptoms that led Schneider to conclude that it is the visual cortex system that is responsible for the perception of pattern and space while the superior colliculus system is responsible for the perception of space.
		He found that it is the superior colliculus system or the dorsal stream that is responsible for what he called "ambient " vision or the "where" information while it is the cortex that is responsible for "focal" vision or the "what" information.
		The ventral cortical stream is responsible for the "what" perception and the dorsal stream is responsible for the "where" perceptions.
	www.undergrad.ahs.uwaterloo.ca /kin356/dorsal/Related%20Studies%20and%20Evidence%20for%20the%20Dorsal%20Stream.htm (405 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Within the dorsal stream are such important visual functions as spatial awareness, orientation in space and eye-hand-coordination, within the ventral stream many recognition and matching functions, colour and motion perception.
		Orientation of lines may thus be present or absent in higher visual functions either in the ventral or the dorsal stream or both.
		Sometimes the dorsal stream functions have not been damaged at all while the ventral stream functions are totally or nearly totally lost.
	www.lea-test.fi /en/assessme/trans2 (1299 words)

	[No title]
		SB has lesions in the ventral stream bilaterally and in the right dorsal stream.
		Neuropsychological investigations have indicated that the patient has a severe visual object recognition deficit (colour, faces, words), although movement and space perception, along with visual acuity, tactile recognition, and global intelligence, are largely preserved.
		An other explanation is that, as the paradigm was relatively trivial for the Controls, this particular activation in SB’s dorsal stream may be due to attentional processes rather than cerebral plasticity.
	www.neurologie.uni-duesseldorf.de /HBM99/cd/attention/2197.html (505 words)

	Research
		Two broad "streams" of projections from primary visual cortex have been identified: a ventral stream projecting to the inferotemporal cortex and a dorsal stream projecting to the posterior parietal cortex.
		In contrast, the transformations carried out by the dorsal stream deal with moment-to-moment information about the location and disposition of objects with respect to the effector being used and thereby mediate the visual control of skilled actions directed at those objects.
		The hollow-face illusion is thought to arise within the ventral stream and as a consequence should not affect visuomotor computations in the dorsal stream.
	www.ssc.uwo.ca /psychology/faculty/goodale/research (2685 words)

	980527-01 - UWO Department of Ophthalmology
		Riddoch examined WWI soldiers with gunshot wounds that affected the calcerine cortex (V1) who demonstrated a dissociation of visual perception, such that motion is perceived in a portion of the visual field otherwise blind due to occipital lobe injury.
		There are connections from the dorsal stream to the ventral stream.
		Consequently damage to V1, while not directly invading either of the 2 streams, would effectively denervate the ventral stream but would leave part of the dorsal stream intact.
	www.uwo.ca /ophthalmol/GR/97-98/980527-01.htm (652 words)

	2350 study guide - chap 4
		Areas in the extrastriate cortex that compose the dorsal stream
		The behavioral consequence of damage to areas in the dorsal stream
		Using the size-contrast illusion to demonstrate the dissociation between processing in the dorsal stream and processing in the ventral stream
	faculty.uca.edu /~billl/2350/2350guide4.htm (188 words)

	Synaptic
		It was suggested that the connections of the dorsal paretial areas to the cerebellum indicated that these areas might be important for the visual control of movement.
		When they lesioned the dorsal stream, they found that monkeys were seriously impaired in their ability to guide their hands and wrists to pick up objects.
		This was clear evidence that the first pathway between motor and visual areas was via the dorsal stream of extrastriate visual areas, as loss of these areas would severely limit ability to visually guide movement.
	neurosynaptic.blogspot.com (2490 words)

	When is movement controlled by the dorsal stream?
		While this position is inherently attractive, due to the demonstrated successes of each philosophy in isolation and congruence with the neurophysiological evidence of Goodale and colleagues (e.g., Milner & Goodale 1992,1995), the weakness lies in its ability to unify the viewpoints in a cohesive manner.
		The important feature here is how the dorsal system is able to benefit from the learning apparently accomplished within the ventral stream.
		But, without structural (or virtual) memory, whether by self-organization or supervised (executive) control, the dorsal stream is incomplete as a component of a learning system.
	www.bbsonline.org /documents/a/00/00/09/72/bbs00000972-00/Binsted_and_Carlton_(BBS_2002).htm (1079 words)

	Ventral/dorsal, predicate/argument: the transformation from perception to meaning. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This asymmetry, I argued in the target article, finds a parallel in the separation between the ventral and dorsal streams identified in the visual perception systems of higher mammals (and to a lesser extent in their auditory systems).
		Werning argues that properties in the general super-category of motion are detected by the dorsal stream.
		Given the insistence in the target article that objects are located by the dorsal stream and assigned properties by the ventral stream, a solution by co-oscillation in neighbouring regions is not available to me, as Werning points out.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /~jim/bbsreply5.html (9761 words)

	[No title]
		The concept of 'stream', which refers to what in reality is a smooth variation in a continuous sheet, is one of the most misleading concepts in neuroscience today.
		General: The idea of having 'streams', which implies a well defined route of flow (of information, in this case), in the cortex is clear nonsense, because the cortex has an extremely complex connectivity, with information flowing in almost every direction from every point.
		Despite the complexity of the interconnections between these different areas, two broad "streams" of projections from V1 have been identified in the macaque monkey brain: a ventral stream projecting eventually to the inferotemporal cortex and a dorsal stream projecting to the posterior parietal cortex (Ungerleider and Mishkin 1982).
	human-brain.org /mitecs.html (11732 words)

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