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Topic: Dorsal striatum

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dorsal fin

dorsal stream

dorsal root ganglion

lateral dorsal nucleus

dorsal respiratory group

dorsal tegmental area

dorsal root

dorsal interossei muscles

Dorsal Metacarpal Arteries

dorsal artery

dorsal striatum

Second dorsal fin

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	Reptile Brain Research -- Neurotransmitter.net
		The striatum is the major receptive structure of the BG in all tetrapods and receives its main inputs from the cortex (or pallium), the thalamus and the dopaminergic neurons of the VTA-SN complex.
		Differences between the dorsal thalamus of reptiles and that of mammals are the absence of reciprocal telencephalic efferents to the dorsal thalamus and lack of local circuit neurons in reptiles (with the exception of the dorsal geniculate complex in turtles) and their presence in mammals.
		The anterior dorsal ventricular ridge in reptiles is probably homologous to the neostriatum and ventral hyperstriatum in birds and to the endopiriform nucleus in mammals.
	www.neurotransmitter.net /reptilebrain.html (11614 words)

	[No title]
		Thus the amygdala is part of the basal ganglia which is composed of several major nuclei which include the corpus (or dorsal) striatum ("striped bodies") i.e., the caudate and putamen which are extensively interconnected and which project to a variety of brain areas including the immediately adjacent globus pallidus ("pale globe").
		The dorsal globus pallidus although related to the hypothalamus and midbrain, is in many respects coextensive and appears to merge with the putamen giving the entire structure the appearance of a camera lens.
		In fact the human corpus and limbic striatum are sandwiched between the posterior/ventral medial/lateral "tail" and the extended centro-medial "nose" (or internal shoulder) of this nucleus.
	brainmind.com /AmygdalaStriatum.html (7403 words)

	[No title]
		These include the corpus (or dorsal) striatum ("striped bodies") i.e., the caudate and putamen which are extensively interconnected and which project to a variety of brain areas including the immediately adjacent globus pallidus ("pale globe").
		1992); the limbic striatum being implicated in Alzheimer's disease.
		Similarly, the dorsal portion of the substantia innominata ("great unknown") merges (dorsally) with the ventral globus pallidus (and ventrally with the centro-medial amygdala), and maintains interconnections with the accumbens, hippocampus, lateral amygdala, and dorsal medial (DM) nucleus of the thalamus (Young et al.
	brainmind.com /BasalGanglia.html (13758 words)

	The Neostriatal Mosaic, CR Gerfen, Ann Rev Neurosci 1992
		In the striatum, this transition of corticostriatal patch-matrix systems is exemplified by the relative paucity of the patch compartment in striatal areas receiving neocortical inputs, particularly in the putamen of the primate.
		A regional transition occurs in the composition of the neurons of the globus pallidus: the dorsal pallidum is composed of mainly GABAergic neurons with infrequent cholinergic neurons, whereas in the ventral pallidum this mixture of neurons is reversed (Grove et al 1986).
		The dopaminergic regulation of the expression of dynorphin in the dorsal striatum may serve as a model of the functional significance of the patch-matrix compartments as they relate to the regulation of the balanced opposition of striatopallidal and striatonigral output systems (Figure 7, Gerfen et al 1991).
	www.nervenet.org /netpapers/gerfen/striatum92.html (12924 words)

	Dopamine Release in the Dorsal Striatum during Cocaine-Seeking Behavior under the Control of a Drug-Associated Cue -- ...
		involvement of the DA innervation of the dorsal striatum in the
		The magnitude of the DA increase in the dorsal striatum in the
		Haber SN, Fudge JL, McFarland NR (2000) Striatonigrostriatal pathways in primates from an ascending spiral from the shell to the dorsolateral striatum.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/22/14/6247 (5567 words)

	basal ganglia.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Peptides expressed in striatopallidal afferents show regional variations; enkephalin is densest in terminals in the dorsal pallidum, whereas substance P is densest in terminals in -the ventral pallidum (Alheid and Heimer 1988, Haber and Nauta 1983).
		The functional significance of the differential pattern of muscarinic receptor subtype distribution in the striatum is not yet clear; however, their localization does place the subtypes in a position to mediate cholinergic regulation of striatal output neurons.
		In the normal striatum, complex interactions may occur between subpopulations of striatal output neurons and interneurons that establish a balance in the regulation of the two output systems.
	www.unifr.ch /biochem/DREYER/BG.html (12753 words)

	Cocaine and the Changing Brain - Nancy R. Zahniser, Ph.D.
		Thus, we focused on the DAT in dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens.
		DA clearance rate was determined from the slope of the initial linear portion of the decay curve, that is, the slope between the points when the signal had decayed by 20 percent and 60 percent from its maximal amplitude.
		She found that a significantly larger volume of DA had to be ejected in the wildtype than in the knockout mice to produce a maximal signal amplitude of 2-3&M. The DA clearance rate was also higher in the wildtype mice.
	www.nida.nih.gov /meetsum/ccb/zahniser.html (3110 words)

	Aapo Honkanen: Modulation of Brain Dopaminergic Neurotransmission in Alcohol-Preferring Rats by Alcohol and Opioids
		Since dopamine was found to be concentrated especially into the striatum, a brain area known to participate in the extrapyramidal motor activity, it was suggested that dopamine would be involved in the regulation of motor functions (Carlsson 1959).
		Critical efferents from dorsal striatum involved in the regulation of motor activity are the GABAergic neurons projecting directly or indirectly via globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus to the SNr (Figure 2.2.).
		Dorsal striatum and its dopaminergic systems have been suggested to be central in the forming of habits or stimulus-response association, i.e.
	ethesis.helsinki.fi /julkaisut/mat/farma/vk/honkanen/review.html (11453 words)

	Convergent Inputs from Thalamic Motor Nuclei and Frontal Cortical Areas to the Dorsal Striatum in the Primate -- ...
		Jones EG, Leavitt RY (1974) Retrograde axonal transport and the demonstration of non-specific projections to the cerebral cortex and striatum from thalamic intralaminar nuclei in the rat, cat and monkey.
		Kalil K (1981) Projections of the cerebellar and dorsal column nuclei upon the thalamus of the rhesus monkey.
		Kurata K, Hoffman DS (1994) Differential effects of muscimol microinjection into dorsal and ventral aspects of the premotor cortex of monkeys.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/20/10/3798 (6895 words)

	[No title]
		The striatum is innervated by the cells of the substantia nigra in a systematic mapping.
		The basal ganglia comprise the striatum (caudate-putamen in humans) and the globus pallidus, which are are large masses of grey matter at the core of the cerebral hemispheres.
		The effect of DA release in the striatum is stimulate the direct inhibitory pathway from the striatum to the SNr and through the indirect pathway via the globus pallidus to inhibit the subthalamic nucleus.
	www.psych.mcgill.ca /courses/522/UNIT4.htm (7541 words)

	APStracts 5:025N, 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Although the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens; NAc) and dorsal striatum are thought to underlie different behaviors, these structures are anatomically and physiologically similar.
		Here we use slice preparations of the NAc and dorsal striatum to compare how synaptic transmission in these nuclei is modulated by catecholamines.
		These results suggest that the functional roles of dopamine and norepinephrine are not the same in the dorsal striatum and the NAc.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/1998/jn/January/025N.html (237 words)

	Salon.com Technology \| Madison Avenue and your brain
		When people were allowed to see and smell their favorite chow, a deep-lying brain structure called the dorsal striatum was activated and the subjects reported feeling hungrier.
		The dorsal striatum draws us to food (and other objects of our addiction) in the first place, says Volkow, even when we are not hungry.
		Like the dorsal striatum, it is rich in the neurotransmitter dopamine, a brain chemical associated with feelings of satisfaction and reward.
	archive.salon.com /tech/feature/2002/09/30/ad_brain/print.html (1800 words)

	BRAIN NEUROTRANSMITTERS
		When striatum dopamine is depleted to 20% the original level, symptoms of Parkinson's Disease appear.
		Perception of time-intervals is believed to be mediated by spiny neurons located in the striatum of the basal ganglia.
		The SCN is richly innervated by serotonergic input from the dorsal raphe nucleus.
	www.benbest.com /science/anatmind/anatmd10.html (6622 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Tyrosine-induced release of dopamine is under inhibitory control of presynaptic dopamine D2 and, probably, D3 receptors in the dorsal striatum, but not in the nucleus accumbens.
		Perfusion of tyrosine (100 microM) into the dorsal striatum and the nucleus accumbens enhanced extracellular dopamine in a physiological manner in both areas.
		The results show that extracellular dopamine derived from exogenous tyrosine is under inhibitory control of presynaptic dopamine D2-like receptors in the dorsal striatum, but not in the nucleus accumbens; to what extent the same holds for dopamine D3 receptors remains to be proven.
	www2.ru.nl /pnf/ab69.htm (327 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT) is known to inhibit the formation of dopamine (DA) in the cytosol of dopaminergic neurons and is therefore used to study the role of the cytosolic DA pools.
		In the present study, however, the effects of locally infused AMPT on the efflux of DA from the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum were analyzed, using in vivo brain microdialysis in unanesthetized rats.
		When it was infused into the dorsal striatum, however, it reduced striatal DA output to 60% of its baseline level.
	www2.ru.nl /pnf/ab131.htm (251 words)

	Complex Trait Analysis of the Mouse Striatum...
		The dorsal striatum is a massive nucleus in the basal forebrain that plays a pivotal role in modulating motor activity and higher cognitive function.
		The striatum may be a special case—a region in which numbers of medium spiny neurons is more tightly regulated than neuron populations in some other regions.
		Multiplying the volume of the striatum by its cell-packing density permitted estimation of the number of neurons in that nucleus.
	www.nervenet.org /NetPapers/Rosen/Striatum2001/StriatumMain.html (5149 words)

	Regional and Postnatal Heterogeneity of Activity-Dependent Long-Term Changes in Synaptic Efficacy in the Dorsal ...
		The striatum serves as the entryway to the basal ganglia in assisting voluntary motor behaviors, motor memory, and retrieval
		The striatum matures from ganglionic eminences in the telencephalic neural tube.
		Calabresi P, Pisani A, Mercuri NB, and Bernardi G. Long-term potentiation in the striatum is unmasked by removing the voltage-dependent magnesium block of NMDA receptor channels.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/84/3/1422 (5677 words)

	FuturePundit: Drug Desire Shows In Brain Scans
		This finding is consistent with previous animal studies that have suggested a role for the dorsal striatum in cue-induced craving.
		In those studies, neutral stimuli such as a particular cage environment that had been paired with a drug during “training” sessions later triggered a dopamine increase in both the nucleus accumbens and the dorsal striatum, a response that was correlated with drug-seeking behaviors in the animals.
		The finding is also consistent with earlier Brookhaven research documenting dopamine increases in the dorsal striatum induced by exposure to food (see this release).
	www.futurepundit.com /archives/003521.html (973 words)

	Modulation of Synaptic Transmission by Dopamine and Norepinephrine in Ventral but not Dorsal Striatum -- Nicola and ...
		Lack of an effect of dopamine in the striatum is not due to enhanced dopamine reuptake.
		DA on excitatory synaptic transmission in the striatum and NAc.
		that reduction of excitatory synaptic transmission in the striatum
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/79/4/1768 (4631 words)

	Glucose injections into the dorsal hippocampus or dorsolateral striatum of rats prior to T-maze training: Modulation of ...
		In assessing the release of ACh in hippocampus and striatum
		Mitchell, J.A. and Hall, G. Dorsal striatum-putamen lesions in the rat may impair or potentiate maze learning depending upon availability of stimulus cues and relevance of response cues.
		Packard, M.G. and McGaugh, J.L. Double dissociation of fornix and dorsal striatum nucleus lesions on acquisition of two water maze tasks: Further evidence for multiple memory systems.
	www.learnmem.org /cgi/content/full/12/4/367 (5500 words)

	Task-Dependent Role for Dorsal Striatum Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Memory -- Packard et al. 8 (2): 96 -- ...
		occurring in the dorsal striatum mediating retention in inhibitory
		Behavioral effects of lesions or cholinergic blockade of the dorsal and ventral caudate of rats.
		Contralateral turning caused by metabotropic glutamate receptor stimulation in the dorsal striatum is reversed by MCPG, TTX, and cis-flupenthixol.
	www.learnmem.org /cgi/content/full/8/2/96 (4177 words)

	Graduate Program in Psychology
		The midline/intralaminar nuclei are the main source of thalamic input to striatum and are reciprocally connected to all areas of frontal cortex.
		The ventral midline nuclei are the main thalamic input to hippocampus and represent the most direct route for prefrontal cortex to influence hippocampal activity.
		The goals of this work are to understand the role of these systems in the state-dependent control of cognition and to explore the utility of treating cognitive disorders by stimulating the midline/intralaminar nuclei.
	www.unh.edu /psychology/grad_pro.htm (10589 words)

	Dissociable Roles of Ventral and Dorsal Striatum in Instrumental Conditioning -- O'Doherty et al. 304 (5669): 452 -- ...
		Dissociable Roles of Ventral and Dorsal Striatum in Instrumental Conditioning -- O'Doherty et al.
		of the ventral and dorsal striatum, with the former corresponding
		Volumetric Analysis and Three-Dimensional Glucose Metabolic Mapping of the Striatum and Thalamus in Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorders.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/304/5669/452 (774 words)

	Adriana A. Alcantara, Ph.D.
		Herring BE, Mayfield RD, Camp MC and Alcantara AA (2004) Ethanol Induced Fos-Immunoreactivity in the Extended Amygdala and Hypothalamus of the Rat Brain: Focus on Cholinergic Interneurons of the Nucleus Accumbens.
		Berlanga ML, Olsen CM, Chen V, Ikegami A, Herring BE, Duvauchelle CL and Alcantara AA (2003) Cholinergic Interneurons of the Nucleus Accumbens and Dorsal Striatum are Activated by the Self-Administration of Cocaine.
		Alcantara AA, Chen V, Herring BE, Mendenhall JM and Berlanga ML (2003) Localization of Dopamine D2 Receptors on Cholinergic Interneurons of the Dorsal Striatum and Nucleus Accumbens of the Rat.
	www.homepage.psy.utexas.edu /homepage/faculty/Alcantara/Alcantara.html (997 words)

	Jay's Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia Dendroc
		This genus blooms on a racemose, one to many flowered inflorescence with free sepals, the spurred dorsal sepal that generally forms a hood and large, spreading lateral sepals, and the smaller petals, which can be entire or lobed and often held within the hood.
		The lip is narrow and not spurred and carries a short column, an erect, horizontal or reflexed anther, a cushion-like stigma lying beneath the anther which carries 2 pollinaeach with a caudicle and a viscidium.
		The flowers have erect, clawed petals and an erect, hooded, clasping the column dorsal sepal and long, narrow, strongly decurved to occassionally crossing lateral sepals and the lip is equal to or exceeding the dorsal sepal and is basally narrowed, keeled, trilobed and the lateral lobes are often reduced.
	www.orchidspecies.com /indexdendroc.htm (5382 words)

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