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Topic: Dorsal tegmental area

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	The hypocretins and sleep -- de Lecea and Sutcliffe 272 (22): 5675 -- FEBS Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		nucleus, subcoeruleus area, nucleus of the solitary tract, parvocellular
		neurons of the LC, the serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphe
		noradrenergic neurons [27] and dorsal raphe nucleus [97].
	content.febsjournal.org /cgi/content/full/272/22/5675 (7071 words)

	BCS1L - BCS1-like (yeast)
		After all three types of sciatic nerve injuries, galanin-immunoreactive neurons were significantly increased in the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia, and galanin-immunoreactive axonal fibres were dramatically increased in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn and the gracile nuclei, compared to the contralateral side.
		In the medulla, nitric oxide synthase-positive neurons and processes were observed in the gracile nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, nucleus ambiguus, medial longitudinal fasciculus, reticular nuclei and lateral to the pyramidal tract.
		Unmyelinated axons were noted in the dorsal rim of the lesion at its centre and at the centre of the gracile fasciculus at the caudal end of the lesion 7 days after injury.
	www.ihop-net.org /UniPub/iHOP/gi/86728.html (5817 words)

	Neurons Containing Hypocretin (Orexin) Project to Multiple Neuronal Systems -- Peyron et al. 18 (23): 9996 -- Journal ...
		dorsal medullary area and the gelatinous layer of the caudal spinal
		gray, the dorsal and median raphe nuclei, the laterodorsal tegmental
		area, the periaqueductal gray, the locus coeruleus, and the nucleus
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/18/23/9996 (6187 words)

	Cytoarchitecture of the Locus Coeruleus area
		After PHAL injections involving area 1 of the frontal cortex and the adjacent lower limb region of the primary somatosensory area, only a few fibers were observed in the LC, Bar, Peri-5Me, 5Me, the lamina between the LC and the fourth ventricle and the periaqueductal gray region medial to the LC (Fig.
		PHAL or CTb injections in the dorsal hypothalamic area dorsal to the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and caudal to it (CTb, n=2, PHAL, n=2) and in the perifornical area (CTb, n=2, PHAL, n=2)(Fig.
		After PHAL injections in the area of the mesencephalic reticular formation in and dorsal to the medial lemniscus just caudal to the red nucleus at the location of the B9 serotoninergic cell group, a few scattered fibers were observed in the LC, Bar, Peri-5Me and the lamina between the LC and the ventricle.
	sommeil.univ-lyon1.fr /articles/luppi/neurosci_95/antero.html (1643 words)

	Cogprints - Opioid stimulation in the ventral tegmental area facilitates the onset of maternal behavior in rats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Thompson, Alexis C. and Kristal, Mark B. Opioid stimulation in the ventral tegmental area facilitates the onset of maternal behavior in rats.
		This research investigated the effect of an increase or decrease in opioid activity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) on the onset of maternal behavior in rats.
		The results demonstrate that increased opioid activity in the VTA facilitates the onset of maternal behavior in inexperienced nonpregnant female rats, and decreased opioid activity in the VTA disrupts the rapid onset of maternal behavior at parturition.
	cogprints.org /70 (338 words)

	WSAVA 2001 - Drugs, Aggression, and Anxiety: A Rational and Humane Approach
		Direct projections to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve may affect the signs that are measured as assessments of fear and anxiety since the vagus nerve is responsible for many autonomic functions.
		Projections from the amygdala to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) may mediate stress-related effects of dopamine and its metabolites in the prefrontal region.
		Areas of the brain involved in aggression are diffuse.
	www.vin.com /VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00027.htm (1976 words)

	autonomic (hypothalamus)
		The preoptic area is bounded by the optic chiasm (caudal and ventral), lamina terminalis (posterior) and anterior commissure (dorsal).
		The postcommissural fibers terminate in the mammillary nuclei, and to a lesser extent in the arcuate nucleus and the anterior hypothalamic area.
		The ascending component of this pathway originates in the midbrain tegmental area and terminates in the lateral hypothalamic area, preoptic area, septal nuclei, nucleus of the diagonal band, and olfactory tubercle.
	www.med.uiuc.edu /m1/neurosci/Web_Neuro_2001/protected/curriculum/Unit_17_01_Autonomic_Function/Autonomic.htm (10369 words)

	Case 17: Hypertrophic Olivary Degeneration Secondary to Pontine Hemorrhage -- Salamon-Murayama et al. 213 (3): 814 -- ...
		(a) The higher segment through the pontomesencephalic junction reveals a left tegmental hemorrhage that appears as a rounded homogeneous high-intensity lesion (arrow) in the dorsal part of the upper brainstem, with a surrounding hypointense margin, which is characteristic of subacute hemorrhage.
		tegmental tract and the superior cerebellar peduncle, olivary
		Gautier JC, Blackwood W. Enlargement of the inferior olivary nucleus in association with lesions of the central tegmental tract or dentate nucleus.
	radiology.rsnajnls.org /cgi/content/full/213/3/814 (1952 words)

	[No title]
		The fibers in the corticopontocerebellar tract originate from wide areas of cortex, synapse on ipsilateral pontine neurons that cross the middle and form the middle cerebral peduncle enroute to the cerebellum.
		No, the answer is B. A right dorsal tegmental lesion would damage the right abducens nucleus as well as fibers of the facial nerve genu as they arch over the abducens nucleus.
		is homologous to the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerves
	kumc.edu /research/medicine/pharmacology/CAI/webCAI/anatomy/ua15.wbc (2305 words)

	Hippocampus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The relative size of the hippocampal formation in relation with the total volume of the brain is often conserved in most of the mammalian species.
		Nevertheless, it has been found that these areas are relatively hypotrophic in cetaceans.
		temporal lobe: transverse temporal gyrus (41-42-primary auditory cortex), superior temporal gyrus (38, 22-Wernicke's area), middle temporal gyrus (21), inferior temporal gyrus (20), fusiform gyrus (36, 37)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hippocampus (1944 words)

	5-HT2a receptors and dopamine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It is currently unknown if 5-HT(2A) receptors mediate their actions on dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area via direct or indirect mechanisms.
		Additionally, although a dense population of 5-HT(2A) immunoreactive cells was observed in the rostral dorsal raphe nucleus, rarely were these cells immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase.
		Interestingly, 5-HT(2A) receptors were expressed on dopamine neurons in several A10 subnuclei that project to mesolimbic forebrain regions implicated in drug addiction, and recent evidence indicates that ventral tegmental area 5-HT(2A) receptor activation may modulate reward-related behavior in rodents.
	www.biopsychiatry.com /5ht2a-dopamine.htm (348 words)

	Addiction Resesarch Unit/Buffalo: Neuroanatomical boundaries of opiate reward
		This finding is important, albeit fortuitous, because it eliminates the possibility that morphine infusions into the ventral tegmental area were rewarding because they had entered the cerebral vasculature or ventral cistern and were transported to a distal site of action.
		The failure of injections dorsal to the ventral tegmentum to produce a change in place preference (25) eliminates the possibility that drug was diffusing up the cannula shaft and was spreading to a distal site of action.
		The present study showed that infusions rostral or caudal to the ventral tegmental area were also ineffective thus eliminating axonal streaming (i.e., drug diffusion along axonal projection, see 29) as a possible explanation of this effect.
	wings.buffalo.edu /aru/BRAINRES.html (3998 words)

	MRN
		Wirtshafter, D. & Asin, K.E. Dissociation of haloperidol induced "anhedonia" and catalepsy by lesions of the dorsal raphe nucleus.
		Klitenick, M.A. & Wirtshafter, D. Comparative studies of the ingestive behaviors produced by injections of muscimol into the ventral tegmental area and the dorsal and median raphe nuclei.
		Wirtshafter, D. & Stratford, T.R. Evidence for a GABAergic projection from the tegmental nuclei of Gudden to the mammillary body in the rat.
	www.homestead.com /wirts/MRN.html (784 words)

	Efferent projections of infralimbic and prelimbic areas of the medial prefrontal cortex in the Japanese monkey, Macaca ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Efferent projections of infralimbic and prelimbic areas of the medial prefrontal cortex in the Japanese monkey, Macaca fuscata.
		PL and area 24 were characterized by projections to the entorhinal (Ent) and piriform (Pir) cortex as well as to the magnocellular part of the ventral anterior thalamic nucleus (VAmc).
		The present results support the hypothesis that IL is a major cortical autonomic motor area and PL integrates limbic and autonomic inputs in the primate.
	brainmeta.com /neuroanat/a24.html (244 words)

	The Main Areas Involved with Emotions
		A little almond shaped structure, deep inside the antero-inferior region of the temporal lobe, connects with the hippocampus, the septal nuclei, the prefrontal area and the medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus.
		These connections make it possible for the amigdala to play its important role on the mediation and control of major affective activities like friendship, love and affection, on the expression of mood and, mainly, on fear, rage and aggression The amygdala, being the center for identification of danger, is fundamental for self preservation.
		Lesion or stimulation of the medial dorsal and anterior nuclei of the thalamus are associated with changes in emotional reactivity.
	www.cerebromente.org.br /n05/mente/struct_i.htm (1127 words)

	Volume-evoked micturition reflex is mediated by the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray in anesthetized rats -- Matsuura ...
		With the rat's head held in a stereotaxic frame, minimal craniotomies were performed to expose the dorsal surface of the brain.
		The interrelation between the latero-dorsal tegmental area and lumbosacral segments of rats as studied by HRP methods.
		Stimulation of opiate receptors in the dorsal pontine tegmentum inhibits reflex contraction of the urinary bladder.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/275/6/R2049 (3532 words)

	Ethanol Excitation of Dopaminergic Ventral Tegmental Area Neurons Is Blocked by Quinidine -- Appel et al. 306 (2): 437 ...
		The dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area
		Dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA)
		Brodie MS and Appel SB (1998) The effects of ethanol on dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area studied with intracellular recording in brain slices.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/306/2/437 (6801 words)

	eMedicine - Stroke Motor Impairment : Article by Adam B Agranoff, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The lateral medulla rarely is fed primarily from the PICA; in most cases, the major blood supply is direct through the lateral medullary branches of the VA. The only part of the medulla that the PICA constantly supplies is the dorsal tegmental area, together with posterior spinal arteries.
		Today, it is known that the main supply to the lateral medullary area is from direct penetrating arteries of the distal VA, hence the VA system is the most common location of vascular lesion in patients with LMI.
		Tjeerdsma HC, Rinkel GJ, van Gijn J: Ataxic hemiparesis from a primary intracerebral haematoma in the precentral area.
	www.emedicine.com /pmr/topic189.htm (8415 words)

	vitae
		Afferent connections of the dorsal tegmental nuclei: A horseradish peroxidase study.
		Klitenick, M.A. & Wirtshafter, D. Studies on the effects of microinjections of varius opiate peptides into the midbrain raphe nuclei or the ventral tegmental area.
		Pitzer, M.R. and Wirtshafter, D. Electrolytic lesions of the ventral tegmental area attenuate hyperactivity elicited by infusing low doses of kaininc acid into the lateral hypothalamus in the rat.
	www.homestead.com /wirts/vitae.html (3066 words)

	Serotonin Reduces the Hyperpolarization-Activated Current (Ih) in Ventral Tegmental Area Dopamine Neurons: Involvement ...
		Dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have
		Voltage responses of a dopaminergic ventral tegmental area (VTA) neuron evoked by a series of hyperpolarizing current pulses in increments of 30 pA before (A) and in the presence (B) of 300 µM serotonin.
		Ethanol excitation of dopaminergic ventral tegmental area neurons is blocked by quinidine.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/90/5/3201 (6852 words)

	Abstracts
		While the contributions of the 5-HT receptor subtype are unclear, the inhibitory efficacy of a highly specific 5-HT antagonist and an antagonist specific to 5-HT and 5-HT receptors suggest that both of these receptor subtypes are involved in the serotonin-induced DA increase in the N.
		The present study was designed to examine the effects of chronic cocaine administration on the extracellular response of serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) to a peripheral cocaine injection using in vivo brain microdialysis in awake rats.
		Two different dual probe preparations were used: One group of animals had guide cannulae aimed at the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (N ACC) and a second group of animals had guide cannulae aimed at the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and N ACC.
	www.chemistry.emory.edu /justice/research/abstract.htm (5866 words)

	Ethanol Potentiation of Glycine-Induced Responses in Dissociated Neurons of Rat Ventral Tegmental Area -- Ye et al. 296 ...
		Reichling DB, Kyrozis A, Wang J and Macdermott AB (1994) Mechanisms of GABA and glycine depolarization-induced calcium transients in rat dorsal horn neurons.
		Ye JH (1999) The effects of ethanol on dopaminergic neurons freshly dissociated from the ventral tegmental area of rats.
		Ye JH (2000) Physiology and pharmacology of native glycine receptors in developing rat ventral tegmental area neurons.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/296/1/77 (5211 words)

	BRAINMAPS.ORG - BRAIN ATLAS, BRAIN MAPS, BRAIN STRUCTURE, NEUROINFORMATICS, BRAIN, STEREOTAXIC ATLAS, NEUROSCIENCE
		tegmental decussations, median raphe nucleus, medial longitudinal bundle, ventral tegmental area, VTA, pars compacta of substantia nigra, interpeduncular nucleus, cerebral peduncle,
		RN, red nucleus, SNc, pars compacta of substantia nigra, SNr, pars reticulata of substantia nigra, VTA, ventral tegmental area,,
		CP, cerebral peduncle, RN, red nucleus, SNc, pars compacta of substantia nigra, VTA, ventral tegmental area,,
	primate-brain.org /index.php?q=VTA (90 words)

	JYI.org :: MRI Study May Help Explain Romantic Love
		“Brain areas activated when someone looks at a photo of their beloved only partially overlap with the brain regions associated with sexual arousal,” said Arthur Aron, one of the authors from the State University of New York-Stony Brook.
		Specifically, the scientists found that “love” activated the right ventral tegmental area (VTA) and dorsal caudate body of the brain, which are regions associated with motivation to win a reward.
		They also found that brain areas activated by a physical attraction were on the left, whereas areas activated by romantic love were on the right.
	www.jyi.org /news/nb.php?id=274 (425 words)

	C. Saper
		We began by examining the inputs to the tuberomammillary nucleus, a histaminergic cell group in the posterior lateral hypothalamus that has been implicated in arousal.
		We found that inputs to the core of the nucleus (cell bodies and proximal dendrites) arise almost exclusively from a collection of neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO).
		We further traced the efferents from the VLPO into the brainstem, where they innervated other monoamine cell groups (dopaminergic ventral tegmental area; serotoninergic dorsal, median, and medullary raphe nuclei; noradrenergic locus coeruleus; and cholinergic pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus).
	www.websciences.org /takeda/saper.html (388 words)

	Limbic System: The Center of Emotions
		Papez believed that the experience of emotion was primarily determined by the cingulate cortex and, secondly, by other cortical areas.
		Humans display the largest web of connections between the prefrontal area and the traditional limbic structures.
		Perhapas that is why they present, among all species, the greatest variety of feelings and emotions Although some signs of affection can be perceived in birds, the limbic system only began to evolve, in fact, after the first mammals, being practically non-existent in reptiles, amphibians and all other preceding species.
	www.healing-arts.org /n-r-limbic.htm (3505 words)

	Peptidomimetic Regulation of Growth Hormone Secretion -- Smith et al. 18 (5): 621 -- Endocrine Reviews
		nucleus, pars compacta of substantia nigra, the ventral tegmental
		area, dorsal raphe nuclei, and median raphe nuclei (105).
		The dorsal and median raphe nuclei are centers for serotonergic neurons
	edrv.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/18/5/621 (7597 words)

	Brain responses associated with consciousness of breathlessness (air hunger) -- Liotti et al. 98 (4): 2035 -- ...
		areas and in subcortical areas, e.g., in anterior, middle, and
		role of the two areas in the control of vigilance/arousal (21).
		ancient areas of the brain, as is also the case with arousal and
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/98/4/2035 (4703 words)

	Immunolocalization of Estrogen Receptor {beta} in the Mouse Brain: Comparison with Estrogen Receptor {alpha} -- Mitra ...
		A, Nuclear (arrow) and extranuclear (fibers in the external plexiform layer) labeling is seen in the olfactory bulb, whereas nuclear labeling is seen in the medial amygdala (B), substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (C), dorsal raphe (D), piriform cortex (E), and cerebellum, stratum granulosum (arrowhead) and pyramidal cell layer (arrow) (F).
		medial preoptic area and the arcuate and ventromedial nuclei
		Alves SE, Lopez V, McEwen BS, Weiland NG 1998 Differential colocalization of estrogen receptor ß (ERß) with oxytocin and vasopressin in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the female rat brain: an immunocytochemical study.
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/144/5/2055 (6441 words)

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