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Topic: Dose

Related Topics

lethal dose

equivalent dose

Reference dose

Dose response

dose response curve

Lowest published lethal dose

Curt Dose

Death in Small Doses

Collective dose

Radiation Absorbed Dose

infectious dose

Mixed dose

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	Glossary: Dose
		Dose is often expressed as milligram (amount) per kilogram (a measure of body weight) per day (a measure of time) when people eat or drink contaminated water, food, or soil.
		In general, the greater the dose, the greater the likelihood of an effect.
		An "absorbed dose" is the amount of a substance that actually got into the body through the eyes, skin, stomach, intestines, or lungs.
	www.greenfacts.org /glossary/def/dose-non-radioactive.htm (125 words)

	Chapter IV Dose estimates - Chernobyl: Assessment of Radiological and Health Impact
		The main factor influencing the individual doses was found to be the distance of the residence from the reactor.
		The total whole-body doses expected to be accumulated during the lifetimes of the individuals are estimated to be a factor of 3 greater than the doses received during the first year (UN88).
		The doses received by populations outside the former Soviet Union were relatively low, and showed large differences from one country to another depending mainly upon whether rainfall occurred during the passage of the radioactive cloud.
	www.nea.fr /html/rp/chernobyl/c04.html (4548 words)

	Radiation Biological Effects
		An acute radiation dose is defined as a large dose (10 rad or greater, to the whole body) delivered during a short period of time (on the order of a few days at the most).
		As in most illnesses, the specific symptoms, the therapy that a doctor might prescribe, and the prospects for recovery vary from one person to another and are generally dependent on the age and general health of the individual.
		At present occupation dose limits, the actual probability of any of these effects occurring in the embryo/fetus from occupational exposure of the mother is small.
	www.jlab.org /div_dept/train/rad_guide/effects.html (2503 words)

	About the Low Dose Radiation Research Program
		Dose is the amount of radiation energy deposited per unit of mass.
		Because low dose radiation exposure may be neither a one-time event nor recent in its occurrence, it also is important to understand the role that previous exposures play in producing biological changes and, subsequently, disease.
		Further, conducting low dose radiation research should help to resolve the scientific debate over the existence of a radiation threshold, that is, a radiation dose below which there either are no significant biological changes or the induced damage is managed effectively by normal cellular processes.
	lowdose.tricity.wsu.edu /about_faq.htm (2021 words)

	dose
		Hazard Identification) of a substance, an analysis of the relationship between the dose received and the respective response is conducted.
		The use of uncertainty factors for interspecies extrapolation are not applicable because the development of cancer occurs in the same fashion despite the species, individual, or dose, although genetic studies have shown that certain strains or genetic traits may predispose an individual to specific types of cancer.
		Extrapolation of the dose or potency from an animal study to a human is based on a body weight scaling factor.
	extoxnet.orst.edu /faqs/risk/dose.htm (1197 words)

	Dose-response relationship - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Studying dose response, and developing dose response models, is central to determining "safe" and "hazardous" levels and dosages for drugs, potential pollutants, and other substances that humans are exposed to.
		The measured dose (usually in milligrams, micrograms, or grams per kilogram of body-weight) is generally plotted on the X axis and the response is plotted on the Y axis.
		Commonly, it is the logarithm of the dose that is plotted on the X axis, and in such cases the curve is typically sigmoidal, with the steepest portion in the middle.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dose_response (391 words)

	Chapter 2, Part 1 - Administrative Control Levels and Dose Limits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The internal contribution to lifetime occupational dose from intakes prior to January 1, 1989, should be calculated in terms of either cumulative annual effective dose equivalent or committed effective dose equivalent.
		Visitors to DOE sites shall be limited to an annual radiation dose of 100 mrem from the sum of internal and external radiation sources unless they either qualify as radiological workers in accordance with Article 632 or 633, or meet the special considerations of Article 657.
		If the dose to the embryo/fetus is determined to have already exceeded 500 mrem when a worker notifies her employer of her pregnancy, the worker shall not be assigned to tasks where additional occupational radiation exposure is likely during the remainder of the gestation period.
	www.eh.doe.gov /docs/rcm/ch21.html (1399 words)

	NIP: Shortages/Vaccines PCV7 reinstate 3rd dose
		The fourth dose should still be deferred for healthy children until further production and supply data demonstrate convincingly that a 4-dose schedule can be sustained.
		The full, 4-dose, series should continue to be given to children at increased risk for pneumococcal disease because of certain chronic conditions (e.g., sickle cell disease, anatomic asplenia, chronic heart or lung disease, diabetes, cerebrospinal fluid leak, cochlear implant, or an immunocompromising condition).
		When the shortage is completely resolved, providers should consider administering a single dose to unvaccinated, healthy children 24-59 months old with priority to children 24-35 months old, children of African-American descent, children of American-Indian descent but not otherwise identified as high risk‡, and children who attend group day care centers.
	www.cdc.gov /nip/news/shortages/pcv7-shortage-faqs-7-8-04.htm (807 words)

	"Dose Dense" Chemo Improves Breast Cancer Survival - National Cancer Institute
		While previous research has evaluated the use of various forms of "dose dense" chemotherapy, this is the first major controlled study to show a clear survival benefit for women with node-positive breast cancer.
		Among patients on the dose dense regimens, disease-free survival was 82 percent after four years, compared to 75 percent for those who received conventional therapy.
		Side effects were found to be no more severe among patients on the dose dense regimens than among those on the conventional treatments, and patients on the dose dense regimens suffered fewer cases of neutropenia.
	www.cancer.gov /newscenter/pressreleases/dosedense (862 words)

	DOSE-TRADE & DOSE-SERVICE
		DOSE is an abbreviation meaning Determine Optimal Stocks Efficiently.
		Each DOSE is supplied with a help file, containing the operating instructions and in-depth explanations.
		You are not indifferent to mathematical methods implemented in DOSE.
	www.aha.ru /~dose/eindex.htm (772 words)

	Draft Guidance for Industry and Reviewers: Estimating the Safe Starting Dose in Clinical Trials for Therapeutics in ...
		When doses or exposure levels that produce a toxic effect differ greatly across species, the ability to predict a toxic level in humans is reduced and a greater safety factor may be called for.
		The HED can be calculated directly from the animal dose by dividing the animal dose by the ratio of the human/animal km (third column in Table 1) or by multiplying by the ratio of animal/human km (fourth column in Table 1).
		If the parent drug is measured in the plasma at multiple times and fits the range of toxic dose for two or more animal species, it may be possible to develop a pharmacokinetic model predicting human doses and concentrations and draw inferences about human safe plasma levels in the absence of prior human data.
	www.fda.gov /cber/gdlns/dose.htm (7343 words)

	NEUTRALIZING DOSE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Each relief dose is precisely determined by objective parameters, namely measurement to determine if the wheal has grown 2mm or more in 10 minutes, plus inspection and palpation of the wheal to determine the presence or absence of blanched, hard, raised, and discoid characteristics.
		If test doses induce no symptoms, the optimal dose is 0.05 ml of the strongest concentration which does not produce a positive wheal.
		If test symptoms occur, the optimal dose is 0.05 ml of the strongest concentration which does not produce a positive wheal and which also relieves the induced symptoms.
	www.allergycenter.com /neutralizing_dose.htm (3033 words)

	Dose- and Time-Dependent Kinetics Tutorial
		At high doses of the drug, depletion of the co-substrate may occur, resulting in a reduced elimination of the compound compared to that seen after lower doses.
		After administration of high doses of drugs exhibiting capacity-limited elimination and co-substrate depletion, the clearance of the drug will be lower than that seen after low doses.
		Notice that at high concentrations of the drug after a large dose the drug concentration declines with a ‘half-life’ that is longer than that seen after a low dose of the drug.
	www.uiowa.edu /~c046138/tut-nonlin.htm (1065 words)

	Radiological Dose Assessment
		Dose due to dispersible contaminants represents the time-weighted exposure to a concentration of a substance, whether the concentration is inhaled in air, ingested in drink or food, or absorbed through skin contact with soil or other environmental media.
		Collective population dose is calculated as the average radiation dose in a specified region, multiplied by the number of individuals in that area.
		With the dose from natural background sources alone to this same population base estimated at 13,000 person-SV (1,300,000 person-rem) for the same period, the Laboratory’s collective population dose is a mere 0.0002% of the background level.
	www.lbl.gov /ehs/esg/98ser/98serWEBch10.html (1765 words)

	10 CFR 20.1004 Units of radiation dose.
		One rad is equal to an absorbed dose of 100 ergs/gram or 0.01 joule/kilogram (0.01 gray).
		The dose equivalent in rems is equal to the absorbed dose in rads multiplied by the quality factor (1 rem=0.01 sievert).
		Absorbed dose in rad equal to 1 rem or the absorbed dose in gray equal to 1 sievert.
	www.nrc.gov /reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part020/part020-1004.html (290 words)

	Erowid LSD Vault : Dosage
		A single drop of potent liquid LSD could be 50 times a normal dose, although it is generally diluted to the point where a single drop is equal to approximately one dose.
		LD50 (That's lethal dose in 50% of those who injest this much) determinations vary widely with species, begin 46 mg/kg in mice, 16.5 mg/kg in rats, 0.3 mg/kg in rabbits and 0.1 mg/kg in elephants.
		They suggest a human dose, regardless of the route of administration, would be radically greater than 14 mg.
	www.erowid.org /chemicals/lsd/lsd_dose.shtml (1275 words)

	Elsevier MDL :: Solutions :: Case Studies :: Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no ...
		Estimating the maximum recommended starting dose (MRSD) of a pharmaceutical for phase I human clinical trials and the no observed effect level (NOEL) for non-pharmaceuticals is currently based exclusively on an extrapolation of the results of animal toxicity studies.
		The MRDD is an estimated upper dose limit beyond which a drug's efficacy is not increased and/or undesirable adverse effects begin to outweigh beneficial effects.
		The MRDD is essentially equivalent to the NOAEL in humans, a dose beyond which adverse (toxicological) or undesirable pharmacological effects are observed.
	www.mdli.com /solutions/case_studies/QSAR_safe_dose_example.jsp (509 words)

	DOSE: a Distributed Open Semantic Elaboration Platform - FAQ
		The DOSE platform can be used as a search engine for web resources.
		We think both web users and programmers may be interested in ether using the DOSE platform or improving it, providing the necessary feedback.
		DOSE has been almost entirely written in Java, so you will need a Java Run-time Environment.
	dose.sourceforge.net /faq.html (332 words)

	NIOSH Program Area - Office of Compensation Analysis and Support (OCAS) - Dose Reconstruction
		OCAS is responsible for conducting occupational radiation dose reconstructions for certain workers with cancer who file claims for compensation under The Act.
		The results of worker dose reconstructions will be used by the Department of Labor to determine the probability that a worker’s cancer was “at least as likely as not” due to his or her occupational exposure to ionizing radiation during employment at a covered facility.
		The new process for selecting dose reconstruction target organs for energy employees with lymphoma cancers includes selecting the target organ that would have received the highest radiation dose from among relevant, possibly irradiated organs, as determined through the dose reconstruction process, when the identity of the target organ is in question.
	www.cdc.gov /niosh/ocas/ocasdose.html (1781 words)

	High-Dose Radiation and Prostate Cancer - National Cancer Institute
		Men with early-stage prostate cancer who got higher doses of radiation were half as likely to see their cancer return in five years as men who received the conventional dose.
		In this low-risk subgroup, 60.1 percent of those receiving the conventional dose were biochemically cancer free compared to 80.5 percent of the high-dose group.
		In this subgroup, 63.4 percent of those receiving the lower dose were cancer free compared to 79.5 percent of those receiving the higher dose.
	www.cancer.gov /clinicaltrials/results/high-dose-radiation1005 (882 words)

	NIDA NOTES - High-Dose Methadone Improves Treatment Outcomes
		One clinic might use doses of 25 milligrams (mg) per day for all patients; others may administer daily doses of 60 mg.
		Strain and his colleagues investigated the effectiveness of high-dose -80 to 100 mg per day-methadone treatment and found this dosage to be more effective in reducing heroin use than treatment with a moderate dose of 40 to 50 mg per day.
		Daily doses were increased until, by the 8th week, half the patients were receiving a moderate dose of 40 to 50 mg per day and the other half were receiving a high dose of 80-to-100 mg per day.
	www.nida.nih.gov /NIDA_Notes/NNVol14N5/HighDose.html (693 words)

	Dose Checking and Double Checking
		This template says that the lowest dose we have good documentation for is 300mg/dose and the highest dose we have good documentation for is 800mg/dose.
		For example, if a dose checking template has been entered by the computer people, but no height weight information is entered, then the computer would have no way to check mg/kg/dose or mg/m2, so it would simply ignore them.
		You realize it is a test dose, you go to the website for over-ride codes, and look up the one for "test doses," which is 1, you enter it.
	www.musc.edu /pharmacyservices/clinsvc/dose_check.htm (1551 words)

	Lower Dose of Thalidomide May Be Just as Effective - National Cancer Institute
		Cutting the daily dose of the drug thalidomide from 400 mg to 100 mg significantly reduced the drug’s potentially severe side effects in patients with multiple myeloma that had come back or stopped responding to treatment, and without a significant impact on survival.
		Because this study was a noninferiority trial, these findings mean that the lower dose of thalidomide was no worse than the higher dose in keeping patients alive for at least one year.
		This study showed that giving patients one-quarter of the standard dose of thalidomide resulted in a “clinically insignificant” decrease in survival and was much easier for patients to tolerate, said Yakhoub-Agha.
	www.cancer.gov /clinicaltrials/results/low-dose-thalidomide0606 (755 words)

	Amazon.com: Dose: Music: The Latin Playboys (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Dose's slice-of-life lyrics come alive in brave new music whose rhythm tracks are as likely to be a chorus of bicycle bells recorded in an Indian street as standard drums.
		Listened to in tandem with Hidalgo's other contemporary side project, Houndog (a minimalist blues excursion with vocalist Mike Halby), Dose supports producer T Bone Burnett's contention that Hidalgo is one of the greatest musicians of his generation.
		"Dose" also has that street sound vato-loco-poet-sensibility to it, with references to "if you're brown stick around" by La Lola who tells him "it don't matter who you are when you die....you end up lookin brown".
	www.amazon.com /Dose-Latin-Playboys/dp/B00000I5LS (1483 words)

	CNN - High-dose chemotherapy may increase breast cancer survival - May 28, 1999
		Study researchers tested the power of high-dose chemotherapy, with doses five to 30 times higher than usual, to eradicate disease that had already spread to the lymph nodes.
		Because high doses of chemotherapy are extremely toxic, patients must receive a bone marrow transplant after chemotherapy.
		The researchers compared the high-dose therapy to one using an intermediate dose, which was higher than the standard dose.
	www.cnn.com /HEALTH/cancer/9905/28/chemo.breast.cancer/index.html (739 words)

	ACS :: High Dose Chemotherapy With Autologous Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Support
		While it is possible to use very high doses of chemotherapy or radiation to kill cancer cells, such treatments also kill blood-producing stem cells in the bone marrow...
		Although it is possible to use very high doses of chemotherapy or radiation to kill cancer cells, such treatments also kill blood-producing stem cells in the bone marrow.
		Damage to bone marrow stem cells lowers the white blood cell count, which makes it much easier for the patient to get severe infections that could be fatal.
	www.cancer.org /docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_4X_High_Dose_Chemotherapy_5.asp?sitearea= (392 words)

	RADAR Home
		Our goal is to bring together the various resources that exist in the areas of internal and external dose assessment, integrate them into a single system, and put them in your hands as quickly and efficiently as possible.
		In this new age of internet access to information, we want to make information from this particular area of science available as quickly as possible in a form that is easy for you to use.
		We believe in facilitating the work of people like you, who need dose assessment models, methods, and results for your work.
	www.doseinfo-radar.com (337 words)

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