
	Where results make sense

Topic: Dose response

Related Topics

lethal dose

equivalent dose

Reference dose

Dose response

dose response curve

Lowest published lethal dose

Curt Dose

Death in Small Doses

Collective dose

Radiation Absorbed Dose

infectious dose

Mixed dose

In the News (Sat 2 Jun 12)

EXECUTIVE POWER

Iran

ANALYSIS

Pakistan

Family compact

	Dose-response relationship - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Studying dose response, and developing dose response models, is central to determining "safe" and "hazardous" levels and dosages for drugs, potential pollutants, and other substances that humans are exposed to.
		The measured dose (usually in milligrams, micrograms, or grams per kilogram of body-weight) is generally plotted on the X axis and the response is plotted on the Y axis.
		Commonly, it is the logarithm of the dose that is plotted on the X axis, and in such cases the curve is typically sigmoidal, with the steepest portion in the middle.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dose_response (368 words)

	NURS 735 - Module 1 - Dose and Dose-response Concepts
		In this case, a dose that is 50-75% effective does not cause toxicity whereas a 90% effective dose may result in a small amount of toxicity.
		It is the ratio of the dose producing toxicity to the dose needed to produce the desired therapeutic response.
		The use of the ED50 and LD50 doses to derive the TI may be misleading as to safety, depending on the slope of the dose-response curves for therapeutic and lethal effects.
	aquaticpath.umd.edu /appliedtox/module1-dose.html (1476 words)

	Optimizing Response to Methadone Maintenance Treatment
		Response to psychopharmacologic treatment was enhanced by increased methadone dose in HD patients with "refractory" psychiatric disorders.
		We conclude that doses of methadone in excess of 100 mg/d (range 110-780 mg/d in our sample of 164 patients) are not only safe but necessary to prevent illicit opiate use, stabilize psychiatric symptoms, and diminish abuse of alcohol and benzodiazepines in many patients.
		This association of methadone dose with retention in treatment is strongly illustrated in our sample of HD patients, 86% of whom were retained in treatment for a year or more.
	www.druglibrary.org /schaffer/heroin/methadone/optimizing_response_to_methadone.htm (4727 words)

	Science - Public Policy - RisK Assessment - Dose Response
		Dose-response assessment is the process of characterizing the relation between the dose of an agent administered or received, and the incidence of an adverse health effect in exposed populations, and estimating the incidence of the effect as a function of human exposure to the agent.
		'Dose' is commonly used to indicate the amount of the agent while 'response' refers to the effect of the agent once administered.
		Dose-response relationships are determined graphically by determining the effect of varying the administered dose on the response.
	www.emcom.ca /science/dose.shtml (1500 words)

	US FDA/CFSAN & USDA/FSIS & CDC - IV. Hazard Characterization: Quantitative Assessment of Relative Risk to ...
		The relationship of infective dose to body mass, for example, if treated in a classic chemical toxicology approach, suggests that mouse doses may be equivalent to a 50- or 500-fold higher dose in humans, depending on age.
		The animal data were not used to establish the actual doses that cause human illness, which is seen in the scale or relative position of the dose-response curve on the dose axis.
		First is the dose-repsonse function from the mouse model, the dose is adjusted for virulence and host susceptability and the mouse model is adjusted using CDC estimates of annual death rates to calculate the dose-response function for humans (deaths/serving).
	www.cfsan.fda.gov /~dms/lmr2-4.html (8478 words)

	dose
		Hazard Identification) of a substance, an analysis of the relationship between the dose received and the respective response is conducted.
		The use of uncertainty factors for interspecies extrapolation are not applicable because the development of cancer occurs in the same fashion despite the species, individual, or dose, although genetic studies have shown that certain strains or genetic traits may predispose an individual to specific types of cancer.
		Extrapolation of the dose or potency from an animal study to a human is based on a body weight scaling factor.
	extoxnet.orst.edu /faqs/risk/dose.htm (1197 words)

	Our Stolen Future: Non-monotonic dose response curves
		This assumption--that "the dose makes the poison"--is used to plan tests of chemicals to identify which ones are dangerous and to determine the level of exposure beneath which contamination should pose no risk.
		In a non-monotonic dose response curve (NMDRC), the shape of the dose response curve reverses as the level of contamination goes up.
		In 1999, M Christian and G Gillies from the Imperial College School of Medicine in London reported striking non-monotonic dose response curves for the impact of octylphenol and 17ß-estradiol on dopaminergic behavior of fetal rat brain cells.
	www.ourstolenfuture.org /NewScience/lowdose/nonmonotonic.htm (1187 words)

	Dose-Response Relationships In Toxicology
		Allergic responses are the result of a chemical stimulating the body to release natural chemicals which are in turn directly responsible for the effects seen.
		The dose level at which 50 percent of the fish have turned over is known as the ED50, which means effective dose for 50 percent of the fish tested.
		For this reason, when using the toxic dose designation it is useful to precisely define the type of toxicity measured, the animal species tested, and the dose and route of administration.
	pmep.cce.cornell.edu /profiles/extoxnet/TIB/dose-response.html (1842 words)

	Glossary: Dose
		Dose is often expressed as milligram (amount) per kilogram (a measure of body weight) per day (a measure of time) when people eat or drink contaminated water, food, or soil.
		In general, the greater the dose, the greater the likelihood of an effect.
		An "absorbed dose" is the amount of a substance that actually got into the body through the eyes, skin, stomach, intestines, or lungs.
	www.greenfacts.org /glossary/def/dose-non-radioactive.htm (125 words)

	TOXICOLOGY (1223) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Median lethal dose (LD50):-The statistically derived single dose of a chemical that can be expected to cause death in 50% of a given population of organisms under a defined set of experimental conditions.
		Another important value that may be derived from the relationship shown is the threshold dose or concentration, the minimum dose or concentration required to produce a detectable response in the test population.
		In fixed dose testing, the test substance is administered to rats or other test species at one dose level: the dose level is selected from preset levels which equate with regulatory classification or ranking systems.
	www.bio.hw.ac.uk /edintox/dose.htm (1556 words)

	Introducing doseresponse curves
		For example, the response might be enzyme activity, accumulation of an intracellular second messenger, membrane potential, secretion of a hormone, heart rate or contraction of a muscle.
		A partial agonist is a drug that provokes a response, but the maximum response is less than the maximum response to a full agonist.
		Don't over interpret the EC It is simply the concentration of agonist required to provoke a response halfway between the baseline and maximum responses.
	www.graphpad.com /curvefit/introduction89.htm (1000 words)

	6. DOSE-RESPONSE MODELLING
		A dose-response model describes the probability of a specified response from exposure to a specified pathogen in a specified population, as a function of the dose.
		This concept, however, is distinct from a threshold for administered dose, because of the possibility, however small, that a single ingested organism may survive the multiple barriers in the gut to become established and reproduce.
		Since, in such a context, each dose group may contain a mixture of responses, analysis of the heterogeneity in the response (segregation of uncertainty and variation) is not possible.
	www.fao.org /docrep/006/y4666e/y4666e0b.htm (5611 words)

	Dose response curve (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		An important step in the estimation of chemical toxicity is generating a dose response curve.
		This is a graphic representation of the data showing adverse effects at particular dose levels as depicted by the red line.
		If low doses are given to the animals, no adverse effects may show up in a small sample of test animals.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/onlcourse/chm110/outlines/doserespon.html (286 words)

	Toxicology Tutor I
		Within a population, the majority of responses to a toxicant are similar; however, a wide variance of responses may be encountered, some individuals are susceptible and others resistant.
		The variance may also be presented as two standard deviations, which incorporates 95% of the responses.
		of the dose-response curve is extremely important in predicting the toxicity of a substance at specific dose levels.
	sis.nlm.nih.gov /enviro/toxtutor/Tox1/a22.htm (386 words)

	Dose Response Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		IMPORTANT NOTES: It is the responsibility of the user to insure that the rates listed use a consistent rate unit.
		Response = The sum of all assessment data for the current treatment in the current data column.
		ARM marks and labels the calculated dose estimate with a hollow point and the estimate abbreviation and percentage entered on the Dose-Response Analysis Report Options Dialog.
	www.gdmdata.com /DoseResponse.htm (1837 words)

	Medical Pharmacology:Dose-Response Laboratory
		The purpose of this experiment is to have students acquire the data and construct a quantal dose-response curve.
		Indices of the relative safety of the compound are to be computed and explanations for differences in response to different routes of administration are to be provided.
		Record the number of mice that respond positively (paralyzed and/or dead) at each dose as well as the number of mice that were administered that dose.
	www.umdnj.edu /~howland/dose_resp.htm (394 words)

	About the Low Dose Radiation Research Program
		The molecules involved in transcription-coupled repair will be examined for their participation in the adaptive effect, an effect whereby exposure to a small initial dose of radiation reduces the effect of a much larger second radiation dose.
		The radiation response of cells that have no copies or only one copy of the gene for SATB1 will be compared to the response of normal cells with two copies of the gene.
		response will be associated where possible with differences in sensitivity to radiation of the mice, and thus candidate genes that influence radiation sensitivity may be identified.
	lowdose.tricity.wsu.edu /new_fund_descript_archive.htm (1840 words)

	Dose Response Relationship
		This is known as the dose response relationship, or in layman’s terms, the light therapy equation, and answering these questions will help light therapy users respond more effectively than with conventional equipment.
		As researchers have learned more about the dose response relationship, they have been able to significantly improve response while reducing the amount of time one needs to be exposed to light.
		Although this information only highlights a few of the major factors in the dose response relationship, hundreds of researchers have combined their efforts in understanding better how light affects circadian rhythm disorders that result in Seasonal Affective Disorder, sleep, depression and related problems.
	www.apollohealth.com /new_content/light_therapy/dose_response.html (993 words)

	Acrylamlide: Dose Response
		An increase in adrenal pheochromocytomas and focal hyperplasia was found to occur in the high dose group in the first study but not the second study.
		Additional dose groups of male rats were dosed with the same acrylamide levels and held for an additional 144 days after the final dosing.
		A NOAEL of 0.2mg/kg bw/day and a LOAEL of 1mg/kg bw/day was established for nerve damage in response to acrylamide dosing.
	enhs.umn.edu /5103/acryl/dose.html (721 words)

	Pharmacology to nurses - Dose response (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		For instance, if 5 milligrams of drug B relieves pain as effectively as 10 milligrams of drug A, then drug B is twice as potent as drug A. Greater potency does not necessarily mean that one drug is better than another.
		Doctors consider many factors when judging the relative merits of drugs, such as their side effect profile, potential toxicity, duration of effectiveness (and, consequently, number of doses needed each day), and cost.
		Variability of response and drug safety: refers to the variation in magnitude of response among test subjects in the same population given the same dose of drug.
	abdellab.sunderland.ac.uk /Lectures/Nurses/doseresponse02.html (214 words)

	Dose Response with Competing Failure Modes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Subject responses are binary with regard to both failure modes and the toxicity and efficacy response curves are assumed to be nondecreasing in dose level.
		We are interested in sampling rules that perform well along several criteria, including the ethical criterion that, as often as possible, experimental subjects be treated at or close to the mode in question.
		When the success curve is unimodal, the proposed sampling designs have the property that the mode of the sampling distribution of the sequence of dose assignments converges to the mode of the underlying function.
	www.eecs.umich.edu /~qstout/abs/Biom03.html (374 words)

	EPA Dioxin Reassessment, Health Assessment, Volume III, Dose Response
		This situation is not unlike the signal transduction pathways that have been described for hormone action, particularly exemplified by the well-studied family of steroid hormones, although the dioxin receptor does not belong to the steroid receptor family.
		It is likely that differences in response will be due to tissue and cell-specific factors that modulate the qualitative relationship between receptor binding, or more precisely, occupancy and response.
		Analyses in Chapter 8 illustrate that the slope of the dose-response curve for surrogate markers of low-dose response such as enzyme induction or indirect mutagenic activity on estimates of cancer risk using animal data are highly dependent on the assumptions that go into the modeling.
	www.cqs.com /dioxh98.htm (1676 words)

	PCB Cancer Dose Response Assessment
		Dose was expressed as a lifetime daily average (U.S. EPA, 1986a, 1992a), calculated from weekly body weight measurements and food consumption estimates (Keenan and Stickney, 1996).
		Response was taken as the incidence of hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas; combining adenomas and carcinomas reflects guidance of the National Toxicology Program (McConnell et al., 1986) and the observed progression of hepatocellular adenomas to carcinomas (Norback and Weltman, 1985).
		This difference is attributable to three factors, each responsible for reducing the slope by approximately one-third: the rat liver tumor reevaluation (Moore et al., 1994), use of the new cross-species scaling factor (U.S. EPA, 1992b), and not using a time-weighted average dose (see previous footnote).
	www.cqs.com /epa/pcb/pcb_cdra.htm (16586 words)

	Chapter 1: Clinical Trials of Pain Treatment: Dose-Response; Relative Potency; Combinations
		Relative potency bioassays consist of a comparison of two or more doses of a test drug with two or more doses of a standard (Figure 6.3.1).
		In this study by Seed et al., (1958) intramuscular doses of morphine, 5 and 10 mg, were compared to dihydrocodeine, 30 and 60 mg, for pain relief (left; 5-point category scale summed over 6 hours) and respiratory depression (right).
		If doses are chosen to ensure overlap of the analgesic effect ranges, this design can be used to compare side effects of a drug combination and its components at equianalgesic doses.
	symptomresearch.nih.gov /chapter_1/sec6/cmms6pg8.htm (239 words)

	Reason: Dose Response: Misconceptions about pain treatment could put a doctor in prison for life
		Although the jurors apparently considered such doses inherently suspicious, they are necessary for treating severe chronic pain because patients develop tolerance to the analgesic effects of narcotics.
		Responses to pain medication vary from person to person, and there is no a priori limit to how high doses can be "ramped up."
		So was every doctor who has the courage to risk investigation by treating people who suffer from severe chronic pain with the high doses of opioids they need to make their lives livable.
	www.reason.com /sullum/040105.shtml (752 words)

	Dose-Response columns by Sheldon H. Preskorn, M.D.
		The concentration in plasma is typically used as a surrogate for the concentration at the site of action because it is relatively easy to obtain and is correlated with concentration in other body compartments (e.g., a specific receptor in the brain).
		The goal of TDM is typically to ensure that the patient is on a dose that will produce a plasma drug concentration within a range that provides a therapeutically desired response in the majority of patients without undue adverse effects.
		There is also the inverse of each of these categories: the patient who responds at a dose much smaller than is usually necessary (i.e., the sensitive benefit outlier) or who appears to tolerate a much higher dose than usual (i.e., an insensitive tolerance outlier).
	www.preskorn.com /column3.html (742 words)

	ARS Project: Dose Response of Listeria Monocytogenes in Pregnant Guinea Pigs for Use in Risk Assessment (407284)
		The overall objective of the research is to use pregnant guinea pigs to develop additional dose response information for L. monocytogenes-induced human stillbirths or abortions.
		This dose response curve will be compared to the dose response curve now being developed for a non-human primate study and to the dose response curves in the FSIS/FDA risk assessment.
		Several different dose response models will be used to determine the best fit for the guinea pig data including the Weibull-gamma, beta-Poisson and the log logistic.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/projects/projects.htm?accn_no=407284 (364 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)