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Topic: Double star

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	Double Star Club Introduction
		The purpose of the Double Star Club is to introduce observers to 100 of the finest double and multiple stars in the heavens.
		To qualify for the AL's Double Star Certificate and pin, you need only be a member of the Astronomical League, either through an affiliated club, as a Member-at-Large, or as an International Member-at Large, and observe the 100 selected objects on the included list.
		I also encourage you to look at the stars with varying powers as some of these doubles are very close and require substantial power to get a clean separation of the stars.
	www.astroleague.org /al/obsclubs/dblstar/dblstar1.html (716 words)

	Double star - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When two stars are so nearly in the same direction as seen from Earth that they appear to be a single star to the naked eye but may be separated by the use of telescopes, they are referred to as a double star.
		The first recorded discovery of a double star was by Giovanni Battista Riccioli in 1650 when ζ Ursae Majoris (Mizar) was announced to be a double star.
		At least 1 in every 18 stars in the northern half of the sky which are as bright as 9.0 magnitude is a close double star visible with a 36-inch refracting telescope
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Double_star (295 words)

	Double Stars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The observation of double stars is a neglected branch of astronomy.
		The term “double star” refers to two stars that are gravitationally bound and hence move in an elliptical orbit around the common centre of mass.
		Scientific double star work consists of determining the angular separation, rho (measured in arc-seconds) between the two components, and the position angle, theta (measured in degrees) of the (usually) fainter, secondary component with respect to the brighter, primary component.
	www.skywatch.co.za /doublestars (1163 words)

	Binary star - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Binary stars are not the same as optical double stars, which appear to be close together as seen from Earth, but are in reality not bound by gravity.
		A visual binary star is a binary star for which the angular separation between the two components is great enough to permit them to be observed as a double star in a telescope.
		In the case of a visual binary star, after the orbit has been determined and the stellar parallax of the system determined, the combined mass of the two stars may be obtained by a direct application of the Keplerian harmonic law.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Binary_star (4386 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Double star
		The proper motion of a star is the motion of the position of the star in the sky (the change in direction in which we see it, as opposed to the radial velocity) after eliminating the improper motions of the stars, which affect their measured coordinates but are not real...
		A binary star is thus a pair of stars that are held together by the force of gravity.
		In the case of a visual binary star, after the orbit has been determined and the stellar parallax of the system obtained, the combined mass of the two stars may be obtained by a direct application of the Keplerian harmonic law.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Double-star (804 words)

	StarsIntro
		A star is a body that at some time in its life generates its light and heat by nuclear reactions, specifically by the fusion of hydrogen into helium under conditions of enormous temperature and density.
		Stars can range up to about 100 times the mass of the Sun (at which point nature stops making them) down to around 8% that of the Sun, at which point the internal temperature is not high enough to run the full range of nuclear reactions (which requires at least 7 million degrees Kelvin).
		The part of the star that is exploded outward is so hot that nuclear reactions produce all the chemical elements, including a tenth of a solar mass of iron, which then blend with the gasses of interstellar space, out of which new stars are formed.
	www.astro.uiuc.edu /~kaler/sow/star_intro.html (5419 words)

	Astromart Articles - Double Star Observing
		Double stars are an excellent class of object to observe for both new-comers as well as experienced observers.
		Double stars, on the other hand, are plenty bright enough to shine through most suburban light pollution (and some moonlight), thus giving you a whole class of objects to observe from home.
		Being a double star with a known distance, the relative masses of the stars could be determined and this breakthrough led to further understanding of stellar sizes, temperatures and other parameters.
	www.astromart.com /articles/article.asp?article_id=38 (734 words)

	ESA - Space Science - Double Star overview
		Double Star is a joint ESA/Chinese project to study the effects of the Sun on Earth's environment, and in particular the 'magnetotail', where storms of high-energy particles are generated.
		A key aspect of ESA's participation in the Double Star project is the inclusion of seven instruments that are identical to those currently flying on the four Cluster spacecraft.
		In September 1999, the ESA Director-General was invited by the Administrator of the China National Space Administration (CNSA) to discuss the collaboration on the Double Star programme.
	www.esa.int /science/doublestar (686 words)

	Tom Campbell; Double Bear-rel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Double stars would be ideal for tonight, but I had just completed the Astronomical League's Double Star list.
		The brighter star is blue-white and the secondary is fainter and orange-white.
		The primary star is blue-white, and the companion is white.
	www.observers.org /reports/2003.04.01.html (396 words)

	ESA - Space Science - Home - Double Star mission extended
		Double Star has helped to provide many new insights concerning the boundaries of the magnetosphere and the processes that play a role in the transportation of mass and energy.
		Thanks to the complementarity of the Cluster and Double Star orbits, scientists are obtaining for the first time a global view of the structure and physical processes at work in Earth’s magnetic shield, with the Cluster tetrahedron studying these processes at small scales, and Double Star at large scales.
		The main scientific reason to further extend the Double Star operations is to complete, in combination with Cluster, the magnetospheric monitoring during the dayside season.
	www.esa.int /esaSC/SEML46TJJUE_index_2.html (745 words)

	DoubleStarDrawings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		ouble stars and their colors are an optical enigma, and the 'explanation' for that is almost a riddle in itself.
		Stars A, B, C and D were identified first, and labeled in order of right ascension (C is the brightest).
		Stars E and F are magnitude 11, and are difficult to see in smaller apertures.
	www.belmontnc.4dw.net /dblstr-sket.htm (3476 words)

	Double Star - Home Page
		Bodo Gramkow, ESA's payload project manager for Double Star, had to obtain special permission to travel to China while the global alert issued by the World Health Organisation was still in force, but through the generous assistance of the CNSA and CSSAR, those involved could continue the work and save the mission.
		The key aspect of Europe's participation in Double Star was the inclusion of seven instruments identical to those flying on the Cluster spacecraft, plus one extra instrument provided by the National University of Ireland.
		Data from the Double Star experiments will be relayed to the Chinese data centre in Beijing via the ESA ground station at Villafranca (Spain) and the Chinese ground stations in Beijing and Shanghai.
	www.rssd.esa.int /doublestar (3516 words)

	Stargazer Online \|\| Double Star Log
		Double stars tend to be overlooked or merely brief stops in the star-hopping articles found in Sky and Telescope or Astronomy.
		Only one star on the list is brighter than magnitude 1 (Rigel) and only two stars are fainter than magnitude 9, so that's why I set my scale for magnitudes 1 - 9.
		There are, of course, thousands of other double stars within reach of most amateur telescopes, but the objective of the Double Star Club is to introduce you to those that are easy to find and resolve.
	www.richardbell.net /DoubleStars/double_stars.html (474 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| East meets West on 'Double Star' scientific mission
		Double Star will follow in the footsteps of ESA's ground-breaking Cluster mission by studying the effects of the Sun on the Earth's environment.
		A key aspect of ESA's participation in the Double Star project is the inclusion of 10 instruments that are identical to those currently flying on the four Cluster spacecraft.
		Double Star will be the first mission launched by China to explore the Earth's magnetosphere - the magnetic bubble that surrounds our planet.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /news/n0107/10doublestar (901 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Mission Report \| China launches joint European science satellite
		The Double Star 1 satellite darted from its secluded pad at southwestern China's Xichang launch center at 1906 GMT (2:06 p.m.
		The Double Star satellites will operate for at least 18 months studying Earth's magnetosphere, where charged particles in the solar wind are caught by Earth's protective magnetic bubble and begin to affect the environment in ways in which scientists have yet to fully understand.
		The Chinese government first approved the Double Star program in late 2000, and Europe was brought into the project in an historic cooperation agreement signed in July 2001.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /news/n0312/29doublestar (1472 words)

	Double Star Mission: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Double Star is a satellite satellite quick summary:
		A satellite is an object that orbits another object (known as its primary)....
		A magnetosphere is the region around an astronomical object, in which phenomena are dominated by its magnetic field....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/d/do/double_star_mission.htm (572 words)

	Autumn Double Star Tour
		The term "binary star" was coined by William Herschel in 1802 to describe "the union of two stars that are formed together in one system, by the laws of attraction." Often they are called double stars and they can be both technically challenging and aesthetically pleasing.
		The double stars I have chosen from many dwelling among the autumn constellations are some of the most beautiful or interesting or both.
		Smyth calls it "a splendid double star, A (primary) orange colour and B (secondary) emerald green; and of these colours I feel pretty positive, although the high authority of Herschel and Struve has pronounced them to be yellow and blue".
	www.cloudynights.com /item.php?item_id=1136 (3517 words)

	Definition: Double Star Thru [A1]
		After each part of Double Star Thru, you end as a Couple with the dancer you were facing.
		Double Star Thru is choreographically equivalent to Cross Trail Thru.
		Triple Star Thru [A1]: From applicable formations (usually a Starting Double Pass Thru in which the Center Couples are normal and the Outside Couples are Half-Sashayed).
	www.ceder.net /def/doublestarthru.php4?language=usa&level=a1 (388 words)

	Double Star activities at RAL
		But the key benefit that Double Star will bring to magnetospheric science is that the orbits of the two spacecraft are explicitly designed for coordinated measurements with ESA’s ground-breaking Cluster mission.
		A prime example will be when Double Star observes in the reconnection region on the dayside of the magnetosphere while Cluster observes in the so-called “cusp” region, where it can detect plasma flowing deep into the Earth’s magnetosphere after entering the magnetosphere in the reconnection region.
		Double Star is the first major collaboration between Europe and China on a scientific space mission.
	jsoc1.bnsc.rl.ac.uk /pub/DSP_coord/DoubleStar_RAL.html-orig (843 words)

	ScienceDaily: First Double Star Satellite Successfully Launched
		Cluster And Double Star Witness A New Facet Of Earth's Magnetic Behaviour (April 3, 2006) -- Five spacecraft from two ESA missions unexpectedly found themselves engulfed by waves of electrical and magnetic energy as they travelled through Earth's night-time shadow on 5 August...
		Neutron Star Discovered Where A Black Hole Was Expected (November 3, 2005) -- A very massive star collapsed to form a neutron star and not a fl hole as expected, according to new results from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory.
		Star cluster -- Star clusters are groups of stars which are gravitationally bound.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2003/12/031230015555.htm (1754 words)

	Double Star Projects: The Spirit of 33.
		Well it look like it was going to be a pretty good night for looking at the stars but it was almost a full moon so the deep space objects weren’t going to be as impressive as they are on dark nights.
		A quick summary, the DI depends on how close the stars are and the difference in magnitudes of the stars.
		Another aspect of double stars is that sometimes there is a nice difference in the color of the stars with Alberio in Cygnus as the standard example.
	www.umich.edu /~lowbrows/reflections/2002/cmcclain.1.html (1123 words)

	China Lofts Second Satellite in Double Star Duo
		China successfully lofted the second spacecraft in its Double Star mission Sunday, a joint program with European scientists to probe the Earth's magnetic field.
		Both Double Star satellites are spinning cylinders measuring 2 meters long and 1 meter wide.
		Double Star's Tan Ce 2 is expected to operate for at least a year, building on the 18-month design lifetime of Tan Ce 1.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/doublestar_launch_040726.html (407 words)

	Success For Early Double Star Launch
		Tan Ce 2 is the second spacecraft to be built for the Double Star programme, a unique collaboration between Chinese and European scientists.
		Seven of the eight European instruments on the pair of Double Star spacecraft (including five led by the UK) are copies of instruments on Cluster.
		RAL is also providing the Double Star Data Management System that will exchange key data products generated by the instrument teams between national data centres in Austria, France and the UK, and enable scientists and the general public to browse and retrieve those products.
	www.innovations-report.com /html/reports/physics_astronomy/report-31664.html (606 words)

	ASSA Double Star Section
		Even without specialized equipment, it is possible for both amateur and professional astronomers to contribute to the field of double star observing.
		There is a long list of suspected double stars in the southern hemisphere which still have to be confirmed as such.
		Doubles are quite beautiful and sometimes a challenge to find.
	www.saao.ac.za /assa/html/33_doublestar.html (210 words)

	First Double Star satellite successfully launched
		This evening, the Chinese National Space Administration (CNSA) successfully launched TC-1, the first of two scientific satellites known as Double Star.
		The spacecraft, called 'Tan Ce 1' which in Chinese means 'Explorer 1,' took off from the Chinese launch base in Xichang, in Sichuan province, on board a Long March 2C launcher.
		An agreement to develop this joint mission was signed on 9 July 2001 by ESA's Director General, Antonio Rodota, and Luan Enjie, Administrator of the CNSA.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-12/esa-fds122903.php (442 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Chinese-European mission set for launch
		It is a collaboration between Europe and China which sees the launcher and the satellites made by China, whilst Europe provides a number of scientific instruments, plus a contribution to the network of data systems on the ground.
		The first dedicated space science mission launched by China, Double Star is the invention of Professor Zhenxing Liu of the Centre for Space Sciences in Beijing.
		This extends to about 60,000 kilometres from the Earth, and the orbits of both Cluster and Double Star are designed to clip this boundary.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/3344125.stm (696 words)

	East Meets West With Double Star
		ESA Director General Antonio Rodotà and Luan Enjie, Administrator of the CNSA, signed an official agreement that will enable European experiments to be flown on Chinese satellites for the first time.
		Double Star will be the first mission launched by China to explore the Earth's magnetosphere -- the magnetic bubble that surrounds our planet.
		As its name suggests, Double Star will involve two satellites -- each designed, developed, launched and operated by the CNSA -- flying in complementary orbits around the Earth.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/china-01zk.html (799 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Double Star
		Double Star Programme - a joint project between ESA and the China National Space Administration
		Double Star follows in the footsteps of ESA's ground-breaking Cluster mission by studying the effects of the Sun on the Earth's environment.
		Conducting joint studies with Cluster and Double Star increases the overall scientific return from both missions.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=70 (209 words)

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